Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"Penelitian ini berfokus pada pemenuhan hak memilih anggota TNI dan Polri dalam pemilihan umum. Anggota TNI dan POLRI dilarang memilih dalam pemilihan umum, sementara UUD 45 menjamin hak untuk memilih dalam pemilihan umum bagi semua warga negara Indonesia (yang sudah berusia 18 tahun atau lebih) dan dalam prinsip hak asasi manusia, hak memilih merupakan hak setiap individu sebagai warga negara. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, timbul pertanyaan sebagai berikut: (a) Mengapa terjadi pelarangan hak untuk memilih dan dipilih bagi anggota TNI dan Polri? (b) Bagaimana persepsi masyarakat terhadap hak memilih anggota TNI dan Polri dalam pemilihan umum?, (c) Bagaimana persepsi anggota TNI dan Polri dalam menyikapi hak memilih mereka? (d) Bagaimana Hak memilih anggota TNI dan Polri dalam perspektif hak asasi manusia?, dan (e) Apa yang sepatutnya dilakukan oleh DPR dan pemerintah dalam pemenuhan hak memilih bagi anggota TNI dan Polri pada pemilihan umum?Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian dengan pendekatan historis dan deskriptif,, dilakukukan dengan penelitian pustaka dan penelitian lapangan. Informan berasal dari anggota TNI, Polri dan masyarakat sipil, sedangkan narasumber dipilih dari dari kalangan TNI dan Polri, peneliti, akademisi, anggota DPR, dan praktisi hak asasi manusia. Janis data yang digunakan terdiri dari data primer dan data sekunder. Dengan menggunakan purposive sampling dan wawancara terfokus.Dari hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa: a) Pembatasan hak memilih bagi anggota TNI dan Polri dalam pemilihan terjadi mulai pemilu ke-2, yaitu pemilu tahun 1971, pemilu 1977, pemilu 1982, pemilu 1987, pemilu 1992, pemilu 1997 dan pemilu 1999, sebagai konsekuensi atas diangkatnya perwakilan TNI dan Polri dalam legislatif; b) Persepsi masyarakat dan persepsi anggota TNI dan Polri terhadap hak memilih anggota TNI dan Pohi beragam, ada yang setuju dan ada yang tidak setuju dengan berbagai argumen; c) Dalam perspektif hak asasi manusia bahwa hak memilih anggota TNI dan Polri adalah hak asasi individu TNI dan Polri sebagai warga negara yang harus diberikan. Pembatasan hak memilih bagi anggota TNI dan Polri bertentangan dengan prinsip hak asasi manusia dan UUD 45. Hasil penelitian menyarankan bahwa: a) Perlu merevisi undang-undang yang membatasi hak memilih bagi anggota TNI dan Polri dan menyiapkan mekanismelperaturan pelaksananya; b) Perlu mempercepat proses reformasi TNI dan Polri; c) Perlu regulasi tegas untuk mencegah pemanfaatan hierarki komando yang mengarahkan orientasi politik anggota TNI.; dan d) perlu diberikan pendidikan politik, demokrasi, hukum dan hak asasi menusia yang balk kepada anggota TNI dan Polri.

---

General elections as a tool for community to provide their political rights to vote and elected which conducted in a direct, general, free, and secret manner. As arranged in article 22E paragraph (1) of National Constitution 1945, article 43 paragraphs (1), (2) and (3) of Human Rights Law 1999, article 25 of International Covenant Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The right to vote and elected as a rights for Indonesia citizens without any discrimination, according to regulation in article 27 paragraph (1) and article 281 paragraph (2) of National Constitution 1945. Although, in Indonesia has law which limitate the right to vote for military and police officials as follows: article 145 of Law No. 12 Year 2003 on General Elections for House of Representative and Regional People's Representative Council, article 102 of Law No. 23 Year 2003 on Regional Government, article 28 paragraph 2 of Law No. 2 Year 2002 of Indonesia Police, article 39 paragraph 4 Law No. 34 Year 2004 on Indonesia Military. Based on that, hoisted questions as follows: (a) why it has restrictions on the right to vote for military and police officials? (b) how the community perceptions on the right to vote for military and police officials? (c) how the military and police officials perceptions in order to response their right to vote? (d) how the right to vote for military and police officials in human rights perspective? (e) what should House of Representative perform as legislative agency and government as executive agency in regulate of the right to vote for military and police officials in general elections?

