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"Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango merupakan salah satu bentuk upaya terhadap konservasi yang mempunyai fungsi dan peran penting sebagai perlindungan sistem penyangga kehidupan dan pelestarian keanekaragaman hayati beserta ekosistemnya, yang telah ditetapkan oleh Menteri Pertanian pada tanggal 6 Maret 1980.Dalam undang-undang nomor 5 tahun 1990 tentang konservasi sumber daya alam hayati dan ekosistemnya didefinisikan sebagai kawasan pelestarian alam yang mempunyai ekosistem asli dikelola dengan sisters zoning yang telah dideklarasikan pada The IV th World Congres on National Park and Protected Area di Caracas, Venezuela 1992.Penelitian dengan judul "Sebaran Wilayah Berpotensi Rawan Perambahan Di Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango Dan Sekitarnya" bertujuan ingin mengkaji perubahan spatial terhadap kondisi wilayah yang telah ditentukan menurut hukum yang secara formal (legal) maupun yang terjadi saat ini berkembang.Adanya penetapan suatu daerah Taman Nasional sering menimbulkan konflik antara masyarakat sekitar dengan pihak pengelola, untuk mengurangi gangguan tersebut perlu adanya pengaturan yang memadai untuk kehidupan masyarakat serta pengetahuan tentang pentingnya kawasan hutan/ Taman Nasional sebagai penyangga kehidupan masyarakat sekitar.Sasaran yang ingin dicapai secara umum memberikan kerangka pendekatan yang dapat mengakomodasikan kepentingan sosial masyarakat disekitar bufferzone Taman nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango.Secara singkat perrmasalahan yang muncul dalam study ini adalah "bagaimana sebaran wilayah rawan rambah Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango, baik menurut kebijakan Pemerintah maupun keberadaan (existing) penggesarannya?" selanjutnya, pertanyaan lainnya adalah "dimana wilayah yang berpotensl rawan rambah ?".Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa diperoleh perubahan spatial penggunaan lahan yang secara fisik rawan rambah terdapat diwilayah bagian utara TNGGP pada Kabupaten Bogor khususnya di kecamatan Caringin, Megamendung dan Ciawi. Sedangkan Kabupaten Sukabumi adanya penambahan areal kawasan hutan khususnya di Kecamatan Cisaat.Kata Kunci : Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango, Kebijaksanaan Pemerintah, Konservasi, Sumber Daya Alam Hayati dan Ekosistem, Masyarakat, Rawan Perambahan, Penggunaan Lahan.

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a Distribution Which is Potential to be Encroached in Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park and Its Surrounding.Gunung Gede-Pangrango National Park has been determined as a National Park by the Ministry of Agriculture in 1980. As a conservation area, the National Park has its function as a protection of livelihood buffer system and sustainability biodiversity including its ecosystem.According to law no. 5/1990 concerning Conservation of Natural Resources and Biodiversity with its ecosystem, it has been defined that as a nature reserve area which has natural and original ecosystem, the area should be managed by zoning system such as being declared by the IV th World Congress on National Park and Protected area in Caracas, Venezuela 1992.The Research on :"Area Distribution which is potential to be encroached in Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park and its surrounding:, has objective to analyze the spatial change of area condition which has been defined based on legal and formal law or based on situational condition.By declaring the area as a National Park, it has caused conflict between community surrounding the area and the management site. To minimize the conflict, it is needed a standard regulation for a community livelihood and a knowledge on how important is the forest area/National park as a buffer for livelihood of the community.The general objective is to give a framework of approach which could accommodate social communities' needs in the buffer zone of Gunung Gede-Pangrango National Park.In Brief, the problem rise on this study is about "How is the distribution pattern of the area potential to be encroached in Gunung Gede-Pangrango, either based on the Government policy or by the existing movement?" and the next question is : "Where is the area potentially being encroached?" Result of the study showed that there has a spatial change in using area that physically potential being encroached. The areas are located within the North Part of Gunung Gede-Pangrango National Park that is in Bogor District especially in Caringin Regency, Megamendung and Ciawi. The other location is in Sukahumi district, which is located in Cisaat Regency.Keywords: Gunung Gede-Pangrango National Park, Government Policy, Conservation, Biodiversity Natural Resources and Ecosystem, Community, Encroachment, Land Use."

"Lingkungan hidup, yang bertalian erat dengan kehidupan manusia pada saat ini menunjukkan berada dalam taraf yang cukup merisaukan. Pada saat kondisi lingkungan semakin kritis, semakin terganggu keseimbangannya sementara kebutuhan manusia semakin meningkat, menjadikan lingkungan hidup sebagai masalah. Masalah yang berkaitan dengan unsur manusia, hanya dapat ditanggulangi melalui pendidikan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan pengertian masyarakat, peserta didik, para pelaksana pembangunan serta para pengelola sumber daya alam dan lingkungan. Peranan manusia merupakan unsur utama dalam ekosistem, karena ia dapat dididik agar memiliki konsep mental dan perilaku yang bertanggung jawab dalam membangun lingkungan.Pendidikan memainkan peranan sebagai pembentuk dan penyebar nilai-nilai baru yang diperlukan untuk menghadapi tuntutan lingkungan. Usaha ini untuk mempertinggi martabat manusia dan mempertinggi mutu hidup manusia (Salim 1986).Isu tentang penurunan kualitas lingkungan telah menciptakan suatu kebutuhan yang mendesak dalam menggalakkan pendidikan lingkungan (environmental education) yang bertujuan untuk menimbulkan kesadaran terhadap lingkungan dan membekali peserta didik dengan pengetahuan dan pandangan-pandangan luas tentang manfaat lingkungan.Pendidikan lingkungan adalah usaha untuk mengembangkan atau membangun pengertian tentang konsep lingkungan dan meningkatkan kesadaran, sikap, motivasi dan komitmen-komitmen tentang lingkungan di antara para pendidik dan peserta didik juga antara guru dan murid (Soerjani 1991).Salah satu program pendidikan lingkungan yang telah dilaksanakan oleh Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango adalah Program Kemah Konservasi, yang bertujuan agar peserta didik yang terdiri dari siswa-siswi SLTP dan SMU mempunyai pengetahuan, sikap dan kesadaran yang tinggi tentang lingkungan. Pendekatan yang dilakukan oleh para pengelola kawasan konservasi adalah program pendidikan lingkungan yang edukatif namun sekaligus rekreatif dengan metode pengajaran langsung berdekatan dengan alam / lingkungan pada kawasan konservasi tersebut (resource based learning). Penelitian ini akan mengetahui sejauhmana hubungan Program Kemah Konservasi dengan pengetahuan dan sikap peserta tentang lingkungan.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah: (1) mengetahui hubungan Program Kemah Konservasi dengan pengetahuan peserta tentang lingkungan; (2) untuk mengetahui hubungan Program Kemah Konservasi dengan sikap peserta tentang Iingkungan.Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat berguna untuk: (1) pengembangan ilmu lingkungan khususnya pendidikan lingkungan non-formal; (2) masukan bagi para pendidik, pengelola sekolah dan masyarakat akan manfaat kawasan konservasi bagi penelitian dan pendidikan, serta (3) masukan bagi pengambil keputusan baik Dephut maupun Depdiknas.Penelitian ini dilakukan di kawasan konservasi Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango dengan mengambil keseluruhan jumlah populasi yang mengikuti Program Kemah Konservasi pada tahun 2002 (studi kasus). Jumlah peserta yang mengikuti program ini adalah sebanyak 30 orang yang terdiri atas siswa-siswi SMU yang berasal dari sekolah yang ada di sekitar kawasan konservasi Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango, yaitu dari Cianjur, Sukabumi, dan Bogor.Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif, dilaksanakan dengan metode ex post facto dengan desain prates dan pascates. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan kuesioner, wawancara, dan observasi lapangan. Alat pengumpulan data berupa kuesioner ada dua yaitu: tes untuk mengukur pengetahuan peserta tentang lingkungan dan kuesioner sikap peserta terhadap lingkungan dalam bentuk skala Likert. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah uji t-tes untuk tes pengetahuan peserta tentang lingkungan dan setelah penskoran kuesioner sikap peserta terhadap lingkungan digunakan tabulasi yang selanjutnya dianalisis secara deskriptif.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dari data responden terdapat 20 orang peserta siswa (66,67%) dan selebihnya (10 orang l33,33%) peserta siswi, adapun dari asal peserta 12 orang (40%) berasal dari Cianjur, dan selebihnya berasal dari Bogor dan Sukabumi masing-masing 9 orang (30%) peserta, sedangkan kegiatan ekstrakurikuler yang diikuti siswa terdapat 26 orang (86,67%) yang mengikuti kegiatan Pecinta Alam (PA) dan hanya 4 orang (13,33%) yang mengikuti selain Pecinta Alam. Hasil pre test pengetahuan didapatkan nilai rata-rata 5,867; standar deviasi = 1,137 dengan kisaran nilai 3-8, sedangkan hasil post test kisaran nilainya 5,2-8,8 dengan nilai rata-rata 6,947 (standar deviasi = 1,084) yang selanjutnya akan diolah dengan menggunakan Uji t (uji perbedaan dua rata-rata). Berdasarkan hasil tes sikap peserta tidak ada peserta yang mempunyai sikap sangat tidak setuju (sangat tidak sadar) dan tidak setuju (tidak sadar) terhadap lingkungan, adapun yang bersikap ragu-ragu dari hasil pra tes terdapat 3 orang (10%) dan basil pascates hanya 1 orang (3,33%); sebanyak 12 orang (40%) peserta yang bersikap cukup setuju (cukup sadar) pada pra tes sedangkan pada pasca tes terdapat 11 orang (36,67%), sedangkan yang bersikap sangat setuju (sangat sadar) sebanyak 15 orang (50%) pada pra tes dan pada hasil pasca tes terdapat 18 orang (60%).Berdasarkan hasil pengujian hipotesis, maka dapat ditarik kesimpulan penelitian sebagai berikut:1. Terdapat hubungan yang positif antara Program Kemah Konservasi dengan pengetahuan peserta tentang lingkungan (p < 0,05).2. Terdapat hubungan yang nyata antara Program Kemah Konservasi dengan sikap peserta terhadap lingkungan.Saran yang diajukan dalam penelitian ini adalah: (1) perlunya penelitian lanjutan tentang perilaku peserta program kemah konservasi; (2) agar memperpanjang waktu pelaksanaan Program Kemah Konservasi.

