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"Aspek utama dari pendekatan baru dalam proses penyatuan Eropa adalah Peace support Operations. Tulisan ini dimaksudkan untuk menyampaikan suatu doktrin baru yang didasarkan kemerdekaan individu dari ketidakamanan mendasar (basic insecurities) yang disebabkan oleh pelanggaran hak asasi manusia (HAM). Doktrin tentang keamanan manusia dapat menjadi suatu feasible strategy bagi Uni Eropa, khususnya dalam pengembangan kebijakan luar negeri dan pertahan . Doktrin yang menggunakan pendekatan yang menyeluruh (comprehensive approach) ini pada akhirnya juga akan sangat bermanfaat bagi segala bentuk keterlibatan Uni eropa yang lebih mendalam pada krisis dan konflik yang terjadi di berbagai belahan dunia."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini berfokus pada persoalan hak pencari suaka di Indonesia, khususnya periode 1999-2006. Terkatung-katungnya nasib sekitar 350 pencari suaka asal Afganistan, Irak dan Iran di Indonesia selama kurang lebih lima tahun perlu mendapat perhatian khusus. Anehnya realita tersebut nyaris tidak terdengar. Pemerintah Indonesia, khususnya Direktorat Jenderal Imigrasi berdalih bahwa berdasarkan UU No. 9 Tahun 1992 Tentang Keimigrasian, para pencari suaka tersebut tergolong imigran gelap.Komisi Tinggi PBB Urusan Pengungsi (UNHCR) dan Organisasi Internasional Urusan Migrasi (IOM) mempunyai pandangan yang berbeda. UNHCR melihat mereka sebagai pencari suaka. IOM memperlakukan mereka sebagai irregular migrant, yang membedakannya dengan illegal migrant.Teori John Rawls mengenai keadilan "Justice as fairness" dan konsep keamanan manusia (human security) digunakan dalam meneliti persoalan tersebut. Penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif dan metode yang digunakan adalah studi pustaka, disamping wawancara.Dari analisis terhadap data dan hasil wawancara, disimpulkan bahwa pemerintah Indonesia telah melakukan pembiaran (act of ommission) terhadap para pencari suaka dan hal tersebut merupakan ketidakadilan (injustice) bagi mereka. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan upaya ratifikasi dan pembentukan peraturan perundang¬-undangan mengenai masalah pencari suaka di Indonesia sehingga hak-hak pencari suaka terlindungi dan keadilan (justice) ditegakkan.

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ABSTRACT

The focus of this-study is the issue of asylum seekers' rights in 1999-2006 in Indonesia. The situation of being in limbo of about 350 asylum seekers, particularly those from Afganistan, Iraq and Iran who have been in Indonesia for about five years needs special attention from the government. On the contrary, the government of Indonesia, especially the Directorate General of Immigration argues that based on the Act No. 9 Year of 1992 (Immigration Act), asylum seekers are illegal immigrants.

Despite the argument of the Indonesian government, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) perceives the issue as asylum seekers' issue. On the other hand, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) treats them as irregular migrants.

The theory of John Rawls "Justice as fairness" and the concept of human security is used to analyze the issue. This research is qualitative and the data collected by means of literature study and deep interviews.

This research concludes that the government of Indonesia has conducted act of ommission, which is a violation against the asylum seekers' rights and that the government has performed injustice for them. Therefore it is recommended that the government of Indonesia ratify the conventions regarding asylum seekers/refugees and regulate the issue. By ratifying and regulating the issue, it is expected that justice can be enforced to asylum seekers in Indonesia."

