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"At a time when archaeology has turned away from questions of the long-term and large scale, this collection of essays reflects on some of the big questions in archaeology and ancient history - how and why societies have grown in scale and complexity, how they have maintained and discarded aspects of their own cultural heritage, and how they have collapsed. In addressing these long-standing questions of broad interest and importance, the authors develop counter-narratives - new ways of understanding what used to be termed 'cultural evolution'. Encompassing the Middle East and Egypt, India, Southeast Asia, Australia, the American Southwest and Mesoamerica, the fourteen essays offer perspectives on long-term cultural trajectories; on cities, states and empires; on collapse; and on the relationship between archaeology and history. The book concludes with a commentary by one of the major voices in archaeological theory, Norman Yoffee."

"One of the most troubling problems in archaeology is to determine the manner and content of prehistoric thought. A fundamental challenge is to develop the theory, methodology and tools to understand human cognition. Cognitive archaeology as a subject is still in its infancy, and archaeologists are adopting a variety of approaches. One direction has been to develop an 'interpretationist', anti-scientific, literary approach. Another has been to use a linguistic framework and develop a hermeneutic, semiotic approach. A third approach develops a new direction in prehistoric cognitive research which is rooted in the scientific tradition and in an empirical methodology. It draws upon the cognitive, the mathematical and the computer sciences in an attempt to understand what techniques can be used appropriately on archaeological data, and how to implement them efficiently. This is the approach adopted by the contributors to The Ancient Mind. Together, they begin to develop a science of cognitive archaeology."

"Fungsi produk dan fungsi situs bengkel beliung prasejarah berhubungan dengan perdagangan dan perbengkelan. Penelitian yang pernah dilakukan memperlihatkan fungsi produk situs bengkel beliung merupakan sarana perdagangan, dan fungsi situs bengkel sebagai tempat membuat beliung. Penelitian tersebut tidak memperhatikan hubungan produk dan kegiatan bengkel beliung dengan fasilitas sumber daya alam yang terdapat pada situs dan sekitarnya.Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui fungsi produk dan fungsi situs yang berhubungan dengan sumber daya alam situs dan sekitarnya. Penelitian diharapkan memperlihatkan apakah produk bengkel beliung merupakan komoditas dagang atau sarana budi daya tanaman pads situs, apakah produk bengkel merupakan upaya pemukim menempatkan diri dan memanfaatkan sumber daya alam, dan bagaimana bentuk kegiatan pemukiman yang ditentukan daya dukung sumberdaya alam lingkungannya.Upaya untuk mengetahui fungsi produk dan fungsi situs memakai sampel non probabilitas. Data artefak dan lingkungan fisik memakai hasil survai dan penggalian di situs Ngrijangan, Kendeng Lembu, Ngrijang Sengon, Gunung Gamping. Data di (a) Ngrijang Sengon, Ngrijangan diharapkan mewakili bengkel beliung di sisi barat perbatasan Pegunungan Selatan Jawa Timur bagian barat dan timur, (b) Gunung Gawping diharapkan mewakili bengkel beliung di Pegunungan Selatan Jawa Timur bagian timur berbatasan dataran rendah Lumajang, Cc) Kendeng Lembu diharapkan mewakili bengkel beliung di Pegunungan Solo berbatasan Pegunungan Selatan Jawa Timur. Penelitian didukung percobaan, etnografi akik di Gendaran.Fungsi bengkel memakai perbandingan ciri fisik produk dan kegiatan bengkel dengan sumber daya alam. Perbandingan kesamaan ciri fisik produk memakai rumus Steinhaus yang diuji beda rumus D/ma. Hasil uji memperlihatkan kedudukan tiap artefak seluruh situs dalam proses pembuatan beliung; sehingga menampakan fungsi situs sebagai penghasil atau pengguna produk bengkel. Hubungan fungsi situs penghasil atau pengguna produk dengan sumber daya alam memperlihatkan fungsi situs sebagai pemukiman dan atau perbengkelan.Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan perbedaan kesimpulan dengan penelitian terdahulu. P nelitian ini memperlihatkan fungsi situs NgriJang Sengon, Ngrijangan, Gunung Gamping, Kendeng Lembu sebagai penghasil pra-beliung dan beliung yang tidak berlangsung setiap waktu bergantung persediaan air untuk menggosok batuan. Produk bengkel beliung tidak didagangkan di bengkel. Produk bengkel beliung dipakai budi daya tanaman selama memproduksi beliung; sehingga bentuk pemukiman pendukung kegiatan bengkel berhubungan dengan budi daya tanaman tebas bakar yang bervariasi sesuai daya dukung sumber alam di situs Ngrijangan, Ngrijang Sengon, Gunung Gamping dan Kendeng Lembu."