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Correlation between Conservation Camping Program with Knowledge and Attitude toward the Environment (Case Study on Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park)Nowadays the environment which has a close relation with the live hood of man has shown up to the level of restlessness. When the environmental condition reached the more critical stage, its balance consequently was more interrupted while the human's needs highly increased, so that the environment became a real problem. Problem dealing with human factor can only be overcome with education in order to improve society, learning participants, development executives, and natural and environmental resources administrators. The role of human is essential in ecosystem, since they can be educated to develop a responsible mental and behavioral concept in their environmental development.Education plays the role as the developer and the distributor of new value required to meet environment demand. This will improve the dignity and quality of human lives (Salim 1986).The issue of environment quality degradation has created an urgency to promote environmental education, which objective is to build environmental awareness and to provide learning participants with broader knowledge and insight on the benefit of environment.Environmental education is an effort to develop and to build understanding on environmental concept, and also to increase awareness, behavior, motivations and commitment toward the environment among all concerns, the trainers and trainees as well as teachers and students (Soerjani 1991).One of environmental education program accomplished in Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park is Conservation Camping Program. The activity aims at providing better knowledge, behavior, and awareness of learning participants, who consists of Junior and Senior High School students; about environment. The administrators of conservation areas approach the environmental education activity in such an educational and recreational way, while specifically exercise resource based learning method. The study will know how far correlation between Conservation Camping Program with knowledge and behavior of learning participants toward the environment.The objectives of this study are: (1) to know correlation between Conservation Camping Program with knowledge of learning participants; (2) to know correlation between Conservation Camping Program with behavior of learning participants.The results hopefully will be useful to: (1) develop environment science especially non-formal environmental education, (2) provide inputs for instructors, school management and society on the benefit of conservation areas for learning and research activities, and (3) provide inputs for policy makers either from Ministry of Forestry or Ministry of Education.The study takes place in Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park, and involves total population of Conservation Camping Program which is held in 2002 (case study). Total learning participants are 30 students, comprising High School students of regencies surrounding the Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park areas, of Cianjur, Bogor, and Sukabumi.This research is quantitative, and accomplished with ex post facto method using pre and post test. The data collection is performed with questionnaire, interviews, and field observation. There are two types of questionnaires performed: one type of questionnaire is to assess the participants' knowledge on environment, while the other one is a Likert scale type of questionnaire to measure the participants' behavior on environment. Data analysis methods employed are t-test examination, for questionnaire to assess the participants' knowledge and tabulation, which is employed to analyze the participants behavior questionnaire scores, before descriptive analysis performed.Based on the result, among 12 of respondents compromising 20 male participant students (66,67%) and 10 others of female students (33,3%), those are 12 participants (40%) came from Cianjur, while 9 others coming from Bogor and Sukabumi and representing 30% of the participants. Of those participants 26 (86,67%) are joining Outbound extracurricular activity and only 4 (13,33%) join other extracurricular activity. The knowledge pre-test obtained result average score of 5,867; (t 1,137) with 3-8 ranges, while post test score ranges from 5,2-8,8 with scores of 6,947 (t 1,084) will be further analyzed using t test (test to examine two averages). Based on the result of attitude test on participants, there is no student of least and less apprehension on environment, while 3 (10%) these participants are uncertain while the post test reveals only 1 (3,33%); in pre-test, 12 of those participants (40%) have a good apprehension, while in post, the result is only 11 (36,67%), and finally those who have the best apprehension in pre test is 15 (50%) while in post test there are 18 (60%).Based on the result, the study concludes:1. There is positive correlation between Conservation Camping Program with learning participants knowledge on environment (p 0,05)2. There is significant correlation between Conservation Camping Program with participants attitude on environment.The author's suggestion on this research are: (1) to arrange further research about behavior of participants of Conservation Camping Program; (2) to add period of Conservation Camping Program."

