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"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Avulsi levator ani merupakan lepasnya otot puborektalis dari insersinya pada dinding pelvis. Kejadian ini seringkali terjadi akibat trauma persalinan pervaginam dan dapat menyebabkan gejala uroginekologi beberapa tahun kemudian. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui proporsi avulsi levator ani menggunakan ultrasonografi 3D/4D dan menentukan faktor-faktor persalinan pervaginam yang berkontribusi pada terjadinya avulsi levator ani diantara pasien dengan gejala prolaps organ panggul. Metode: Studi potong-lintang dilakukan pada pasien dengan gejala prolaps organ panggul di Poliklinik Uroginekologi RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta. Secara retrospektif dan prospektif dilakukan pengumpulan data sejak Januari 2012 hingga April 2017 dengan pemeriksaan klinis menggunakan POP-Q dan ultrasonografi 3D/4D transperineal untuk menilai otot levator ani.Hasil: Dari total 127 pasien prolaps organ panggul yang dimasukkan sebagai subjek memiliki median usia 61 26-80 tahun, median paritas 3 0-13 dengan 2 pasien nuligravida dan 2 pasien menjalani persalinan hanya dengan seksio sesarea. Sebanyak 10 subjek 7.9 , IK95 3.1-12.6 terdeteksi adanya avulsi levator ani menggunakan USG 3D/4D transperineal. Diantara kelompok avulsi tersebut dilakukan analisis dengan mengeksklusi 4 pasien tanpa persalinan pervaginam. Dari total 123 pasien, median usia pertama melahirkan adalah 26 18-31 tahun, p=0.156; median jumlah persalinan pervaginam adalah paritas 3 1-9 , p=0.19; riwayat persalinan dengan forsep hanya terdapat 1 kasus 10 , p=0.081; riwayat persalinan dengan vakum 10 , p=0.35, dari total 5 kasus vakum; dan berat lahir bayi terbesar dengan median 3470 3100-3700 gram, p=0.752.Kesimpulan: Proporsi avulsi levator ani pada pasien prolaps organ panggul di Poliklinik RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo sebesar 7.9 . Faktor risko obstetri seperti usia pertama melahirkan, jumlah persalinan pervaginam, riwayat persalinan dengan forsep, riwayat persalinan dengan vakum dan berat lahir bayi terbesar tidak dapat disimpulkan hubungannya dengan terjadinya avulsi levator ani.

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ABSTRACTBackground Avulsion of levator ani could arise from detachment of puborectalis muscle form its insertion on the pelvic sidewall. This manifest is a common consequence of vaginal childbirth trauma and could represent urogynecological symptoms many years later. Objective To estimate the proportion of levator ani avulsion using 3D or 4D ultrasound and determine the vaginal birth factors that contribute to levator ani avulsion among the symptomatics of pelvic organ prolapse women. Methods Cross sectional study was conducted among women with symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse in Urogynecology Clinic RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta. Patients were retrospective and prospectively investigated from January 2012 until April 2017 by clinical examination using POP Q system and 3D 4D imaging of levator ani muscle.Results A total 127 women with pelvic organ prolapse were included in this study, median age was 61 26 80 years, median parity was 3 0 13 with 2 patients were nulligravid and 2 patients have giving birth by c section only. There were 10 cases 7.9, IK95 3.1 12.6 levator avulsion by transperineal 3D 4D US exam. In the group of levator avulsion, 4 cases without history vaginal birth were excluded. Of total 123 patients, first age delivery median was 26 18 31 years, p 0.156 vaginal birth parity median was 3 1 9, p 0.19 1 case forceps delivery 10, p 0.081 vacuum delivery 10, p 0.35, from total vacuum history was 5 cases and maximum birthweight median mas 3470 3100 3700 gram, p 0.752.Conclusion Proportion of levator avulsion in women with pelvic organ prolaps at RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo was 7.9 . First age delivery, vaginal birth parity, forceps delivery, vacuum delivery, dan maximum birth weight as obstetric factors cannot be concluded these association to levator avulsion."

