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"The Cambridge Handbook of Environmental Sociology is a go-to resource for cutting-edge research in the field. This two-volume work covers the rich theoretic foundations of the sub-discipline, as well as novel approaches and emerging areas of research that add vitality and momentum to the discipline. Over the course of sixty chapters, the authors featured in this work reach new levels of theoretical depth, incorporating a global scope and diversity of cases. This book explores the broad scope of crucial disciplinary ideas and areas of research, extending its investigation to the trajectories of thought that led to their unfolding. This unique work serves as an invaluable tool for all those working in the nexus of environment and society."

"This series of books are the output of the research project called "Sustainable Development in Asia (SDA)", which was initiated by the Association of Academies of Sciences in Asia (AASA). Four thematic reports on natural resources, energy, the environment and climate change, and culture from particular perspectives of agriculture.They aim to : 1) investigate common sustainability issues faced by all Asian countries, including population increase, poverty alleviation, pollution control, ecological restoration, as well as regional problems, such as water shortage in West and Central Asia, energy security in Northeast Asia, development model & transformation in East Asia, 2) analyze and summarize of best practices towards sustainable development in Asia; 3) bring forward suggestions and policy options for promoting green transition, system innovation and sustainable development of Asia."

"Gerakan lingkungan di Amerika Serikat mengemuka sejak tahun 1960-an. Dukungan kuat masyarakat Amerika Serikat terhadap gerakan lingkungan menguat seiring meningkatnya kesadaran akan besarnya bahaya akibat kerusakan lingkungan yang terjadi. Pemerintah pun didorong untuk segera mengambil tindakan untuk mengatasi dan mencegah terjadinya bencana ekologis lebih lanjut, dengan memperbanyak perundangan di bidang lingkungan hidup. Gerakan lingkungan hidup dinilai ikut berperan dalam mempengaruhi opini masyarakat, dengan memberi informasi mengenai berbagai masalah lingkungan hidup yang dihadapi Amerika Serikat bahkan dunia.Namun demikian organisasi-organisasi lingkungan hidup itu sendiri terdiri dari berbagai spektrum yang luas, dengan prinsip dan gaya politik yang beraneka, dengan ideologi dan ciri yang beraneka. Jumlah anggota organisasi-organisasi lingkungan ini pun melonjak secara signifikan, dan di tahun 1990-an tercatat mencapai tujuh juta orang. Hal ini tentu menjadi suatu kekuatan politik tersendiri.Sebagai sebuah `interest group' pada gilirannya ternyata turut memberi tekanan pada penetapan berbagai kebijakan lingkungan di Amerika Serikat. Di tengah tekanan dari gerakan lingkungan, berbagai kebijakan lingkungan pun terus bermunculan, diantaranya Clean Air Act, Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments, Safe Drinking Water Act dan Multiple Use-Sustained Yield Act. Meski berbagai perundangan lingkungan telah diluncurkan, namun dalam pelaksanaannya ataupun penegakan hukum atas perundangan tersebut masih mengalami banyak tantangan dan hambatan. Kegagalan implementasi perundangan tentu akan memerosotkan kredibilitas institusi federal yang mendapatkan mandat untuk melaksanakan perundangan tersebut. Namun demikian berbagai pihak ternyata turut serta memberikan andil dalam "melumpuhkan" institusi pelaksana perundangan ini.Presiden dan Kongres dinilai juga turut melemahkan institusi pelaksana perundangan lingkungan. Pemerosotan kredibilitas institusi federal ini, dilakukan pemerintah federal dengan Cara memberikan beban yang terlalu berat untuk ditangani institusi federal, selain kurangnya `political will'. Selain itu dalam banyak kasus, pemerintah federal sendiri cenderung lebih pro pada kepentingan bisnis.Berbagai perundangan lingkungan terlihat masih menyediakan celah-celah, yang memungkinkan berbagai pihak mengambil keuntungan, sekaligus menggagalkan implementasi perundangan. Pihak-pihak tersebut adalah kelompok bisnis dan negara bagian yang "kaya" (kuat dalam basis industrinya).Kasus yang terjadi pada kebijakan lingkungan, dengan demikian menunjukkan adanya suatu kontroversi politis. Di satu sisi, banyak perundangan lingkungan telah diloloskan pemerintah federal dalam kurun waktu yang relatif singkat (lebih dari 50 perundangan dalam kurun 1960-1992), namun di sisi lain justru implementasi perundangan tersebut terhambat atau bahkan gagal/digagalkan karena kurangnya kemauan politik (political will) dari pemerintah federal.Selain itu dalam kasus kebijakan lingkungan, keterlibatan dari berbagai kekuatan politik tersebut terlihat sangat intens, karena kebijakan lingkungan merupakan suatu kebijakan politik yang sensitif. Intensnya interaksi dan keterlibatan diantara kekuatan-kekuatan politik tersebut menciptakan dinamika tersendiri dalam implementasi kebijakan lingkungan. Dinamika ini dimungkinkan dalam sistem politik Amerika Serikat yang menganut asas pluralisme. Sesuai asas pluralisme, berbagai kekuatan politik tersebut dapat saling mengawasi, saling mengimbangi dan saling berbagi kewenangan.Dalam kebijakan lingkungan, dinamika tersebut terlihat jelas, dari proses tarik-menarik, pengaruh-mempengaruhi, dan saling mendominasi diantara berbagai kekuatan politik. Sering terjadi satu pihak menjadi lebih dominan dalam memaksakan kepentingannya dibanding pihak lain. Dalam kasus implementasi perundangan lingkungan, `power struggle' ini terlihat jelas.Karena itulah thesis ini disusun dengan maksud untuk mengungkap dominasi pemerintah federal serta kuatnya lobi kelompok bisnis, yang mengakibatkan terhambatnya/gagalnya implementasi kebijakan lingkungan. Tinjauan tersebut secara spesifik akan bertolak dari kasus-kasus kebijakan utama, yaitu: Clean Air Act (1970), Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments (1972); Safe Drinking Water Act (1974), Toxic Substance Control Act (1976) dan amandemennya tahun 1986 (Superfund), Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (I980) dan amandemennya (1984), Nuclear Waste Policy Act (1982), clan Multiple Use-Sustained Yield Act (1960).Penelitian terhadap hal tersebut sekaligus dimaksudkan untuk memberikan pengetahuan yang komprehensif tentang kekuatan-kekuatan politik yang terlibat dalam penentuan kebijakan lingkungan di Amerika Serikat, serta untuk memahami kompleksitas interaksi diantara berbagai kekuatan politik tersebut.