"Pariwisata saat ini telah menjadi industri yang penting di dunia. Industri pariwisata dunia tersebut mampu mempekerjakan 127 juta pekerja dari sekitar 600 juta wisatawan yang melakukan perjalanan wisata pada tahun 1993. Kalimantan Barat yang merupakan propinsi terbesar ke-4 di Indonesia dengan luas 146.807 km2, merupakan suatu destinasi pariwisata yang cukup menarik bagi wisatawan dunia umumnya.Dengan diarahkannya Taman Nasional Betung Kerihun (TNBK) dan Taman Nasional Danau Sentarum (TNDS) sebagai prioritas untuk dikembangkan dalam bentuk wisata alam (ekowisata), memberi konsekuensi pada pengelolaan yang terpadu dan terencana pada kedua kawasan tersebut. TNBK dengan luas 800.000 hektar yang memiliki keanekaragaman hayati yang tinggi dan berbatasan dengan wilayah Sarawak, Malaysia sangat memberikan harapan dalam usaha menjaring pasar internasional; di mana Malaysia merupakan salah satu kantong pariwisata mancanegara terbesar di Asia Tenggara. Usaha pemanfaatan kawasan konservasi melalui pengembangan ekowisata menjadi sangat penting dan strategis di samping usaha-usaha penanggulangan kegiatan penebangan dan perburuan yang tidak terkendali di kawasan TNBK. Kawasan ini juga memiliki fungsi strategis lain seperti fungsi hidro-orologis sebagai daerah tangkapan air di perhuluan Sungai Kapuas.TNBK belum dikenal dan belum banyak dikunjungi oleh wisatawan sebagai daerah tujuan wisata (DTW). Kurangnya jumlah wisatawan yang berkunjung ke taman nasional ini, antara lain disebabkan masih minimnya sarana dan prasarana transportasi, restorasi, dan akomodasi maupun masih kurangnya promosi ke luar tentang obyek-obyek wisata yang ada di kawasan TNBK. Untuk berhasilnya pengembangan TNBK menjadi daerah tujuan wisata, tidak cukup hanya dengan mengembangkan potensi alam dengan menawarkan atraksi-atraksi yang menarik; tetapi dengan memperhatikan faktor utama lainnya, yaitu faktor aksesibililas dan amanitas. Faktor aksesibilitas (kemudahan untuk dicapai) sangat dipengaruhi oleh dekatnya jarak, atau tersedianya transportasi ke tempat itu secara teratur, sering, murah, nyaman, dan aman. Faktor amanitas sangat dipengaruhi oleh tersedianya fasilitas-fasilitas seperti tempat penginapan, rumah makan (restoran), tempat hiburan, transport lokal yang memungkinkan wisatawan berpergian ke tempat itu serta alat-alat komunikasi lainnya.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kondisi sarana dan prasarana transportasi, akomodasi, dan restorasi dengan upaya pengelolaan ekowisata. Dengan mengetahui hubungan dimaksud maka akan sangat bermanfaat bagi perencanaan dan pengembangan sarana dan prasarana yang mendukung pengelolaan ekowisata di TNBK.Dalam penelitian ini, dikemukakan hipotesis yaitu:Kondisi sarana dan prasarana akan mempengaruhi minat untuk berkunjung ke obyek wisata alam.Metode (cara) yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Ekspos Fakto (expost facto research) dan survai. Pengumpulan data dengan pengamatan langsung di lapangan, wawancara, kuesioner, serta dari pihak yang terkait dengan wilayah penelitian di kecamatan Embaloh Hulu, Embaloh Hilir, Kedamin, dan Putussibau Kabupaten Kapuas Hulu.Dari analisis dan bahasan, diperoleh hasil penelitian sebagai berikut:1. Jumlah tamu hotel, dipengaruhi langsung oleh layanan angkutan darat, dan layanan energi listrik; tingkat hunian hotel, dipengaruhi langsung oleh layanan energi listrik, layanan angkutan darat, dan layanan pasar; sedangkan jumlah wisatawan, dipengaruhi langsung oleh layanan telepon, layanan pasar, layanan pos, layanan energi listrik, dan layanan angkutan darat.2. 88,90% dari minat untuk berkunjung ke kawasan tujuan wisata alam ditentukan oleh kondisi sarana dan prasarana; sedangkan 11,1% sisanya ditentukan oleh faktor-faktor lain.3. 57% dari responden menyatakan bahwa perjalanan yang dilakukan kurang nyaman, 29% menyatakan tidak nyaman sama sekali, dan 14% menyatakan cukup nyaman.Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa:(1) Layanan sarana dan prasarana berpengaruh langsung dan tidak langsung terhadap tingkat hunian hotel, jumlah tamu hotel, dan jumlah wisatawan yang berkunjung ke obyek wisata alam.(2) Kondisi sarana dan prasarana sangat berpengaruh terhadap minat untuk berkunjung ke obyek wisata alam.(3) Ketersediaan dan layanan sarana dan prasarana, belum mampu memberikan kenyamanan, keamanan, dan hiburan bagi wisatawan yang berkunjung ke obyek wisata alam di TNBK.Untuk itu disarankan hal-hal sebagai berikut:1. Perlu perbaikan terhadap pengelolaan kepariwisataan di propinsi Kalimantan Barat dan TNBK khususnya, terutama dalam penyediaan fasilitas-fasilitas yang dapat memenuhi kebutuhan para wisatawan serta menejemen pengelolaan dan sumberdaya manusianya.2. Perlu adanya kesamaan persepsi mengenai taman nasional, yang dibentuk melalui koordinasi antara pihak-pihak yang terkait.

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Presently tourism has become significant industry in the world. World tourism industry is able to employ 127 millions workers from approximately 600 millions tourist taking tour travel in 1993. West Kalimantan is the fourth biggest province in Indonesia with an area of 146.807 km2, and is an attractive tourism destination for tourists from all over the world.

As Betung Kerihun National Park (BKNP) and Danau Sentarum National Park (DSNP) are prioritied to be developed in to ecotourism, this means we need to pay attention to on integrated and well-planned of both areas.

BKNP covers on area of 800.000 hectares; it has a high biological diversity and is the borderland with Serawak region, Malaysia, this fact gives high hope in the effort to embrace international market; of which Malaysia represents one of the biggest international tourism destination in South East Asia. Utilization of conservation area through the development of ecotourism become a very important and strategic effort besides other efforts to prevent illegal logging activities and uncontrolled hunting in BKNP area. This area also has strategic function such as hydro-orological functional to serve as water catchment area in the upper streem of Kapuas river.

BKNP has not been widely known and visited by tourists as tourism destination. Limited number of tourists visiting this national park are duelto, among other things inadequate suprastructure and infrastructure of transportation, restoration, and accommodation as well as lack of promotion to abroad regarding tourist objects available in BKNP area. To successfully develop BKNP to become tourism destination, it is not enough only by developing natural potential and offering interesting attractives; however it needs to give attention to the main factors, namely accessibility and amenity. Accessibility factor is greatly affected by proximity or availability of regular, frequent, inexpensive, comfortable and safe means of transportation.

Amenity factor is greatly affected by availability of facilities such as lodging, restaurant, amusement center, local transport that enable tourist to travel to that place as well as other communication means.

This research is aimed at identifying correlations between the conditions of transportation suprastructure and infrastructure, accommodation, and restoration, and ecotourism management. By identifying the said correlations, it will be very useful for the planning and development of the suprastructure and infrastructure supporting ecotourism management at BKNP.

Hypothesis is proposed in this research, namely:

The condition of suprastructure and infrastructure will affect people's interests to visit the natural tourism objects.

The method used in this research is expost facto research and survey, Data collection is done by having direct observation to the field, interview, questionnaire, and from the fourth party related to the research area in Embaloh Hulu, Embaloh Hilir, Kedamin, and Putussibau sub-districts, Kapuas Hulu Regency.

