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"Indonesia merupakan penyumbang polusi plastik terbesar kedua dari 129 negara. Jakarta sebagai kota terpadat penduduk di Indonesia juga dihadapkan pada permasalahan plastik. Per tahun 2019, rata-rata total sampah harian Jakarta mencapai 7.702 ton. Hal ini membuat Jakarta menempati posisi kedua sebagai kota penghasil sampah terbanyak di Pulau Jawa. Data KLHK menunjukkan bahwa dari sisi sumbernya, pasar tradisional merupakan salah satu penyumbang sampah terbanyak. Salah satu pasar tradisional di DKI Jakarta adalah Pasar Senen Blok III. Dalam rangka menghadapi permasalahan sampah plastik di Jakarta, Gubernur DKI Jakarta Anies Baswedan melalui Pergub No. 142 tahun 2019 melarang penggunakan kantong plastik sekali pakai di pusat perbelanjaan hingga pasar tradisional. Meski demikian, Pergub tersebut masih belum terimplementasi secara menyeluruh. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan implementasi kebijakan Kewajiban Penggunaan Kantong Belanja Ramah Lingkungan di Pasar Senen Blok III dan menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi implementasi kebijakan tersebut. Untuk kepentingan tersebut, penelitian ini menggunakan teori implementasi Taweekaew (2014) dan Alesch et al (2012). Adapun metode penelitian yang dilakukan adala kualitatif. Dalam hal ini, data penelitian dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam dan telaah dokumen. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Peraturan kewajiban penggunaan kantong belanja ramah lingkungan pada pasar rakyat berdasarkan Pergub No. 142 tahun 2019, dalam implementasinya di provinsi DKI Jakarta belum terimplementasi secara maksimal, hal tersebut disebabkan karena sejumlah faktor, yakni struktur dan proses kelembagaan, keterlibatan partisipatif, penerimaan masyarakat, kesadaran publik, partisipasi dan otonomi kerja, konfigurasi organisasi, monitoring, dan kolaborasi.

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Indonesia is the second largest contributor to plastic pollution out of 129 countries. Jakarta as the most populous city in Indonesia also faces plastic pollution problems. As of 2019, Jakarta's total daily waste averaged for 7,702 tons. This makes Jakarta ranked second as the city that produces the most waste in Java. The data from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry shows that in terms of sources, traditional markets are one of the biggest contributors to waste. One of the traditional markets that produced a lot of waste in DKI Jakarta is Pasar Senen Blok III. In order to deal with the problem of plastic waste in Jakarta, DKI Jakarta Governor Anies Baswedan through Governor Regulation No. 142 of 2019 prohibits the use of single-use plastic bags in the traditional markets. However, the regulation has not been fully implemented. This study aims to explain the implementation policy of the Obligation to Use Environmentally Friendly Shopping Bags in Pasar Senen Block III and analyze the factors that influence the implementation of this policy. For this purpose, this study uses implementation theory by Taweekaew (2014) and Alesch et al (2012). The research method is qualitative. Research data was collected through in-depth interviews and document review. The results of the research show that the regulation on the obligation to use environmentally friendly shopping bags at Pasar Senen has not been fully implemented due to several factors, which are institutional structure, participatory involvement, community acceptance, public awareness, participation and work authonomy, organizational cocnfiguration, moitoring, collaboration"