"Tesis ini mengkritik pendekatan human security PBB melalui implementsi resolusi Dewan Keamanan PBB 1325 dalam isu kekerasan seksual (pemerkosaan dan perbudakan seksual) di Timor Leste pada masa konflik (1975-1999). Penulis menggunakan metode studi literature dengan dokumen Chega CAVR sebagai rujukan data kekerasan seksual di Timor Leste pada masa konflik. Teori yang digunakan adalah teori feminisme radikal kultural yang menekankan pada tiga konsep dasar, yakni budaya patriarki, power dan penindasan yang berdampak pada gagasan revolusioner untuk mengakhiri penindasan. Penulis ingin menunjukkan proses pengarusutaman gender dalam operasi perdamaian PBB (UNTAET) di Timor Leste sebagai implementasi resolusi 1325 yang berimplikasi pada pembentukan CAVR namun gagal melawan budaya bisu yang disebabkan oleh budaya patriarki. Budaya bisu perempuan Timor Leste ini membentuk impunitas pelaku kekersaan seksual di Timor Leste pada masa konflik dan berlanjut hingga kini. Tesis ini menemukan dua hal, yakni secara teoritis, adanya integrasi pendekatan human security PBB dengan lensa gender dalam isu kekerasan seksual dalam konflik. Secara empiris, CAVR bukanlah implementasi gagasan revolusioner teori feminisme radikal kultural. Mobilitas CAVR hanya merekomendasikan proses peradilan bagi milisi pro-integrasi di Timor Leste tetapi kurang menargetkan militer Indonesia sebagai pelaku utama kekerasan seksual terhadap perempuan Timor Leste pada masa konflik.

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This paper criticizes UN human security approach through the implementation of UN Security Council resolution 1325 on sexual violence issue (rape and sexual slavery) in Timor Leste during the conflict (1975-1999). The method used is literature study with CAVR Chega document as reference for data on sexual violence in Timor Leste during the conflict. The theory used is cultural radical feminism which emphasizes three basic concepts, patriarchal culture, power and oppression impacted on revolutionary ideas to end oppression. The author show gender mainstreaming process in Timor Leste UN peace operations (UNTAET) as the implementation of resolution 1325 and the implications for the foundation of CAVR Commission that failed to change culture of silence caused by patriarchal culture. This silent culture of East Timorese women promotes impunity for perpetrators of sexual assault in Timor Leste during conflict period. This paper discovers two main things: theoretically, the integration of the UN human security approach with gender lens in sexual violence issue during conflict. Empirically, CAVR is not the implementation of revolutionary idea based on cultural radical feminism theory. The CAVR's mobility urges judicial process for pro-integration militias in Timor Leste but lacked demanding on Indonesian military as main perpetrator of sexual violence against East Timorese women during the conflict"

"[ABSTRAKKondisi human security bagi perempuan dan anak, maupun ketahanan keluarga rentan tidak terpenuhi dalam perkawinan siri. Penelitian kualitatif ini mencoba untuk mengetahui bagaimana persepsi dan bagaimana bentuk perlindungan yang diberikan negara dalam mengatasi dampak yang timbul dari perkawinan siri. Melalui wawancara mendalam yang dilakukan dengan institusi negara di bidang kependudukan, perkawinan, perlindungan perempuan dan anak, diketahui bahwa negara melarang perkawinan siri karena tidak memiliki kekuatan hukum yang membuat negara sulit untuk dapat melakukan perlindungan. Isbat nikah menjadi solusi untuk memperoleh status perkawinan yang sah, sehingga perempuan dan anak dapat memperoleh haknya sebagai anggota keluarga, sebagai warga negara, mencapai kondisi human security, dan ketahanan keluarga.

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ABSTRACTHuman security for women and children, also family resilience are vulnerable not fulfilled in siri marriage. This qualitative research is trying to determine how perceptions and how a form of protection given by the state in overcoming the effects of siri marriage. Through in-depth interviews were conducted with state institutions in the field of demography, marriages, protection of women and children, it is known that the state prohibits siri marriage because it has no legal power that makes it difficult for state to be able to do the protection. Isbat nikah could to be the solution to obtain a legal marriage status, so that women and children can obtain their rights as family members, as citizens, achieving human security conditions, and achiecing the family resilience., Human security for women and children, also family resilience are vulnerable not fulfilled in siri marriage. This qualitative research is trying to determine how perceptions and how a form of protection given by the state in overcoming the effects of siri marriage. Through in-depth interviews were conducted with state institutions in the field of demography, marriages, protection of women and children, it is known that the state prohibits siri marriage because it has no legal power that makes it difficult for state to be able to do the protection. Isbat nikah could to be the solution to obtain a legal marriage status, so that women and children can obtain their rights as family members, as citizens, achieving human security conditions, and achiecing the family resilience.]"