Following is the result obstained from analysis:

1. Total hotel guests, it is directly affected by land transport service and electricity service; hotel occupancy rate, it is directly affected by electricity service, land transport service, and market service; where's number of tourists, it is directly affected by telephone service, market service, post service, electricity service, and land transport service.

2. 88,90% of interest to visit tourism object is determined by suprastructure and infrastructure condition; the remaining 11,10% is determined by other factors.

3. 57% of respondents say they have uncomfortable travel, 29% say they have very uncomfortable travel, and 14% say they have fairly compfortable travel.

From the research findings/results it can be concluded as follows:

1. Suprastructure and infrastructure services instantaneously and directly influence the degree of hotel occupancy rates, the number of hotel guests, as well as the number of tourists who visit the natural tourism object.

2. Conditions of suprastructure and infrastructure greatly affect people's interest to visit the natural tourism object.

3. The available suprastructure and infrastructure and its services, has not yet to provide convenience, safety, and attraction to tourist visiting the natural tourism object at BKNP.

For that purpose, it is suggested the followings:

1. Improvement of tourist management is necessary in West Kalimantan Province and in particular the BKNP, especially in providing facilities that can meet the need of tourist as well as the management of tourism and human resources.

2. It is necessary to have a similar perception regarding the national parks, which is shaped through an interrelated coordination among the concerned agencies."

"Research on usable of Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park and Botanical Garden to develop the conservation education has been carried out, but the available information due to the package of conservation education using both of conservation areas is stilt lacking.The aim of this study is to measure and compare conservation education packages, which have conducted at Gunung Gede Pangrango and Bogor Botanical Garden. The compiling information from this study will be useful as a contribution to develop the program of conservation education as well as to increase the management of conservation area.The comparative study was conducted in two conservation area, the Gunung Gede Pangrango (representative for in situ conservation), and Bogor Botanical Garden (for ex situ conservation), using a questionnaire method, document analyzing, field observation, and measure the progress of the institutional development using matrix of the Institutional Development Framework ( IDF ). Correspondence is the key-person from institutions who responsible in organizing the conservation education program.The conclusion of this study was that the Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park is more diverse in having potential interpretation material compare to that of Bogor Botanical Garden, especially the available concepts of ecology and conservation in species and ecosystem level. In comparison, the Bogor. Botanical Garden has relatively more facilities on species interpretation. The conservation education program at both areas has limit goal, only covered the awareness and knowledge, and not completed with the education evaluation, which measured the impact of education on conservation for the participants. Covering the goal of the education, usable of flagship species and education evaluation might develop the quality of the program at both areas.Both of the institutions have limit facilities and skill to develop the package of the conservation education program, therefore they need cooperation with other institution as a partner. The study also identified that the Partners have a good contribution on developing the package of the Conservation education program as well as provide human resources. Some partners have provided the technical and facilities for educating, however none of the four NGO's which cooperate with the two institutions (Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park and Bogor Botanical Garden) in sustainability stage at institutional; development continuum. It seem that their institutional development progress will influence the existing packages for educating conservation program, which prepared at Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park and Bogor Botanical Garden."

"Five Dayak ethnic groups : Iban, Tamambaloh, Kantu', Bukat and Punan are residing inside the Bentuang Karimun National Park and its vicinity. Most Dayak members are earning their life as farmers, hunters, poachers and collective of forest products either for commercial or personal purposes. They live harmoniously with their surrounding. Research on "Biodiversity of plants and the utility of landscape by communities of Dayak ethnics at Bentuang Karimun National Park and its vicinity", were carried out from November 1996 to May I997. The result had been presented in a thesis, which is composing of two subjects. First subject, concerning with "The indigenous knowledge and the landscape usage of the Dayak". This study is separated into two consecutive chapters. Data were collected by using exploration and square methods. Diversity index are obtained by using Shanon & Wiener formula 1949 (Kreb, 1989); Equation of plant community are calculated using Jaccard (Greig-Smith, 1983) and Cluster analysis is performanced by Ludwig & Reynolds formulation (1988). The result of the research shows that each ethnic group has particular characteristic as follows : a. Housing Sadap village (Dayak Iban), and Sungai Ulu' Palin ViIIage (Dayak Tamambaloh) have long and single house. The other villages such as Nanga Potan (Dayak Kantu'), Along Hovat (Dayak Bukat) and Nanga Bungan (Dayak Punan) do not have. Sadap village is the only village that has water pipe system, while other four villages do not. They get water from the river and from the rain water for drinking. At Along Hovat and Nanga Bungan village, the road has been made from concrete base, while the other three villages have not. Sungai Ulu' Palin village of the Dayak ethnic has the highest population, which. consisted of 92 families or 403 persons, while Nanga Potan village of the Dayak has the lowest, which consisted only 10 families or 45 persons. b. Home garden Based on the plant composition of the home garden at the five villages we visited that the Dayak practice different type of home garden . At Sadap village and Sungai Ulu' Palin village : the Iban and Tamambaloh prefer to grow industrial plants such as rubber Ffevea brasilliensis), while at Nanga Potan and along Hovat : Kantu' and Bukat prefer to grow fruits plants, such as jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) and durian (Dario zibethinus). However, the Punan at Nanga Bungan does not practice home garden , therefore, there is no any special plants in their garden. c. Variaton of plants at the active field Generally, at the five villages there are about 27 varieties of glutinous rice and 77 varieties of rice. Beside the main plant, they also grew the supplementary plants such as cucumber (Cucumis melo), cassava (Manihot esculenta), egg plant (Soiwnan sp.), small chili (Capsicum frutescens), "katuk" (Sauropus albicans), ginger (Zingiber officinale) and "paria" (Momordica charantia). d. Vegetation of the abandoned field. The composition of the plants at the abandoned garden has variation. The abandoned garden for 1 - 5 years were dominated by wild plants such as Themeda gigantea and Melastoma malabathricum. The abandoned garden for 5 - 10 years, were dominated by secondary plants such as Macaranga gigantea, A. trilaba, M lapadanta, and Threma orientalis. The abandoned field of more than 20 years are primarily dominated by Dipterocarpaceae. e. Cluster analysis Based on what we observed , we categorize three stages of growth such as "belta" , "trees", and "seedling" stadium on the field. There is an indication that the factor of human activities influence the plant's growth. Second subject, "Me indigenous knowledge and the utility of plant diversity of Dayak ethnic at the Bentuang Km-isms National Park and its vicinity". The purpose of the research was to study how the communities around the National Park benefing the landscape of the park. The data obtained by interviewing members of the community. a. The using of plants Categorization of plant use in five villages communities : 1. Edible plants : consisted of 129 species, 94 genus, and 42 families. 2. Housing materials : consisted of 63 species. 21 genus_ and 14 families.. And tfor agricultural tool consisted of 23 species, 13 genus, and 9 families. 3. Medicinal purposes : consisted of 55 species. 51 genus. and 34 families, 4. Ceremonials and rituals : consisted of 21 species, 19 genus, and 17 families. 5. Clothing : consisted of 7 species, 6 genus, and 5 families. 6. Utensils,rope and braid consisted of 27 species. 14 genus, and 9 families. 7. Dyes : consisted of 7 species, 7 genus, and 6 families.8. Firewood consisted of 19 species, 11 genus and 9 families9. Ornamental or decoration : consisted of 7 species, 6 genus, and 5 families.10. Poison and toxic ingredient : consisted of 4 species, 3 genus, and 2 families.b. The indigenous knowledge The indigenous knowledge of plants of the communities among the ethnics shows varies from one to another. The differences in the knowledge between those of the male and those of the female were tested using the proportional test."