This research has using qualitative descriptive type which conducted by library and field research. The informants are from military officials, police officials and civil community, subsequently the resources elected from military, police, researchers, academicians, house of representative members, and human rights practitioners. The type of data which used is composed from secondary and primary data which obtained by using sampling purposive and focus interview.

According to this research could be summarized that: a) Limitations of the right vote for military and police officials in general election started from second general elections in 1971, 1977, 1982, 1987, 1992, 1997 and 2004. That limitations as consequence on elected as House of Representative members from military and police officials; b) a variety of community perception on the right to vote for military and police officials, there are some agree and disagree with many reasons; c) diverse military and police view on the right to vote, there are some agree and disagree with many reasons; d) in human rights perspective that the right to vote for military and police officials as individual rights also a citizens that have to given. The limitations of the right to vote for military and police officials aligned with article 22E paragraph (2), article 27 paragraph (1), article 28 paragraph (1) and article 281 paragraph (1) of National Constitution 1945, article 43 paragraph (1), (2) and (3) of Human Rights Law No. 39 Year 1999, and article 25 of 1CCPR. Therefore, it needed efforts to response the right to vote for military and police officials are: a) the right to vote for military and police officials should arranged immediately in a policy which prepared by government; b) to process shortly of military and police reforms and to prepare clear and legal regulations; c) to put attention on welfare from military and police officials; d) should have stern regulations to prevent using of commando hierarchy which deliver to the political orientation for military and police officials; e) to give a good political, democracy, legal and human rights education for military and police officials."

"RSPAD-GS merupakan salah satu rumah sakit yang memiliki alat MRI dengan kekuatan 1.5 testa selain RS Siloan Gleneagle Tanggerang dan RS Husada Jakarta. Semenjak beroperasi, tahun 2001 sudah 993 pasien dinas dan tahun 2002 sampai dengan bulan Juni berjumlah 588 pasien dinas yang menggunakan alat ini. Alat MRI merupakan alat yang biaya pemeliharaannya cukup besar dan rencananya pada tahun 2003, biaya pemeliharaan alat MRI akan menjadi tanggungan RSPAD. Pada penelitian ini, peneliti ingin memperoleh gambaran tentang perbandingan antara pendapatan dan biaya utilisasi (operasional dan pemeliharaan) alat kesehatan MRI di RSPADGS, kontribusi dari Yanmasum terhadap pasien dinas serta kapasitas ideal antara pasien dinas dan pasien umum agar kemandirian dapat dicapai tanpa merugikan hak pasien dinas. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yang bersifat retrospektif dengan menggunakan data sekunder berupa laporan kegiatan pemeriksaan pasien di unit MRI baik pasien dinas maupun pasien umum untuk periode 18 bulan, mulai dari Januari 2001 sampai dengan Juni 2002. Selain itu menggunakan data biaya pendapatan dan pembiayaan pada periode yang sama sebagai variabel utama.Pada hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa kapasitas yang dimiliki oleh alat MRI RSPADGS ditetapkan sebesar 15 pemeriksaan per hari atau 4500 pemeriksaan per tahun. Setiap pemeriksaan pasien membutuhkan waktu rata-rata 25 sampai dengan 30 menit. Pada periode penelitian selama 8 bulan tingkat utilisasi alat MRI sebanyak 5002 orang dengan komposisi pasien dinas sebanyak 1581 orang dan pasien umum sebanyak 3421 orang. Pada perhitungan, program Yanmasum unit MRI telah berhasil berkontribusi sebesar Rp.1.955.939.000,- bagi RSPAD-GS dalam melaksanakan tugas pemeriksaan MRI pasien dinas sebanyak 1.581 orang. Dengan menggunakan ukuran kriteria kebijakan didapatkan bahwa unit MRI mampu memenuhi kebutuhan anggarannya sendiri, akan tetapi apabila ditinjau dari kebijakan penggunaan dana, alokasi untuk biaya pemeliharaan dan biaya gas Helium perlu ditingkatkan. Menghadapi perkembangan utilisasi alat MRI dimasa mendatang, didapatkan komposisi yang ideal antara pasien dinas dan pasien umum, yaitu 2 pasien dinas dan 5 pasien umum agar unit MRI tetap mandiri tanpa mengurangi hak pasien dinas. Pada periode penelitian, ketentuan tarif yang berlaku belum dilaksanakan. Sebaiknya tarif diberlakukan sesuai kebijakan tarif.