"Pencemaran udara merupakan masalah utama yang dihadapi oleh negara-negara berkembang. Jakarta sebagai kota metropolitan mengalami masalah yang serius dalam pencemaran udara. Sumber pencemaran udara di DKI Jakarta umumnya adalah kegiatan industri, transportasi dan kegiatan keseharian rumah tangga. Sektor transportasi merupakan sumber utama dalam pencemaran udara di DKI Jakarta, khususnya dari kendaraan bermotor. Emisi kendaraan bermotor dapat menimbulkan beberapa masalah yang sangat merugikan lingkungan hidup dan kehidupan manusia.Proses pembakaran kendaraan bermotor akan mengeluarkan senyawa pencemar ke udara seperti CO, NOx, HC, S02 dan PM10 Untuk mencegah dampak yang ditimbulkan dari pencemar udara berbagai macam upaya telah dilakukan. Pemerintah akan memberlakukan standar Euro 2 pada tahun 2005, sesuai Keputusan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 141 Tahun 2003 tentang ambang batas emisi gas buang kendaraan bermotor tipe baru dan kendaraan bermotor yang sedang diproduksi. Berdasarkan uraian di atas, perlu dilakukannya suatu penelitian tentang emisi kendaraan bermotor dengan adanya kebijakan baru mengenai tingkat emisi kendaraan bermotor yang tertulis dalam Keputusan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor: 141 tahun 2003.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memberikan gambaran mengenai beban pencemar yang dihasilkan oleh kendaraan bermotor dengan diterapkannya peraturan baru Keputusan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup No.141 tahun 2003 tentang ambang batas emisi gas buang kendaraan bermotor tipe baru dan kendaraan bermotor yang sedang diproduksi.Analisis emisi kendaraan bermotor ini dilakukan pada masa sekarang dan masa yang akan datang. Dalam analisis ini dibuat skenario tanpa pengendalian dan pengendalian emisi dengan diberlakukannya Keputusan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 141 Tahun 2003. Paramater polutan yang digunakan dalam studi ini adalah CO, HC, NOx, S02 dan PM10. Metode analisis data menggunakan sistem dinamik dengan perangkat lunak powersim versi 2.5 d.Berdasarkan hasil analisis, tanpa adanya pengendalian, emisi kendaraan bermotor di tiap ruas-ruas jalan semakin meningkat setiap tahunnya. Jumlah kendaraan yang tinggi menyebabkan peningkatan emisi kendaraan bermotor. Semakin meningkatnya jumlah kendaraan di kota Jakarta akan meningkatkan emisi gas buang kendaraan bermotor sehingga kualitas udara ambien menurun. Pertumbuhan jumlah kendaraan terdaftar di DKI Jakarta mulai dari tahun 1995 - 2020 mengalami peningkatan setiap tahunnnya dengan laju pertumbuhan untuk sepeda motor 10,27%, mobil penumpang 7,72%, truk 4,82% dan bus 0,21% per tahun.Setelah diberlakukannya pengendalian emisi kendaraan bermotor tipe Baru (implementasi Kep141/MENLH/2003) pada tahun 2005 emisi kendaraan dapat diturunkan. Dalam jangka waktu 10 tahun emisi gas buang kendaraan bermotor mengalami penurunan emisi HC (42,13%), CO (42,09%), NOx, (25,72%), PM10 (16,02%) dan SO2 (24,33%). Rendahnya reduksi emisi untuk parameter PM10 dan SO2 disebabkan karena dominasi jumlah kendaraan mobil penumpang dan sepeda motor yang menggunakan bahan bakar bensin.Daftar Kepustakaan : 44 (1990-2004)

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Air pollution is a major problem facing all developing countries. Jakarta as a metropolitan city has a serious problem in air pollution. It comes from industries, transportation and daily household activities. Transportation sector is a major source of air pollution in Jakarta, especially from motor vehicles. Motor vehicle emission can cause various harmful problems in environment and human life. Motor vehicle burning process has result pollutant such as CO, NOx, HC, SO2 and PM10. Various actions have been done to prevent the impact of air pollution. Government will implement Euro 2 standard in 2005 as set as Ministry of Environmental Decree No.141/2003 which is about the emission standard for new type and current type production of motor vehicle emission. Based on that, it's important to make the study of motor vehicle emission with new emission regulation which is signed in Ministry of Environmental Decree No.141/2003.

The purpose of this study is to describe the pollutant concentration of motor vehicle emission with the implementation of new emission standard by Ministry of Environmental Decree No.141/2003 which is about the emission standard for new type and current type production of motor vehicle emission.