"ABSTRACTNatural forest in Java is recently limited in the mountain area. Most of these forest areas are legally protected, however these forests are still utilized illegally by people for fuel and sawn wood production. This forest has important role for life; therefore, the sustainability of the original mountain forest ecosystem should be maintained. Gunung Halimun National Park is one of the mountain rain forests having high biological diversity.The objective of this research is to understand the composition and structure of tree communities in the national park edge area and the influence of trees to the undergrowth species, in such away the degree of forest disturbance and its causes could be identified. Data collection was carried out between April and September 1995 in five edge national park areas, i.e. Cisarua I, Cisarua II, Legok Heulang, Pongkor and Citalahap: Floristic enumeration was done by transect-plot method. First transect-plots of 500 x 20 meter were established perpendicular to the national park border. Each transect plot was divided by 25 plot of 20 m x 20 in for trees (DBH > 10 cm) enumeration, 25 sub plot of 5 m x 5 m for sapling (2 cm < DBH > 10 cm), and 25 sub plot of 1 m x 1 m for undergrowth plants (diameter < 2 cm).Sorensen similarity indices show the variation among the five study sites. Three sites Cisarua I, Cisarua II, and Legok Heulng have value more than 50 %, while the similarity of two other sites, i.e. Pongkor and Citalahap is lower, less than 36 %, indicates the different community types. Those variations seem to be resulted from different environmental conditions and degrees of disturbance.From the five transect-plots of 500 m x 20 m, 89 trees species were recorded, belonging to the 33 genus and 62 families. Citalahap is an area having the highest species diversity, i.e. 48 species, followed by Pongkor (38 species), Legok Heulang (37 species), Cisarua II (35 species), and Cisarua I (33 species). Communities of Cisarua I, Cisarua II and Legok Heulang were dominated by Tinmannia blumei, Syzygium lineatum, Schefflera arornatica, Schima wallichii, Eurya acuminata, Quercus pycnan hum. Based on important index values, it was apparent that the Cisarua I is a consociation of Vkinmannia blumei, while Cisarua II and Legok Heulang are association of Ni,inmantiia blumei - Syzygium lineatum. The community in Pongkor area is an association of Castanopsis acurninatissima - Quercus pyriformis, dominated by Castanopsis acuminatissima, Quercus pyriforntis, Schima ~vallic/: i, Altingia excelsa; while the community in Citalahap is an association of Altingia excelsa - Quercus garnelli.fora, dominated by Altingia excelsa, Quercus gamelkflora, Quercus pyrifnrmis, Schima wallichii, and Litsea di versifolia.Based on the sapling composition in the 125 sub plots of 5 m x 5 m, 68 species were recorded belonging to the 31 genus and 53 families. The most important species of saplings were Camellia sinensis, Macaranga triloba, Syzygium lineatum. Sciu:fera annnatica, Castanopsis acuminatissima, Gyathea contaminans.Within 125 sub plots of 1 m x 1 in, 205 undergrowth species were recorded belonging to 72 genus and 155 families. Based on the life form, it composed of 71 seedlings, 37 shrubs, 2 palms, 14 ferns, 2 orchids, 22 lianas, 58 herbs. Composition of undergrowth plants could be classified into three communities. The first community represents Cisarua I, Cisarua II, and Legok Heulang. This community is dominated by light demanding (intolerant) species, such as Gleichenia linearis, Clidemia hirta, Sphaeranthus liulicus, Eupatorium intrlifoliun1. Macaranga triloba, and Helminthostachys zelylanica. The second community represents Pongkor area, dominated by shade tolerant species, such as Castanopsis acuminatissima, Maschalacotytnutio cotynrbosus, Conunc'linrt diftsa, Plectocomia elonngata, and the third community represent Citalahap area dominated by Alangium indict's, Begonia robusta, and Strobilanthes blumei. The growth of tolerant and intolerant species is influenced by tree crown covers and density. This is proved by Pongkor area which has highest trees density (373 trees/ha), and the lowest is Legok Heulang (190 trees/ha). Species diversity in five research locations is relatively high (3.46), compared with interior forest 2.49 (Hadi, 1994).Based on calculation, basal area of trees in five research locations are lower compared with other forest areas in West Java (Yamada, 1975; Yusuf, 1988; Hadi, 1994). This means that trees in five research locations have smaller sizes. This is also indicated by class diameter distribution by which trees having diameter at 10-20 cm on the highest rank in five locations. The analysis of class diameter distribution of the sample trees from Citalahap and Pongkor area shows the normal curve (7 up-side down shaped). This means that the forest in two areas were relatively undisturbed. On the other hand, class diameter distribution from Cisarua I, Cisarua II, and Legok Heulang shows that the class diameter curve is not normal. Most of the diameter > 40 cm has been removed illegally by local communities. From the observation in the field, there are 32 to 88 illegal left-over cut logs per hectare with the diameter more than 25 cm. Based on this fact, it is shown that the forest area in the three locations has been very highly disturbed by local community, mainly with illegal cutting of the trees with diameter > 25 cm. In order to maintain the natural ecosystem in three locations of the Gunung Halimun National Park, the protection system in the park area should be improved."

"ABSTRACTOne of the influential factors in the prevention of the destruction and decline of biodiversity is human resources. There is an opinion that human beings or human resources are highly influenced by its level of education. In order to improve any efforts for biodiversity to survive, human responsibility and awareness are needed, especially in rehabilitation of nature source and quality of society education, starting from basic level, in order to strengthen the idea if both responsibility and awareness. The knowledge of nature has appeared through basic and higher levels education. However, it falls to present very basic information for student to understand the link of nature and the survival of the national. Mean while teachers unsuccessfully teach students to comprehend what are being taught, especially to apply the materials. It becomes worst when less attention for students to train them selves are given. As a consequence, students are not capable to operate any function of natural resources in everyday life. Students are mostly taught such cognitive knowledge rather than any significant applications. This results in the student being unable to fully comprehend the importance of conserving biodiversity properly. The Research is purpose to know : 1. The student?s perception and comprehension on the idea of biodiversity conservation. All students are rounded from basic level around Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun, West Java. 2. The student?s perception and comprehension on the idea of biodiversity conversation. All students are rounded from basic level around West Java Area. The Research obtained are expected to be able to answer such as the following questions: 1. Are there any differences on the students perception of biodiversity conservation between the students from big city and Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Area. 2. Are there any differences on students comprehension of biodiversity conservation between students from big city and Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Area. 3. Are there materials of biodiversity conservation integrated on the curriculum of basic level of education, and how to perform it. The Mount Halimun National Park which is situated about 100 km distance from West Jakarta is surprisingly more familiar to the Junior High School students of West Jakarta than to those who live within a radius of less than 25 kilometers from the Park. Indeed, students, students from both area responses similarly that conservation is very importance. They also have similar perception on how to cover any problems. They face on their studies on the conservation. The Research moreover find that students difference on understanding the terms dealing with conservation. The number of the student who agree and disagree in naming the animal to be protected. Analyzed results of test which have been carried out are able to indicate the effectively of the teaching process. If furthermore shows that students of SLTP around Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun from the sample taken have the score average of 13,534 among them are only 45,1% capable to answers questions about conservation, on the contrary of 21,5% score average and 71,5% of the students around Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun who answered correctly. So there is a significant difference between the two areas. The Role of the Biology teachers are quite influential on the views of the students regarding biodiversity, In general, the SLTP teachers of the school around Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun are mostly non native of the area. They have limited knowledge about the Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun, and its surroundings. Keeping in mind the importance of biodiversity as a renewable natural resources which can be utilized as an asset to continuous national development, an efforts has been made during the 1994 GBPP to include the topic of biodiversity in the curriculum. This decision was made as a follow up to the biodiversity Action Plan for Indonesia. Which has preceded by the United Nations Conservation on biodiversity. In which it is stated that biodiversity is a topic to be taught at schools in section 13 of the 1994 law No.5."

