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"Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan keamanan dan efek toksik vegeta yang di berikan secara oral selama 90 hari pada tikus."

"Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan keamanan dan efek toksik Vegeta yang diberikan secam oral selama 90 hari pada tikus. Delapan puluh tikus strain Spragite-Dawley dibagi secara acak menjadi 4 kelompok. Titip kelompok lerdiii dari 20 tikus, 10 jantan dan 10 betina. Tiap kelompok masing-masing mendapat Vegeta 0,25 g/kg BB; 0,50 g/kg BB; 1,00 g/kg BB (dilantlkan daiam akuades). dan kelompok kontrol mendapat 5,00 ml/ kg BB akuades secara oral memahii xoude lambung selama 90 hari. Berat badan dan tingkah laku tikus tiap hari dievaluasi. Pada hari ke 90 hcwan coba didekapitasi, sampel da rah diambil untuk dinilai kadar hemoglobin, lekosit, SGPT, SCOT, kreatinin, dan ureitrn. Organ daiam juga diambil, dilimbang dan diperiksa secara mikroskopis. Hasil meniinjukkan bahwa Vegeta dosis 0,25 g/kg BB; 0,50 g/kg BB; dan 1,00 g/kg BB tidak inempengarulii berat badan, fungsi luiti dan fungsi ginja! dtbandingkun kelompok kontmi Dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol, tidak didapaikan perbedaan bennakna dalam nilai hemoglobin, tefapi hilling lekosit meningkat pada kelompok yang mendapat 1,00 g/kg BB Vegeta, yang kemungkinan disebabkan oleh infeksi. Berat ofak dan limpa tikus jantan, dan berat paru dan jantung tikus betina pada kelompok Vegeta berbeda dibandingkan kelompok kontrol. Tetapi karena perbedaan berat tidak dose related dan tidak didapatkan kelainan mikroskopis yang spexifik dibandingkan kelompok kontrol. ini meniinjukkan bukan merupakan efek toksik Vegeta. Nilai No observed effect level (NOEL) Vegeta 90 hart pemberian secant oral pada tikus jantan dan betina strain Sprague-Dawley adalah 1,00 g/kg BB. (Med J Indones 2006; 15:223-8).

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The objective of this study was to determine the safety and toxic effect of Vegeta giving orally for a period of 90 days in rats. Eighty rats ofSpragtie-Dawley strain were randomly devided into 4 groups. Each group consists of 20 rats, 10 male and 10 female rats. Each group received 0.25 g/kgBW; 0.50 g /kgBW; 1.00 g /kgBW Vegeta (in ac/uades! solution) respectively, and the control group received 5 niL/kgBW aquadest , given orally by gastric tube for 90 days. The rat's body weight and behavior were daily evaluated. On the 901'1 day, the rats were decapitated and the blood samples were withdrawn for evaluation of Hemoglobin, leucocyte, SGPT, SCOT, creatinine, and ureum concentration. Visceral organs were also removed, being weighted and were examined microscopically. The results showed that Vegeta with dose of 0.25 g / kgBW; 0.50 g / kgBW, and ].00 g / kgBW did not affect body weight, liver and renal function compared to control group. There was no significant difference for hemoglobin value compared to control group, but the number of leucocyte increased in 1.00 g / kgBW Vegeta dose group, which was possibly caused by infection. In Vegeta group, there was different spleen and brain weight in male rals, and different lung and heart weight in female rats compared to the control group. However, since it was not dose-related and there was no specific abnormality in microscopic examination compared to the control group, it was not indicated as Vegeta toxic effect. The No observed effect level (NOEL) value of Vegeta for 90 day oral administration in male and female rats of Sprague-Dawley strain was 1.00 g/kgBW. (Med J Indones 2006; 15:223-8)."

"Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder that is aetiologically and clinically heterogeneous. Behavior of the autistic child makes delivery of oral hygiene and dental treatment a problem because of its lack of communication and decreased intelligence. The status of dental health depends on the care of oral hygiene to the auxilary help of parents and educators. Poor food habits are common and diet is often antithetic to good oral health, persistent desire for soft food or sweets is often seen. The caries experience is a comparable with a lower hygiene level than those of the normal children. The dental health education of the autistic children is inherently unresponsive to demonstration, resists eye to eye contact and will frequently resist any effort to establish personal contacts with the dental personnel. Patient management will therefore be qualitatively different from person to person and shall be based on a unique management of the behavioral characteristics. The purpose of this paper is to help the dentist recognized the problems associated with dental treatment, the behaviour in a dental enviroment of the autistic child and their coordination ability required to be assessed, so that the right dental treatment could be adjusted."

"Background: Tooth discoloration or stain is pigmented deposits on tooth surface which cause an esthetic problem. Smoking cigarette and oral hygiene habit has effects on tooth discoloration.Aim: To determine the relation between smoking and oral hygiene habit with tooth discoloration.Method: The information was taken from interview about smoking history, type of cigarette, quantity and duration of smoking, frequency and technique of tooth brushing, and also clinical examination by Shaw and Murray of tooth discoloration index of 72 subjects at Faculty of Dentistry, University of Indonesia.Results: The results showed that there were 32 smokers, and 40 non smokers. Statistical test showed that there was a relation between smoking cigarette and tooth discoloration (p<0.05), however there was no relation between the type of cigarette, quantity and duration of smoking, frequency and technique of tooth brushing with tooth discoloration (p>0.05).Conclusion: A relation between smoking cigarette and tooth discoloration was evident among the subjects, however there was no relation between the type of cigarette, quantity and duration of smoking, frequency and technique of tooth brushing with tooth discoloration.

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Latar belakang : Diskolorasi gigi atau stain adalah deposit berpigmen pada permukaan gigi yang merupakan masalah estetik bagi sebagian orang. Diskolorasi gigi dipengaruhi oleh banyak faktor antara lain merokok dan penjagaan kebersihan mulut yang kurang baik.Tujuan : Untuk mengetahui hubungan antara diskolorasi gigi dengan kebiasaan merokok dan menyikat gigi.Metode : Dilakukan wawancara mengenai riwayat merokok, jenis rokok, banyaknya rokok per hari, lamanya merokok, frekuensi menyikat gigi, dan teknik menyikat gigi serta pemeriksaan klinis dengan menggunakan indeks stain menurut Shaw dan Murray pada 72 orang subyek di sekitar Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Indonesia.Hasil : Didapatkan 32 perokok dan 40 bukan perokok. Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara riwayat merokok dengan diskolorasi gigi (p<0,05), dan tidak terdapat hubungan antara jenis rokok, banyaknya rokok per hari, lama merokok, frekuensi menyikat gigi, dan teknik menyikat gigi dengan diskolorasi gigi.Kesimpulan : Terdapat hubungan antara riwayat merokok dengan diskolorasi gigi (p<0,05). Tidak terdapat hubungan antara jenis rokok, banyak rokok per hari, lama merokok, dan kebiasaan menyikat gigi dengan diskolorasi gigi (p>0,05) pada masyarakat sekitar Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Indonesia."

"Background: Gingival inflammation is a response of the gingival to bacterial plaque and clinically characterized by red, swollen, tender gums that bleed easily. The accumulation of bacterial plaque was due to bad oral hygiene and predisposed by smoking habit.Aim: To determine the relation between smoking and oral habit with gingival inflammation.Method: The information was taken from interview about smoking history, type of cigarette, quantity and duration of smoking, frequency and technique of tooth brushing, and also clinical examination of gingival status by Loe and Silness gingival index of 72 subjects at Faculty of Dentistry, University of Indonesia.Results: The result showed that there were 32 smokers and 40 non smokers. Statistical test showed that no relation between smoking history, type of cigarette, quantity of smoking, duration of smoking, and frequency of tooth brushing with gingival inflammation (p>0,05), however there was a relation between the tooth brushing technique and gingival inflammation (p<0,05).Conclusion: A relation between tooth brushing techniques with gingival inflammation was evident among the subject however there was no relation between smoking habit and tooth brushing frequency with gingival inflammation.