"Indonesia currently faces multidimensional threats, from small to large, concerning all aspects of the country's life, from ideology, politics, economics, social, culture, defense, and security. The nature of contemporary threat has a human security aspect rather than only state security. As such, a thorough effort is needed to deal with those Threats, Disruption, Obstacle, Challenge (TDOC). State defense can be the answer to such problems because state defense itself can be interpreted as an obligation and responsibility of citizens to maintain the existence and sovereignty of the state. State defense will be optimal if disseminated through formal education. In this case, the formal education in question is at the level of higher education. This paper proposes that state defense can be held at higher education level in the form of university compulsory course, and is organized under the name State Defense Education. This State Defense Education is not military education or conscription, but an education that is adjusted to the condition and nuance of higher education."

"Indonesia currently faces multidimensional threats, from small to large, concerning all aspects of the country's life, from ideology, politics, economics, social, culture, defense, and security. The nature of contemporary threat has a human security aspect rather than only state security. As such, a thorough effort is needed to deal with those Threats, Disruption, Obstacle, Challenge (TDOC). State defense can be the answer to such problems because state defense itself can be interpreted as an obligation and responsibility of citizens to maintain the existence and sovereignty of the state. State defense will be optimal if disseminated through formal education. In this case, the formal education in question is at the level of higher education. This paper proposes that state defense can be held at higher education level in the form of university compulsory course, and is organized under the name State Defense Education. This State Defense Education is not military education or conscription, but an education that is adjusted to the condition and nuance of higher education."

"Meningkatnya kebutuhan berbagai negara di dunia akan CPO berdampak pada meningkatnya tekanan terhadap produksi buah kelapa sawit. Konflik yang terjadi antara Korporasi dan masyarakat adat Suku Anak Dalam di Batang Hari merupakan konflik yang terjadi akibat perebutan akses terhadap sumber daya alam. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif yang ditujukan untuk menganalisis hubungan pemerintah, korporasi dan masyarakat dalam penyelesaian konflik yang terjadi antara PT. Asiatic Persada dan masyarakat adat suku anak dalam.Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa dalam perspektif ekologi politik, konflik yang terjadi merupakan konflik dalam memperebutkan akses terhadap sumber daya yang membuat masyarakat menjadi landless dan termarjinalkan secara ekonomi dan sosial. Hubungan antara tiga aktor yang terlibat langsung dalam konflik memperlihatkan perusahaan lebih mendominasi dan berkuasa atas pemerintah dan masyarakat.

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With the growing number of demands from nations across the globe for Crude Palm Oil is bringing result on the increase of pressure to the production of palm fruit. The conflict happened between corporation and indigenous people, suku anak dalam, in Batang Hari is a contest for the access to natural resource. This research was conducted by using qualitative method which inted to analyze the relation among government, corporation and society in resolving conflict between PT. Asiatic Persada and indigenous people, suku anak dalam.

The result of research reveals that in ecological politic perspective, the conflict occurred as the result of the contest for the access to natural resource which made suku anak dalam become landless dan marginalized economically and socially. The relation among the three stakeholders involved in conflict shows that corporation is more dominating and become more powerful than government and society."