"Alat batu adalah salah satu alat bantu yang di buat oleh manusia secara sengaja maupun tidak sengaja, yang diperuntukan untuk sebagai alat bantu dalam memenuhi kebutuhan hidup manusia prasejarah. Dari sekian banyak bahan batuan yang bisa dijadikan alat, obsidian merupakan salah satunya. Penemuan artefak Obsidian di Gua Pawon diharapkan dapat diperoleh tingkat dan rekonstruksi teknologi yang jelas mengenai artefak Obsidian di Gua Pawon tersebut.

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Stone tools was one of a kind that man use and made, in purpose or un purpose to help their daily life?s. There's lots of kind of stone material that man used to make stone tool, and one of them is Obsidian. An excavation has made in Pawon cave and obsidian artifact was found there. Analysis from obsidian artifact that found in Pawon cave is for make a technology reconstruction from obsidian artifact."

"The Scottish archaeologist and anthropologist Daniel Wilson (1816–92) spent the latter part of his life in Canada. Published in 1862, this is a seminal work in the study of early man in which Wilson utilises studies of native tribes 'still seen there in a condition which seems to reproduce some of the most familiar phases ascribed to the infancy of the unhistoric world'. He believed that civilisations initially developed in mild climates and judged the Mayans to have been the most advanced civilisation in the New World. Twentieth-century anthropologist Bruce Trigger argued that Wilson 'interpreted evidence about human behaviour in a way that is far more in accord with modern thinking than are the racist views of Darwin and Lubbock', and it is in this light that this two-volume work can be judged. Volume 2 covers topics ranging from ceramic arts to the influence of interbreeding and migration upon civilisations."

"In this book, Lynne Kelly explores the role of formal knowledge systems in small-scale oral cultures in both historic and archaeological contexts. In the first part, she examines knowledge systems within historically recorded oral cultures, showing how the link between power and the control of knowledge is established. Analyzing the material mnemonic devices used by documented oral cultures, she demonstrates how early societies maintained a vast corpus of pragmatic information concerning animal behavior, plant properties, navigation, astronomy, genealogies, laws and trade agreements, among other matters. In the second part Kelly turns to the archaeological record of three sites, Chaco Canyon, Poverty Point and Stonehenge, offering new insights into the purpose of the monuments and associated decorated objects. This book demonstrates how an understanding of rational intellect, pragmatic knowledge and mnemonic technologies in prehistoric societies offers a new tool for analysis of monumental structures built by non-literate cultures."

"For thousands of years, the geography of Eurasia has facilitated travel, conquest and colonization by various groups, from the Huns in ancient times to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in the past century. This book brings together archaeological investigations of Eurasian regimes and revolutions ranging from the Bronze Age to the modern day, from Eastern Europe and the Caucasus in the west to the Mongolian steppe and the Korean Peninsula in the east. The authors examine a wide-ranging series of archaeological studies in order to better understand the role of politics in the history and prehistory of the region. This book re-evaluates the significance of power, authority and ideology in the emergence and transformation of ancient and modern societies in this vast continent."