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Latar Belakang: Keradangan gingiva adalah inflamasi pada gingiva dengan gambaran klinis berupa perubahan warna jaringan, perubahan bentuk jaringan dan perdarahan. Penyebab langsung keradangan gingiva adalah plak yang terbentuk karena kebersihan mulut yang buruk dan dapat diperberat oleh merokok.Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui hubungan kebiasaan merokok dan menyikat gigi dengan keradangan gingiva.Metode: Dilakukan wawancara mengenai riwayat merokok, jenis rokok, banyaknya rokok per hari, lama merokok, teknik menyikat gigi, serta frekuensi menyikat gigi. Pemeriksaan klinis keradangan gingiva menggunakan indeks gingiva menurut Loe dan Silness pada 72 masyarakat di sekitar fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Indonesia.Hasil: Didapatkan 32 perokok dan 40 bukan perokok. Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan antara riwayat merokok, jenis rokok, banyaknya rokok yang dihisap, lamanya merokok, dan serta frekuensi menyikat gigi dengan keradangan gingiva (p>0,05) namun teknik menyikat gigi berhubungan dengan keradangan gingiva (p<0,05).Kesimpulan: Teknik menyikat gigi berhubungan dengan keradangan gingiva namun kebiasaan merokok dan frekuensi menyikat gigi tidak berhubungan dengan keradangan gingiva pada masyarakat di sekitar Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Indonesia."

"Cases of oral candidiasis are commonly found, both in healthy individuals and immunecompromise patients, however publications of Candida carrier in the oral cavity of healthy population and risk factors for colonization in Indonesia are hardly available. Objective : This study was aimed to analyze the type and number of Candida colonies and identify risk factors in the oral cavity of apparenthly health FKG UI students. Material and methods : the specimens were taken from 195 subjects with oral rinse technique for identification using culture medium CHROMagar® and Sabaraoud dextrose agar. Results and discussion : Candida species were found in the 107 subjects oral cavity (54.87%), being Candida albicans was is the predominant species (52.33%). Some 88 subjects (82.24%) was dominant in the number of colonies <400 CFU/ml, while the rest had colony of >400 CFU/ml (17.76%). Candida colony grew dominantly in single colony (90.65%), and the others showed multi-species colonies (9.34%). Risk factors identified included age; gender; hormonal; blood type O; denture; orthodontic appliances; unstimulated salivary flow; pH of saliva; smoking, alcohol and oral cleaning habit; and oral health status. By using a statistical Pearson chi-square test, no significant relationship was found between risk factors and number of Candida colonies in the oral cavity p<0.05. Conclusion : there was no one single risk factor for Candida colonization, but combination of various risk factors for demographis, local and systemic was observed."

"ABSTRAKTelah dilakukan penelitian "Cross sectional study" pada akseptor yang telah menggunakan kontrasepsi hormonal antara 1 sampai 5 tahun d bandingkan dengan akseptor yang menggunakan kontrasepsi bukan hormonal Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui perbedaan kadar glukosa darah dan "glycosylated protein" (HbA 1) pada akseptor yang telah menggunakan kontrasepsi hormonal jangka lama dan pada mereka yang menggunakan AKDR tipe Lippes Loop. Ada 2 golongan subyek penelitian yaitu akseptor KB yang telah menggunakan pil oral kombinasi Noriday, yang berisi mestranol 0,05 mg dan noretindron 1 mg secara terus menerus, dan akseptor KB yang telah menggunakan AKDR tipe Lippes Loop secara terus menerus. Masing-masing golongan terdiri dari 40 orang berusia antara 20 sampai 40 tahun Penentuan kadar glukosa darah dengan metode Trinder dkk Hemoglobin A, di tentukan dengan modifikasi menurut. Schneck dan Schoeder : kesemuanya dilakukan dengan menggunakan Kits Boeheringer Mannheim. Dengan uji statistik "student t-test " di dapatkan hal-hal sebagai berikut Kadar rata-rata glukosa darah pada akseptor pil oral lebih tinggi bermakna dari akseptor AKDR. Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna dari kadar rata-rata "glycasylated" HhA 1 , usia dan berat badan antara akseptor pil oral dan AKDR."