"ABSTRAKResveratrol 3,5,4 -trihidroksistilben merupakan suatu senyawa fitoaleksin stilben yang terdapat pada kulit kacang tanah Arachis hypogaea L., yang memiliki banyak khasiat seperti kardioprotektif, antioksidan, antidiabetes, dan antihiperkolesterolemia melalui mekanisme penghambatannya terhadap HMG-CoA reduktase. Terdapat banyak cara ekstraksi resveratrol yang dapat diterapkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kemampuan Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents NADES -Ultrasound Assisted Extraction UAE untuk ekstraksi resveratrol dari kulit kacang tanah dan dibandingkan dengan metode konvensional maserasi. Hasil ekstraksi diuji dengan Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi KCKT . Hasil penelitian menunjukkan senyawa resveratrol berhasil diekstraksi dengan NADES-UAE. Hasil tertinggi diperoleh pada NADES campuran kolin klorida dan asam oksalat, pada kondisi rasio sampel-pelarut 1:20 g/ml dan waktu ekstraksi 15 menit, dengan perolehan kadar 0,0485 mg/g simplisia. Namun, metode maserasi memberikan kadar resveratrol yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan hasil NADES-UAE yaitu 0,2212 mg/g simplisia.

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ABSTRACTResveratrol 3,5,4 trihydroxystilbene is a naturally occurring stilbene phytoalexin compound found in peanut Arachis hypogaea L. pericarp and has known for many biological activities including cardioprotective, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti hypercholesterolemia through its HMG CoA reductase inhibitory activity. There are many methods can be applied to extract resveratrol. The aim of this study was to evaluate natural deep eutectic solvents NADES based ultrasound assisted extraction UAE for their potential to obtain resveratrol from peanut pericarp and compared with the conventional maceration method. The extracts were analysed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography HPLC . The results showed, resveratrol successfully extracted by NADES UAE, with highest resveratrol content obtained by NADES composed of choline chloride and oxalic acid 0,0485 mg g dry weight , under conditions solid liquid ratio 1 20 g ml and extraction time of 15 minutes. However, maceration method gives the higher amount of resveratrol content 0,2212 mg g dry weight than NADES UAE result."

"Senyawa flavonoid memiliki banyak manfaat dalam bidang kesehatan salah satunya sebagai inhibitor xantin oksidase. Xantin oksidase merupakan katalis dalam oksidasi dari hipoxantin menjadi xantin dan mengatalis oksidasi xantin sehingga menjadi penyebab terbentuknya asam urat. Pembentukan asam urat pada tubuh akan memicu timbulnya artritis gout yaitu pembengkakan pada sendi sehingga menyebabkan nyeri tak tertahankan. Senyawa flavonoid akan diekstrak dari daun lidah mertua dengan metode Ultrasound Assisted Enzymatic Extraction (UAEE) yang merupakan penggabungan dari dua metode yaitu hidrolisis enzimatik pada proses pra-perlakuan dan ekstraksi sonikasi. Hidrolisis enzimatik menggunakan enzim selulase bertujuan untuk menghancurkan dinding sel dari daun lidah mertua sehingga diharapkan rendemen ekstrak yang didapat lebih tinggi. Keuntungan dari penggunaan metode ini yaitu waktu ekstraksi lebih singkat, dapat meningkatkan rendemen ekstrak, membutuhkan pelarut yang sedikit, dan ramah lingkungan. Uji kuantitatif kandungan senyawa flavonoid dan uji inhibisi senyawa flavonoid terhadap xantin oksidase akan dilakukan menggunakan spektrofotometri Uv-Vis pada panjang gelombang 415 nm dan 295 nm secara berturut. Pada penelitian ini akan dilakukan ekstraksi senyawa flavonoid dari daun lidah mertua menggunakan metode hidrolisis enzimatik dan ekstraksi sonikasi dengan pelarut etanol. Variasi yang akan dilakukan yaitu konsentrasi enzim selulase dan konsentrasi pelarut etanol. Pada penelitian ini didapat rendemen ekstrak optimum sebesar 58,654% pada konsentrasi etanol 60% dan konsentrasi enzim 60 mg/g. Kandungan flavonoid yang diadapat sebesar 0,370 mg/g pada ekstrak dengan kondisi konsentrasi enzim sebesar 60 mg/g dan konsentrasi etanol 50%. Aktivitas inhibisi terhadap enzim xantin oksidase untuk ekstrak pada kondisi optimum yang didapat sebesar 60,267.