---

Income and Cost Analysis of the Magnetic Resonance Imaging RSPAD Gatot Subroto for the Period of Year 2001-2002 in Confrontation to the Self-sufficiency Policy of the Armed Forces HospitalRSPAD-GS is one of the very few hospitals that own a 1.5 testa MRI unit beside Siloam Gleneagle Hospital in Tanggerang and Husada Hospital in Jakarta. Since it became operational in 2001 it has already served 993 official patients and during the first half of 2002 (until June) 588 official patients. This MRI is an equipment that needs quite substantial maintenance cost and as is planned the maintenance cost of this MRI unit will become the responsibility of RSPADGS in 2003. In this study the researcher would like to get a picture on the ratio between income and cost of the utilization (operational and maintenance) of the MRI unit at RSPAD-GS, contribution from the servicing the public patients towards official patients as well as the ideal capacity ratio between official patients and public patients to achieve self-sufficiency without sacrificing official patients rights. The type of this study is a retrospective study using secondary data in the form of patient's activity reports at the MRI unit (official and public patients) for the period of 18 months, starting January 2001 until June 2002. Also used is the data of income and cost for the same period as main variable.

In the result of this study it was found that the capacity owned by the MRI of RSPAD-GS was set at 15 examinations per day or 4500 examinations per year. Each examination needs an average time of 25 to 30 minutes. During the 18-month study period the level of utilization of this MRI unit is 5002 patients based on a composition of 1581 official patients and 3421 public patients. In the calculation, the Public Service program of the MRI unit has succeeded in contributing Rp.1.955.939.000,- to RSPAD-GS for the purpose of the examination of 1.581 official MRI patients. By using the policy criteria it was found that the MRI unit is able to fulfill its own budget requirements, however, if observed from the utilization of funds, the allocation of maintenance cost and Helium refill cost need to be improved. In consideration to the future development of the utilization of the MRI unit it was found that the most ideal composition between official and public patients is 2 official patients and 5 public patients. This to enable the MRI unit to remain self-sufficient without reducing the official patients rights. In the study period, the tariff set was not yet implemented properly. It is important that the tariff set is implemented accordingly."

"This volume seeks to explain why democratization and military reforms stagnate in newly democratizing countries. The contributions blend historical, ideational, cultural and structural explanatory factors to analyze the trajectories of military reform in Indonesia and Nigeria, two major regional powers that share many structural commonalities. In the tradition of the literature on security sector reform (SSR), the book not only scrutinizes executive initiatives toward military reform, but also provides ample coverage of societal actors. Findings show that while military reform is stagnating in both countries, societal forces ought to be taken into account more as major driving forces in explaining military reform. Several chapters study how legislatures, non-governmental organizations and the civilian defence epistemic community contribute to the transformation of military institutions. The last part of the book tackles another aspect rarely studied in the literature on military reform, namely, the role of militias in military reform."

"Japan's role in the peace process in Cambodia is generally considered to have been a success. It was the fires major post-World War II effort by Japan to participate in bringing about peace to an international conflict ..."

"S Myanmar (Burma) democratizing, or is it moving towards a new form of authoritarianism, perhaps one more consonant with other contemporary authoritarian regimes in Asia?Coming at a critical time, and one of growing interest in this Southeast Asian country among researchers and policy-makers, Debating Democratization in Myanmar addresses this complex question from a range of disciplinary and professional perspectives. Chapters by leading international scholars and practitioners, activists and politicians from Myanmar and around the world cover political and economic updates. "

"The Second World War was a defining event in modern world history. Indias manpower and financial resources enabled the British Empire in particular and the Allies in general to win against the Axis powers. The Indian troops fought from Hong Kong in the east up to Italy in the west. The present monograph, based on archival data, attempts to highlight the complex interrelationship between Indian armed forces, society, and World War II. This monograph is a corrective to the cultural studies approach of totally neglecting blood and gore. But what is aimed here is not merely a traditional narrative of military history. Rather than merely providing a chronological account of military operations, an attempt has been made to integrate military history with the social and cultural contexts. Tools, ideas, and institutions of violence are fused with the host social fabric and the cultural context. The book is divided into two parts. The first four chapters of the book study the impact of manpower and economic mobilization and internal security on the Indian society, while the last three chapters of the volume deal with the Indian armed forces in combat. The aim is to show the interrelationship between training, technology, and tactics in the battlefields. Wherever possible, soldiers views of combat and the home front are given. Hence, the monograph is a blend of both history from the top and history from below."