Analysis of motor vehicle emission has simulated at present and future condition. This analysis was made into two scenarios which are uncontrolled emission and controlled emission by the Ministry of Environmental Decree No. 141/2003 implementation. The pollutant parameters in this study are CO, HC, NOx, S02 and PM10. The analysis data method is using dynamic system by powersim software version 2.5 d.

Based on results of analysis motor vehicle emission, it was found that motor vehicle emission in each grid growth in every year. The more population of motor vehicle increases in Jakarta the more motor vehicle emission will

increase and air quality will decrease. The growth of motor vehicle registered in Jakarta has increased in every year since 1995-2015 with growth rate for motorcycle 10.27%, passenger car 7.72%, truck 4.82% and bus 0.21% per year.

The motor vehicle emission can reduce in 2005 after the implementation of new standard motor vehicle emission (Ministry of Environmental Decree No.141/2003). In 10 years, motor vehicle emission will reduce the pollutant as much as HC 42.13%, CO 42.09%, NOx 25.72%, PM10 16.02% and S02 24.33%. The reduction emission for PM10 and S02 parameters is lower than another parameters in this study, it caused by the domination of passenger car and motorcycle population which is using gasoline fuel.

Number of References : 44 (1990-2004)"

"The Arctic, the Antarctic, and the Hindu Kush-Himalayas form a trio of terrains sometimes called “the three poles”. Mainly composed of rock, snow, and ice, these precious regions, which are home to many unique species such as the polar bear, the emperor penguin, and the snow leopard, contain the primary water resource of this planet and directly shape our climate. This book presents a first-ever global assessment and progressive review of the three poles and demonstrates the urgent need for their protection. Sins of the past have irrevocably harmed and threatened many of the unique qualities of these regions, and the future looks bleak with the global population forecast to reach 9 billion by 2060, and with climate change on the rise. Presented here is a wide-reaching and coherent overview of the three poles’ biodiversity, habitats, and ongoing destruction. Failed protection and social targets set by the United Nations and other bodies are exposed while economic growth, unconstrained or inappropriate development, and urban sprawl are promoted unabated. Polar regions play a major role in the global agenda as they are rich in oil and other resources, marking them for contamination, overfishing, and further degradation. Tourism in the Antarctic has benefited from enlightened self-regulation, but there are signs that this is changing, too. The chapters of this book are written by experts in their fields, and their evidence leaves no doubt that we already live beyond our carrying capacity on a finite but decaying space. A global protection role model and several outlook scenarios are proposed to help set in motion polar protection priorities that are actually valid. Humanity has demonstrated through international treaties such as the Antarctic Treaty and the Madrid Protocol that we can put the interests of the planet as a whole first. This must become the norm, not the exception."

"Studi ini meneliti pengaruh penanaman modal asing (PMA) dari Cina dan negara-negara non-Cina terhadap emisi karbon dioksida (CO2) di Indonesia, dengan memperhatikan peran ketatnya regulasi lingkungan dan konsumsi energi. Menggunakan metode Ordinary Least Square (OLS) dan data sekunder dari tahun 2000 hingga 2020, hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa baik PMA dari Cina maupun non-Cina berkontribusi terhadap peningkatan emisi CO2. Terdapat korelasi kuat antara peningkatan emisi dan penggunaan energi, terutama dari bahan bakar fosil. Korelasi antara ketatnya regulasi lingkungan dan emisi CO2 menunjukkan pola kurva U terbalik, mengindikasikan peningkatan ketatnya kebijakan awalnya meningkatkan emisi, namun akhirnya mengurangi emisi secara signifikan. Hasil studi mendukung hipotesis "Pollution Haven," yang mengusulkan bahwa investasi dari negara dengan aturan lingkungan ketat mengakibatkan peningkatan emisi di negara penerima dengan regulasi yang kurang ketat. Studi ini juga mendukung "Porter Hypothesis," yang menyatakan bahwa aturan lingkungan yang ketat dapat mendorong inovasi dan efisiensi, yang akhirnya mengurangi emisi. Studi ini menyoroti pentingnya Indonesia menemukan keseimbangan antara pertumbuhan ekonomi dan keberlanjutan lingkungan melalui regulasi lingkungan yang ketat, promosi energi bersih, dan fokus pada sektor-sektor dengan emisi tinggi yang dipengaruhi oleh PMA.