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Environmental movement in the United States of America gets stronger since 1960s. People support this movement due to many environmental disasters that getting frequently happened. Government is urged to take appropriate actions to overcome any further ecological disasters by launching environmental laws. Environmental movement takes part in giving enlightenment to people regarding many environmental problems in the U.S. and the world.

Environmental organizations, however, is diversified towards a broad spectrum, principally and ideologically. Anyway the member of those organizations has raised significantly to 7 million people in 1990s, that makes them become an interest group in American politics.

They pursue government to launch many environmental laws. Some of them are Clean Air Act, Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments, Safe Drinking Water Act and Multiple Use-Sustained Yield Act. Though many laws had been declared, in practice there is still weak in law enforcement. For sure, failure in implementation has decreased credibility of federal institution in implementing environmental laws. This research will show that the federal government (President and Congress) gives contribution in making federal institution getting weaken.

President and Congress give to much pressure to federal institution in implementing the laws, in other side they have no political will and seems more favor to business groups side. Many laws are created with its weakness, that any parties could take advantages of it, even could make it fail in implementation. Those parties particularly are business groups and "rich-states".

Environmental laws show in particular a political controversy. Though federal government in just 30 years established more than 50 laws, however in practice and implementation those laws was crippled and failed due to less of political will of federal government.

Moreover interest groups were involved extensively, since environmental laws are very sensitive. Intensity and involvement of any interest groups had created motion in American politics. This could be occurred in the U.S.A, which respect pluralism. In pluralism, any parties or political bodies could play a "check-and balance" mechanism.

The check-and-balance mechanism, in practice, could create any efforts from any parties to dominate, and to attract the other party. This mode clearly display in implementing the environmental policy.

Based upon this issue, this thesis is designed to disclosure power struggle among political bodies and interest groups in environmental law implementation. In particular, it will reveal how federal government and business groups play its dominant role on environmental policy.

To give a clear analysis, the thesis will take selected environmental laws, such as: Clean Air Act (1970), Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments (1972); Safe Drinking Water Act (1974), Toxic Substance Control Act (1976) and its Amendment - 1986 {Superfund}, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1980) and its Amendment (1984), Nuclear Waste Policy Act (1982), and Multiple Use-Sustained Yield Act (1960).

The research is executed to give a comprehensive analysis about how power struggle happened in America's politics, especially in environmental law implementation, and to understand why this is happened."