"ABSTRAKPeningkatan luas penanaman Kopi dan Kulit Manis di Kabupaten Kerinci selama 3 tahun terakhir sangat mengkhawatirkan. Seluas 50.000 ha lahan hutan telah digarap untuk perladangan kopi dan Kulit Manis, dengan ± 14.286 KK peladangSementara keadaan fisik wilayah sangat rawan terhadap erosi, luas lahan yang memungkinkan untuk pertanian hanya 40% dari luas keseluruhan daerah Kecamatan Gunung Raya (14.560 ha), dan seluas 80.480 ha terdiri dari hutan lebat.Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode kasus, cara penetapan sampel ditetapkan secara purposive. Untuk analisis data dilakukan dengan regresi korelasi.Pengukuran erosi dilakukan pada perladangan kopi dan kulit marais milik petani setempat, sesuai dengan kondisi variabel yang ditetapkan dan ditemukan di lapangan.Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dampak dari perladangan kopi dan kulit marais terhadap intensitas erosi. Dalam studi ini diambil 90 kasus kejadian erosi, selama 30 kali pengamatan.Dari hasil pengamatan harian terlihat pada usia tanaman 1 tahun - 4 tahun intensitas erosi cukup besar (47,92 ton - 14,19 ton pertahun dengan besar lereng 42% - 92 %. Hal ini disebabkan karena sebahagian besar tanah terbuka, tajuk kopi dan kulit marais belum mampu untuk menahan pukulan air hujan, dan pemberaihan lahan intensif sekali. Kemudian pada umur 5 tahun - 6 tahun intensitas erosi mengalami penurunan menjadi (2,23 ton -1,92 ton) dengan keadaan lereng 56 % - 96 %. Hal ini disebabkan oleh tanaman kopi sedang berada pada kondisi pertumbuhan vegetatif yang baik, sehingga tajuk hampir menutupi semua permukaan tanah dan penyiangan tidak dilakukan. Setelah tanaman memasuki umur 7 tahun - 10 tahun intensitas erosi meningkat kembali (4,84 ton --5,27 ton) pada kondisi lereng 24 % - 37 % disisi lain, karena pada usia ini terjadi penyiangan, dan pemangkasan dahan kulit mania, den diikuti dengan melakukan penebangan kopi, sehingga tanah terbuka kembali.Setelah tanaman berumur diatas 10 tahun (20 tahun - 25 tahun) pada kondisi lereng 26% - 40% erosi menurun kembali, hal ini disebabkan tidak adanya penyiangan dan pemangkasan, sehingga mengarah pada pembentukan hutan. Keadaan ini dimakaudkan untuk menjadikan kulit mania sebagai investasi jangka panjang. Erosi yang terjadi hanya (2,59 ton -- 1,45 ton). Jadi tanaman yang berumur muda 1 tahun - 4 tahun dengan melakukan penyiangan mempunyai potensi yang besar dalam menyebabkan terjadinya erosi begitu juga tanaman yang telah berumur 5 tahun - 6 tahun serta berumur tua diatas 10 tahun dapat membantu, menurunkan intensitas erosi.Hasil analisis statistik menunjukkan pada kondisi sebenarnya, erosi yang terjadi cukup besar yaitu 6,7682 kg selama pengamatan. Rata-rata umur vegetasi 8.3167 tahun, rata-rata jumlah vegetasi 40,4889 bataog, rata-rata lereng 33,1667%, rata-rata curah hujan 84,9167 mm, rata-rata indeks pengolahan lahan 0,0963 dan rata-rata aliran permukaan 1300,3078 liter. Bila erosi lahan yang terjadi dikonversikan kedalam Batman ha, maka menjadi 13,77 ton/ha/th di atas erosi yang diperkenankan 13.45 ton/ha/th. Walaupun demikian perladangan kopi dan kulit marais seperti yang dilakukan masyarakat Gunung Raya Kerinci memerlukan perhatian yang sungguh-sungguh demi kelestarian sumberdaya tanah dan air.Faktor-faktor korelasi (r) yang berpengaruh menimbulkan erosi adalah aliran permukaan 62%; indeks pengolahan lahan 43,5%; curah hujan 33,3%; umur tanaman 29X; jumlah vegetasi 22% dan lereng 12%.Faktor-faktor lain yang juga berperan dalam menimbulkan erosi adalah sosial budaya. Sebahagian besar masyarakat Gunung Raya berpenghasilan dari usaha perkebunan kulit marais. Tingginya harga dan permintaan kulit manis, mudahnya perawatan dan tingkat kesuburan tanah yang relatif tinggi menyebabkan mereka cenderung memperluas lahan. Di samping itu pertumbuhan penduduk yang terus meningkat dihadapkan dengan luas lahan yang terbatas hanya 40% dari luas daerah yang dapat diusahakan untuk pertanian, menyebabkan perladangan terus bertambah.Bila dilihat dari erosi yang ditimbulkan dan dampak lanjutannya berupa kerusakan lahan baik fisik, biologis maupun kimia, maka sistem pertanian seperti ini kurang menguntungkan. Untuk memperkecil erosi yang ditimbulkan serta meminimalkan dampak negatif yang terjadi, maka perlu dilakukan perencanaan penggunaan lahan dengan pertimbangan lingkungan.Jumlah halaman permulaan 18; Jumlah halaman peritems 87; Gambar 10; tabel 18 halaman

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ABSTRACT

The increasing of plantation area during the last three years in the district of Kerinci has occured in such a way that has a major caused concern. About 50,000 ha area of the forest have been cleared for coffee and Cassia vera Plantations, and approximately 14,286 families of farmers have moved in.

The physical condition of the area is very susceptible to erosion, and only 40% of the total land area of the Gunung Raya subdistrict (141.560 ha) is arable, 80,845 ha consists of heavy forests, and 29,750 ha of the region produces cassia vera.

The survey is done by case method; the sampling method is purposive random sau ling. Regression correlation is used for data analysis. Measuring erosion toward coffee and cassia vera plantations of the local farmers was in accordance with the variable, conditions established and found in the field.

The study is intended to investigate the impact of coffee and cassia vera culture in regards to erosion intensity; that is, how much erosion occurred. when coffee and cassia vera were grown. This study observed 90 cases of erosion during 30'days.

Out of daily observation it can be seen that in a plant 1 to 4 years old, the annual erosion intensity is quite high (47,92 ton-14,19 ton). This is due to the fact that most of the ground is open and the coffee and cassia vera. are not able to hold rainfall. Thus, cleansing of land is very rapid.