"Tesis ini membahas wacana untuk mengagendakan kebijakan rehabilitasi terhadap pengguna narkotika pada prajurit TNI. Saat ini TNI belum mengenal kebijakan rehabilitasi bagi pengguna narkotika pada prajuritnya. Dilihat dari aspek kesehatan, sosial, hukum, pertahanan keamanan, dan politik diketahui bahwa kebijakan rehabilitasi bagi prajurit TNI perlu untuk dibentuk. Dari aspek kesehatan, dampak dari narkotika dapat merusak kesehatan prajurit, begitu juga dari aspek sosial, dapat menurunkan kesejahteraan sosial prajurit sehingga dapat mengganggu pelaksanaan tugas prajurit yang pada akhirnya mengakibatkan terganggunya pelaksanaan tugas pokok TNI. Aspek hukum diketahui bahwa kebijakan rehabilitasi narkotika merupakan amanat dari undang-undang, setiap warga negara dan pemegang otorita negara harus tunduk dan melaksanakan perintah undang-undang tersebut sehingga seluruh warga negara khususnya prajurit TNI juga mendapatkan hak yang sama seperti warga negara lain untuk direhabilitasi. Dilihat dari aspek pertahanan dan keamanan, penggunaan narkotika pada prajurit dapat menyebabkan prajurit lalai dalam melaksanakan tugas sehingga dapat membahayakan pertahanan dan keamanan. Tindakan hukuman penjara tanpa rehabilitasi memungkinkan prajurit semakin dekat dengan perilaku penyalahgunaan narkotika, sedangkan solusi berupa pemecatan memungkinkan prajurit tersebut digalang oleh sindikat kejahatan khususnya sindikat narkotika. Komitmen dan kemauan politik (political will) dari Pimpinan TNI untuk merehabilitasi prajurit TNI belum ada. Hal ini terbukti dari adanya kebijakan Panglima TNI berupa Surat Telegram (ST) untuk menindak tegas pelaku penyalahguna narkotika dengan memberikan hukuman pidana bahkan pemecatan. Latar belakang kebijakan tersebut adalah untuk kepentingan militer TNI bahwa prajurit TNI harus dalam kondisi siap sedia dalam menjalankan tugas pokoknya, untuk menimbulkan efek jera, serta menjaga nama baik institusi TNI. Untuk itu diperlukan suatu solusi yang menguntungkan semua pihak (win-win solution) yaitu TNI dapat tetap melaksanakan pembinaan terhadap prajuritnya, prajurit juga mendapatkan haknya untuk direhabilitasi, serta negara dapat menjalankan tugasnya untuk melindungi dan memberikan hak kepada seluruh warga negaranya termasuk prajurit TNI.

---

This thesis discusses the policy agenda of discourse for rehabilitation of drug users on the TNI soldiers. Currently, TNI are not familiar with military policy for the rehabilitation of drug users on the their soldiers. Research on the health, social, legal, defense security, and politics aspects are known that the rehabilitation policy for soldiers need to be formed. From the aspect of health, the effects of drugs can damage the health of the soldiers, as well as from the social aspect, can reduce social welfare of soldiers so that soldiers can interfere with performance of duties that ultimately resulted in the disruption of the implementation of the basic tasks of the TNI. Legal aspects of drug rehabilitation in mind that the policy is a mandate of the law, every citizen and state authority holder must submit and execute commands of the law so that all citizens, especially soldiers also get the same rights as other citizens to be rehabilitated. Viewed from the defense and security aspect, use of narcotics can lead soldier on soldier negligent in performing the tasks that can endanger defense and security. Sentenced to imprisonment without rehabilitation can allow soldiers are getting closer to the behavior of drug abuse, while the solution in the form of dismissal allows the soldier raised by crime syndicates in particular narcotics syndicate. There is no commitment and political will of the military leadership to rehabilitate their soldiers.This is evidence from the existence of a policy of TNI Commander Letter (ST) to take stern action against perpetrators of narcotics abusers by providing criminal penalties even dismissal. The reason of this policy is in the interests of the TNI military that soldiers should be in a readiness to execute its core functions, to a deterrent effect, as well as to save face of the military institution. This requires a solution that benefits all parties (win-win solution) that the military can continue to implement the guidance to the soldiers, the soldiers also be eligible for the right of rehabilitation, and the government can carry out their duties to protect and give rights to all citizens including TNI soldiers. "