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This study examines the influence of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) from China and non-China nations on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Indonesia. Incorporating the role of environmental regulation strictness and energy consumption. The study applied Ordinary Least Square (OLS) using secondary data from year 2000 to 2020. The findings indicate that both Chinese and non-China FDI contribute to a rise in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. There is a strong correlation between greater emissions and energy usage, especially from fossil fuels. The correlation between the strictness of environmental regulations and CO2 emissions exhibits a pattern like an inverted U-shape. This suggests that when policy stringency first increases, emissions also rise. However, as more stringent and persistent rules are implemented, they eventually result in substantial reductions in emissions. These data support the Pollution Haven Hypothesis, which proposes that investments from nations with more stringent environmental rules result in increased emissions in host countries with less severe legislation. The study further corroborates the Porter Hypothesis, illustrating that rigorous environmental rules can ultimately stimulate innovation and enhance efficiency, resulting in a reduction of emissions. The study highlights the importance of Indonesia finding a balance between economic growth and environmental sustainability. This can be achieved by implementing strict environmental regulations, promoting clean energy, and focusing on high-emission sectors that are influenced by FDI."

"Kepercayaan publik merupakan salah satu modal bagi pemerintah dalam membentuk kepatuhan serta dukungan dari masyarakat terhadap suatu kebijakan lingkungan. Salah satu kebijakan lingkungan dari Pemprov DKI Jakarta adalah pemberlakuan uji emisi kendaraan bermotor yang telah diatur dalam Peraturan Gubernur Nomor 66 tahun 2020. Dalam pelaksanaan uji emisi di Jakarta, terdapat beberapa permasalahan yang terjadi sehingga dapat mempengaruhi tingkat kepercayaan publik masyarakat terhadap Pemprov DKI Jakarta sebagai pelaksana kebijakan tersebut. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk dapat mengukur tingkat kepercayaan publik masyarakat terhadap Pemprov DKI Jakarta dalam melaksanakan pemberlakuan uji emisi kendaraan bermotor menggunakan teori public trust dari Grimmelikhuijsen & Knies. Pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kuantitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan metode campuran. Peneliti akan menganalisis hasil dari penyebaran kuisioner kepada 100 responden yang telah melaksanakan uji emisi dengan data yang diperoleh peneliti dari wawancara mendalam dan studi kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa tingkat kepercayaan publik dari masyarakat tinggi terhadap Pemprov DKI Jakarta dalam pemberlakuan uji emisi kendaraan bermotor. Tingginya tingkat kepercayaan publik tidak terlepas dari bagaimana Pemerintah Provinsi DKI Jakarta dapat memberikan imbauan atau teguran kepada masyarakat untuk melakukan uji emisi. Namun, terdapat beberapa catatan penting dari peneliti seperti minimmya sosialisasi yang dilakukan oleh Pemprov DKI Jakarta dan juga terdapat beberapa program pendukung yang belum berjalan optimal dalam pemberlakuan uji emisi. Oleh sebab itu, peneliti merekomendasikan Pemprov DKI Jakarta untuk melaksanakan sosialiasi yang masif dan merata kepada seluruh lapisan masyarakat serta menjakankan program tilang uji emisi dan disinsentif parkir kepada masyarakat yang belum melaksanakan uji emisi