"Permasalahan pelanggaran hukum yang sering terjadi di sekitar Teluk Bintuni-Papua Barat dipengaruhi oleh berkembangnya perusahaan ekstraktif yang melakukan pengeboran lepas pantai dalam melakukan eksploitasi sumber daya alam. Adapun pelanggaran hukum sering terjadi di Teluk Bintuni adalah dikarenakan banyaknya tenaga kerja yang tidak terserap dengan baik oleh industri tersebut, masalah ekonomi dan juga Hak ulayat. Oleh karena itu, tesis ini membahas mengenai metode yang tepat untuk mencegah pelanggaran hukum yang berdampak terhadap industri di Teluk Bintuni. Hasil Penelitian ini adalah metode pencegahan kejahatan yang secara efektif dengan menggunakan metode Human Security dan Community Policing yang dapat meredam tingkat pelanggaran hukum. Penggerak dari metode pencegahan ini adalah kolaborasi antara Masyarakat itu sendiri, Kepolisian dan juga Perusahaan.

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The problem of law violations that often occurs around Bintuni Bay-West Papua is influenced by the development of extractive companies that carry out offshore drilling in the exploitation of natural resources. The law violations that often occur in Bintuni Bay are due to the large number of workers who are not absorbed by the industry, economic problems and also customary rights. Therefore, this thesis discusses the appropriate method to prevent law violations that have an impact on the industry in Bintuni Bay. The results of this study are an effective crime prevention method using the Human Security and Community Policing that can reduce the level of law violations. The driving force behind this prevention method is the collaboration between the Community itself, the Police and the Company."

"Tulisan ini akan mencoba memahami bagaimana istilah human security dipahami dalam konteks studi keamanan internasional dari 3 sudut pandang: human security sebagai Hak Asasi Manusia, human security sebagai freedom from fear, dan human security sebagai freedom from want. Human security sebagai Hak Asasi Manusia menekankan pada pentingnya diseminasi norma HAM yang diwujudkan dalam bentuk agenda human security serta peran berbagai aktor dalam upaya diseminasi norma tersebut. Human security sebagai freedom from fear menekankan perlindungan terhadap manusia dari situasi konflik serta justifikasi terhadap intervensi kemanusiaan. Sedangkan human security sebagai freedom from want menekankan perlindungan terhadap martabat dan pemberdayaan manusia melalui program pembangunan. Analisis juga meliputi bagaimana kontribusi human security bagi studi keamanan serta penjajaran perbedaan kedua konsep tersebut. Tulisan ini berargumen bahwa human security memperkaya khasanah kajian keamanan internasional dengan memperluas agenda keamanan dan pengadopsian agenda normatif. Selain itu, tulisan ini menyimpulkan bahwa meskipun diklaim sebagai perusak koherensi intelektual kajian keamanan, konsep human security tetap relevan dalam studi keamanan internasional karena konsep tersebut berorientasi pada pembuatan kebijakan. Pada praktiknya, konsep human security digunakan sebagai jargon dalam mempromosikan agenda keamanan dan pembangunan oleh institusi internasional seperti PBB serta negara middle power seperti Kanada dan Jepang.

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This paper aims to seek how human security is understood from 3 standpoints human security as human rights, human security as freedom from fear, and human security as freedom from want. Human security as human rights emphasizes dissemination of human rights norms manifested in the form of human security agenda and the role of various actors in the dissemination of the norms. Human Security as freedom from fear emphasizes protection of the people in conflict situations and justification towards humanitarian intervention agenda. Meanwhile, human security as freedom from want emphasizes the protection of human dignity and human empowerment through development program. It also highlights the contribution of human security to security studies as well as juxtaposition of the two concepts.

This paper argues that human security has enriched the repertoire of security studies by expanding the scope of security and adopting normative agenda. This paper concludes that although human security is claimed to be damaging to intellectual coherence of security studies, the concept itself remains relevant in international security studies due to its policy orientedness. In practice, human security is used as a jargon in promoting security and development agenda by international insitutions such as the United Nations as well as middle power countries such as Canada and Japan."

"Human security : securing East Asia’s future timely examines the fundamental issues causing human insecurities and evaluates the extent of which human security plays a role at the state and regional levels. Covering the different areas of threats to humans and applying case study materials, this volume provides an intellectual mix of perspectives that captures the relationship between people, state and region. "