Then, of the age of 5 to 6 years, the annual erosion intensity decreases (2,23 ton --1,92 ton). This is due to the vegetative growth of the crown of the coffee plant, which in turn protects more land surface. Also at 5 6 years, weeding is not done.

At the age of 7 to 10 years the average annual erosion intensity increases again (4,84 ton.-5,27 ton), because at this age there is weeding activity, chopping of the cassia vera branches, and cutting of the coffee plants, so that the land is open again.

After the plants are over 10 years old the erosion decreases again, and the formation of wood begins because there is no more weeding and cutting. The purpose of no more weeding and cutting after 10 years is to make cassis. vera a long term investment. The erosion that occurs after 10 years is only (2,59 ton- 1, 45 ton ).

Thus, plants 1 to 4 years old as well as 7 to 10 years, because of weeding, have a great potential to cause erosion in the land. While plants at the age of 5 to 6 as well as over 10 years can help in decreasing erosion.

The result of the statistical analysis indicates that in actuality condition the erosion occurring is quite large (approximately 6,7682 kg). The average age of the vegetation is 8.3167 years. The amount of vegetable stalks is 40,4889. Rainfall 84,9167 mm. Land cultivation is 0,0963 and the surface current is 1300,3078 liters. If the erosion .is converted into hectares, there is 13.171 tons/ha/year which is far above the amount of erosion allowed. Thus, the community of Gunung Raya Kerinci must give some real attention to its agricultural system, if they are to conserve their land and water resources.

The factors which influence the erosion are: surface current 62%; land cultivation 43,5%; rainfall 33,3%; plant age 29%; amount of vegetation 22$; and slope 121. Other factors which also play certain roles in erosion are social and cultural. Most of the Gunung Raya community earn their income from cassiavera. The high demand and price of the cassiavera, the easy maintenance; and the relatively high soil fertility all cause the farmers to tend to increase their cultivation areas. Also the ever increasing population growth rate vis a vis limited land area (of which only 30% is erable) also contribute to the problem.

In terms of the erosion and its sustaining impacts such as physical, biological, as well as chemical deteroration this type of agriculture is not advantageous. In order to decrease the erosion and its negative impact a land use plan is needed that considers the environment holistically.

Number of initial pages 18 + number of thesis content 86; Pictures 10; Tables 18 pages."

"Banteng (Bos javanicus d?Alton) is naturally distributed throughout Asia. In Indonesia this species can be found in Jawa, Bali, and Kalimantan. The current population is small, making it categorized as an endangered species. Protection measures have been implemented in such national parks as in West Bali, Ujung Kulon, Baluran, and Alas Purwo. Scientifically, this species is a genetic resource potential for further domestication purposes. In fact this species has been traditionally utilized as a cross-breeder for Bali Cattle which originated from Bos sondaicus. Banteng is typically a crespuscular species, but due to disturbances it sometimes becomes nocturnal. The species generally live in groups of 5 to 15 individuals, with only 2 to 3 steers in a group, although groups with only one steer is not unusual. The groups spend most ,of their time grazing in a pasture. Alas Purwo is a national park located in Sothern Banyuwangi, East Jawa, and initially gazetted as an area for animal protection. The total area of this national park is about 43420 hectares, but the Banteng is usually found grazing in Sadengan a pasture area with a size of about 20 hectares. This thesis consists of two papers, i.e.,Daily behaviour of banteng, and Habitat selection for feeding. Samples of banteng have been taken directly, using the concentrated method, whereas the grass samples have been taken by using quadrates of 100 x 100 cm2, totalling 100 plots. Observations have been carried out in two locations, i.e., location I: around the tower, and location II: nearby and adjacent to the mountaineous area. The studies have been conducted from January 1996 to June 1996. The paper entitled Daily behaviour of bantengs concluded that (1). The environment significantly affected the daily behaviour of the cows.(2). Frequency of cows in pasture areas of Sadengan in Alas Purwo broken as if indicator of disturbance. It is recommended that to increase grazing intensity of cows, habitat management should be maintained properly, particularly monitoring of wild dogs. The paper entitled Habitat selection for feeding, concluded : (1). Potential of grasses in pastures of Sadengan in Alas Purwo National Park was very low, (2)Location of grazing areas was concentrated in one location, and was related to the biomass of grasses as their food resource. It is recommended that (1). Pasture areas of Sadengan in Alas Purwo National Park should be properly maintained, and (2). Grasses of Hyptis brevipes Porr. and Cassia Lora L. should be cut prior to flowering."