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Public trust is an essential asset for the government in fostering compliance and support from the society for an environmental policy. One of the environmental policies from the Provincial Government of DKI Jakarta is the implementation of vehicle emission testing, which is regulated in Governor Regulation Number 66 of 2020. In the implementation of emission testing in Jakarta, there are several issues that arise, which can affect the level of public trust in the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government as the policy executor. Therefore, this study aims to measure the level of public trust in the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government in implementing vehicle emission testing using the public trust theory by Grimmelikhuijsen & Knies. The research approach used is a quantitative approach with mixed methods for data collection. The researcher will analyze the results of the questionnaire distributed to 100 respondents who have conducted emission testing, with data obtained from in-depth interviews and literature studies. The results of this study indicate that the level of public trust in the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government in implementing vehicle emission testing is high. The high level of public trust is due in part to how the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government provides warnings or reminders to the society to conduct emission testing. However, there are some important notes from the researcher, such as the minimal socialization conducted by the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government and some supporting programs that have not been optimally implemented in the application of emission testing. Therefore, the researcher recommends that the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government conduct massive and widespread socialization to all levels of society and enforce emission test fines and parking disincentives for those who have not conducted emission testing."

"Peningkatan urgensi isu perubahan iklim dalam sistem internasional tidak terlepas dari peran aktor-aktor pasar, sehingga memunculkan solusi iklim berbasis pasar — terutama dalam bentuk perdagangan karbon. Negosiasi dalam Protokol Kyoto hingga Perjanjian Paris turut membahas konsep perdagangan karbon, dan realisasinya telah diimplementasikan dan direncanakan di berbagai yurisdiksi. Dengan melakukan penelusuran terhadap literatur berskala internasional yang telah melalui peer-review, tinjauan pustaka ini berupaya untuk memetakan dan menganalisis 52 literatur yang relevan dengan menggunakan metode taksonomi. Tulisan ini akan menjawab rumusan permasalahan utama, yakni bagaimana perkembangan perdagangan karbon dikaji dalam literatur dan kerangka pemikiran hubungan internasional? Hasil pemetaan literatur menunjukkan adanya konsensus mengenai diskursus iklim dan lingkungan, aspek ekonomi, posisi Uni Eropa, serta sikap skeptis terhadap integritas lingkungan dalam konteks perdagangan karbon. Sementara itu, terdapat perdebatan di antara para akademisi mengenai evaluasi perdagangan karbon sebagai kebijakan lingkungan, potensi linking, peran sektor swasta, dan posisi negara berkembang. Analisis penulis menghasilkan sebuah sintesis umum bahwa pembahasan tentang perdagangan karbon dalam hubungan internasional telah melebur dalam diskursus iklim, dengan kekhasan perdebatan tentang hubungan Utara-Selatan, aspek ekonomi dan pembangunan, serta peran aktor non-negara. Penulis juga menemukan adanya celah penelitian berdasarkan tema dan konteks waktu penulisan, tema yurisdiksi yang dibahas, dan paradigma pemikiran yang digunakan.

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The increasing urgency of the climate change in the international system is inseparable from the role of market actors, giving rise to market-based climate solutions — especially in the form of carbon trading. Negotiations in the Kyoto Protocol to the Paris Agreement have also incorporated the concept of carbon trading, and its realization has been implemented and planned in various jurisdictions. By conducting a search of peer- reviewed international literatures, this literature review seeks to map and analyze 52 relevant literatures using the taxonomic method. This paper will answer the formulation of the main problem, namely, how is the development of carbon trading studied in the literature and framework of international relations? The results of the literature mapping show that there is a consensus regarding the climate and environmental discourse, economic aspects, the position of the European Union, and skepticism about environmental integrity in the context of carbon trading. Meanwhile, debate among academics have revolved around the evaluation of carbon trading as an environmental policy, the potential of linking, the role of the private sector, and the position of developing countries. The author's analysis results in a general synthesis that discussions about carbon trading in international relations have merged into the climate discourse, with the particularity of debates on North-South relations, economic and development aspects, and the role of non-state actors. The author also finds that there are several research gaps based on the theme and context of writing, the jurisdictional themes that have been discussed, and the thought paradigms being used."