"Kegiatan konservasi makin penting peranannya, dalam rangka untuk mengimbangi kegiatan eksploitasi ataupun pemanfaatan sumberdaya alam yang terus meningkat sesuai dengan laju pertumbuhan penduduk. Peningkatan penduduk di beberapa negara telah banyak mengancam kawasan konservasi, terutama dilakukan oleh para petani miskin yang sangat menggantungkan diri pada basis sumberdaya alam hutan.Demikian pula masalah yang dihadapi Pemerintah Indonesia dalam usaha konservasi alam, adanya tekanan Penduduk, rendahnya tingkat kesadaran, minimnya pendapatan selain majunya teknologi mengakibatkan eksploitasi sumberdaya alam berlebihan.Di Indonesia kebijaksanaan dan strategi perlindungan dan pelestarian hutan baik eksistensinya maupun peningkatan manfaatnya, dikembangkan melalui salah satu pola konservasi alam yaitu dalam bentuk taman nasional. Pembentukan taman nasional diarahkan kepada peningkatan manfaat kawasan baik segi konservasi maupun manfaat yang dapat dirasakan secara langsung oleh masyarakat.Dari 16 taman nasional, satu di antaranya Taman Nasional Kerinci Seblat, yang terletak di empat Propinsi meliputi Jambi, Sumatera Selatan, Bengkulu dan Sumamtera Barat. Namun telaahan penulisan tesis ini difokuskan pada wilayah taman nasional yang berada di Propinsi Jambi khususnya di Kecamatan Gunung Kerinci Kabupaten Kerinci.Akan tetapi dalam pembinaan dan pengelolaannya taman nasional terdapat masalah dan kendala. Hal ini terjadi akibat adanya hubungan ketergantungan yang menonjol secara tradisional antara masyarakat yang ada di sekitarnya. Perlu diketahui bahwa sebagian besar luar wilayah Taman Nasional Kerinci Seblat di Propinsi Jambi, keberadaannya mengelilingi satu Daerah Tingkat II yaitu Kabupaten Kerinci. Untuk mengatasi keadaan di atas, Departemen Kehutanan melalui Proyek Pembinaan Taman Nasional Kerinci Seblat direncanakan pengembangan zona penyangga dengan pola agro forestry. Penetapan zona penyangga ini merupakan rangkaian aktivitas pengelolaan sebuan taman nasional.Dengan penjalasan dan maksud tersebut, baik ketergantungan masyarakat terhadap taman nasional maupun rencana penetapan zona penyangga agar berhasil, seyogyanya harus dapat memberikan kepentingan bersama. Untuk itu tertariklah untuk melakukan penelitian yaitu tentang usaha tani masyarakat dibidang usaha peternakan sapi.Pertimbangan penelitian tentang usaha peternakan sapi ini dikarenakan adanya peningkatan populasi dari tahun ke tahun. Selain bahwa usaha peternakan dapat bermanfaat secara positif, bila dikelola secara baik dan benar. Sebaliknya dapat menjadi perusak atau menimbulkan dampak negatif, bila dikelola secara ceroboh.Dari ulasan di atas dapat dijabarkan masalah penelitian yaitu :1. Apakah usaha peternakan sapi masyarakat di sekitar kawasan hutan taman nasional menunjang upaya konservasi melalui pemanfaatan zona penyangga atau tidak.2. Apakah jalan pikir pejabat di lapang sejalan atau tidak dengan jalan pikir masyarakat terhadap pola pemanfaatan zona penyangga yang direncanakan.Sebagai jawaban sementara terhadap permasalahan penelitian ini, diajukanlah hipotesis (1) pengelolaan usaha peternakan sapi menunjang upaya pola agroforestry pada zona penyangga; (2) pengembangan zona penyangga sangat bermanfaat di daerah padat guna pelestarian lingkungan, sehingga memperoleh tanggapan positif; (3) ada perbedaan pendapat antara pejabat di lapang dengan masyarakat tentang rencana lokasi zona penyangga.Adapun materi sebagai konsistensi penjabaran masalah dan hipotesis yang diajukan meliputi :a. Usaha peternakan sapib. Daya dukung wilayah dalam sumber pakan hijauan ternakc. Ruang lingkup rencana pemanfaatan zona penyangga.Jumlah sampel responden sebanyak 85 petani ternak sapi yang dipilih berdasarkan strata luas lahan garapan.Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan pengisian daftar pertanyaan, wawancara dan pengamatan langsung serta dibantu dengan data sekunder.Model analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis diskriptif dengan frekuensi dan tabulasi silang serta analisis statistik uji x2 (khi kuadrat).Berdasarkan analisis yang dilakukan diperoleh hasil sebagai berikut :(1) Usaha peternakan sapi yang dilakukan oleh para petani, menunjang upaya pola agroforestrv_ di rencana zona penyangga. Karena itu secara tidak langsung dapat menunjang usaha konservasi hutan Taman Nasional Kerinci Seblat.Keadaan ini dapat ditinjau dari :· Jumlah ternak yang dipelihara masih di bawah kesanggupan petani dari kemampuannya memelihara ternak sapi.· Tatalaksana pengelolaan sudah memperhatikan dalam mencegah kerusakan sumberdaya tanah dan vegetasi tanaman.· Fungsi ganda dari ternak sapi secara optimal telah dimanfaatkan dengan baik.(2) Penyediaan sumber pakan ternak dari perhitungan daya dukung wilayah, dapat diekivalensi dengan jumlah unit ternak yang dapat ditampung, masih di atas jumlah unit ternak yang ada saat ini.(3) Pengembangan pola agroforestry di rencana zona penyangga memperoleh respon positif dari petani ternak (responden).(4) Masih terdapat perbedaan pendapat (keinginan) dari petani, terhadap lokasi zona penyangga yang direncanakan oleh Departemen Kehutanan.Implikasi penelitian :(1) Usaha peternakan sapi di sekitar kawasan konservasi Taman Nasional Kerinci Seblat, khusus di Kecamatan Gunung Kerinci masih dapat dikembangkan sebagi alternatif usaha yang dapat meningkatkan pendapatan masyarakat.(2) Ruang lingkup rencana zona penyangga yaitu pola agroforestry dapat diterapkan dan dikembangkan. Tetapi untuk lokasi zona penyangga yang akan ditetapkan perlu ditinjau kembali, serta dicari pemecahannya secara bersama sama yang lebih bijaksana.Daftar Kepustakaan 63 (1915 - 1989).

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The role of Conservation activities becomes more important related to exploitation activities compensation or natural resources utilization which increase rapidly conforming with the population growth. The increase of population in some countries have threatened conservation area, especially which be done by poor farmers that much depend on forestry natural resources.

So do. Indonesian government which faces to conservate its natural resources, population pressure, low in rate of consciousness to look after, low income besides high technology to exploitate more natural resources.

In Indonesian, conservation policy and strategy and forestry lasting the existence as well as its utilization, developed through one of natural conservation pattern in the form of national park. The forming of national park is directed to the addition of the forestry utilization either its conservation or its utilization for the society.

One of 16 national parks called Taman Nasional Kerinci Seblat, is situated in 4 provinces comprises Jambi, South Sumatra, Bengkulu and West Sumatra. The thesis is focused at national parks that lies in province of Jambi especially in Sub-district of Gunung Kerinci in the regency of Kerinci.

There some problems and constraint in managing its national parks. That is due to the dependent relation is bumpy traditionally between the community and its environment. It is known that for the greater part the area of Taman Nasional Kerinci Seblat have planned to develop buffer zone by using agro forestry pattern design. The determination this buffer zone represents activities series of the management of national park.

By this explanation, the dependency of community upon the national parks well as in order to plan becomes success-fully, it is ought to be mutual benefit. Based on the cases, the researcher is attracted to research pertaining farm management especially husbandry management.

The argument to research this cases is due to the in-creasing of its population year by year. Beside the farm management becomes to utilize positively if the project is managed as good as possible. On the other hand it becomes to be "destroyer" that cause negatively if it has not been managed in good order.

Based on the review, the research problems can be describe as follows :

1. Does the management of cattle husbandry in surrounding the forest of national park can support conservation efforts through the utilization of buffer zone or not;

2. Whether the idea of the functionary in the field in accordance or not to the idea of community against the utilization pattern buffer zone to be planned.

As the temporary responds against the research problems, it has been proposed some hypothesis :

1. The management of cattle husbandry business supports agroforestry pattern at buffer zone;

2. Buffer zone determination planning by following agroforestry pattern supports cattle husbandry and get the positive respons;

3. There are difference idea between field functionary and the society regarding to determination of location plan of buffer zone.

The items which there are any consistency in problems description and hypothesis to be proposed consists of :

a. cattle husbandry bussiness;

b. the supporting forces area as cattle fresh food;

c. the planning coverage of buffer zone utilities.

Respondent sample consists of 85 families cow cattle husbandry farmers to be selected based on strata of its cultivation area.

Data to be collected by using questionnaire, interview and direct observation and aided by using secondary data.

For analyzing used, descriptive analysis by using frequency and cross tabulation and statistical analyzing X2 (chi square).

Based on the analysis conducted, the results are as follows:

1. Cattle husbandry conducted by farmers, support pattern of agroforestry efforts in buffer zone planning. Indirectly, threrefore, it can support forest conservation effort Taman Nasional Kerinci Seblat.

The conditions can be paid attention from :

· the number of cattle belong to the farmes are still below the farmer's potency in cultivation;

· its management have paid attention in avoiding the damage of land resources and its vegetation;

· The multipurpose functions of cattle have been optimally utilized in good manner.

2. The supply of cattle food based on area supporting capacity can be equivalence by number of cattle can be mended, its population are above cattle unit exists.

3. The development of agro forestry pattern in buffer zone planning has some positive response from farmer (respondent).

4. There are some differences of the willingness of farmer upon buffer zone location planned by Department of Forestry.

Research Implication :

1. Cattle husbandry business surrounding conservation area Taman Nasional Kerinci Seblat especially in sub-district of Gunung Kerinci may be developed as the alternative efforts to increase society income.

2. The buffer zone plan coverage, the agro forestry pattern, can be done and developed. But for buffer zone location will be determined to review, and to look for some good problems solving simultaneously.

Bibliography list : 63 (1915-1989)"