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Flavonoid compounds have many benefits in the health field, one of which is xanthine oxidase inhibitor. Xanthine oxidase is a catalyst in the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and catalyzes xanthine oxidation and causing uric acid formation. The formation of gout in the body will trigger the onset of arthritis gout, which is swelling in the joints, causing unbearable pain. Flavonoid compounds will be extracted from the Sansevieria trifasciata leaves using the Ultrasound Assisted Enzymatic Extraction (UAEE) method which is a combination of two methods, enzymatic hydrolysis in the pre-treatment and sonication extraction process. Enzymatic hydrolysis using cellulase enzymes aims to destroy the cell wall of mother-in-laws tongue leaves so that the yield extraction is expected to be higher. The advantage of using this method is that the extraction time is shorter, can increase the yield extraction, requires a little solvent, and is environmentally friendly. Quantitative tests on the content of flavonoids and inhibition tests of flavonoids on xanthine oxidase will be carried out using UV-Vis spectrophotometry at 415 nm and 295 nm wavelengths respectively. In this study the extraction of flavonoid compounds from the leaves of the tongue-in-law will be carried out using the enzymatic hydrolysis method and sonication extraction with ethanol solvent. The variations of this research are the concentration of cellulase enzymes and the concentration of ethanol solvents. In this study, the optimal extract yield was 58.654 at 60 ethanol concentration and 60 mg g enzyme concentration. The obtained flavonoid content was 0.370 mgg in the extract with an enzyme concentration of 60 mgg and 50 ethanol concentration. The inhibitory activity of the xanthine oxidase enzyme to extract at optimal conditions was 60.267."

"Strobilanthes crispus merupStrobilanthes crispusakan tanaman asli Indonesia yang sering disebut sebagai tanaman kejibeling. Kejibeling merupakan perdu yang memiliki berbagai sifat farmakologi menguntungkan, seperti antikanker, antidiabetik, antimikroba, penyembuhan luka, dan aktivitas antiulserogenik. Sifat-sifat ini ada karena kandungan zat aktifnya, salah satunya senyawa asam fenolat. CUAEE dapat dideskripsikan menggunakan model matematis untuk mendapatkan parameter proses. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan estimasi parameter proses berupa konstanta laju desorpsi ( ), koefisien difusi biner ( ), dan konsentrasi solut awal di dalam partikel (q0). Untuk CUAEE asam fenolat dari Strobilanthes Crispus Model matematis yang digunakan adalah model difusi bola panas yang mempertimbangkan geometri ekstraktor. Namun, mekanisme pelepasan asam fenolat ke dalam pelarut menggunakan pendekatan model desorpsi. Pemodelan dilakukan menggunakan perangkat lunak COMSOL Multiphysics. Kondisi operasi untuk estimasi parameter proses dilakukan pada suhu 30oC, 40oC, 50oC, dan 60oC. Nilai dan yang didapatkan menurun seiring meningkatnya suhu yaitu 2,15x10-4 s-1, 2,05x10-4 s-1, 1,75x10-4 s-1, 4,25x10-4 s-1 untuk masing-masing kondisi operasi 303K, 313K, 323K dan 333K. Sementara itu, nilai yang didapatkan 8,05x10-6 m2/s untuk 303K, 8,15x10-6 m2/s untuk 313K, 8,20x10-6 m2/s untuk 323K, dan 4,15x10-6 m2/s untuk 333K. Dengan nilai AARD (average absolute relative deviation) sebesar masing-masing 9,242%, 5,311%, 7,807%, dan 5,669%, untuk kondisi operasi 303K, 313K, 313K, dan 333K parameter proses yang didapatkan bisa dikatakan akurat.

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Strobilanthes crispus is a plant native to Indonesia which is often referred to as the kejibeling plant. Kejibeling is a shrub that has various beneficial pharmacological properties, such as anticancer, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, wound healing, and antiulserogenic activity. These properties exist because of the content of active substances, one of which is phenolic acid compounds. CUAEE can be described using a mathematical model to obtain process parameters. In this study, the estimation of process parameters in the form of desorption rate constant (kd), binary diffusion coefficient (DAB), and initial solute concentration in the particle (q0) were carried out. For CUAEE phenolic acid from Strobilanthes Crispus The mathematical model used is a hot ball diffusion model which considers the geometry of the extractor. However, the mechanism of phenolic acid release into the solvent uses a desorption model approach. The modeling was carried out using COMSOL Multiphysics software. The operating conditions for the estimation of process parameters were carried out at temperatures of 30oC, 40oC, 50oC, and 60oC. The value of k_d and obtained increases with increasing temperature, namely 2,155x10-4 s-1, 2.05x10-4 s-1, 1.75x10-4 s-1, 4,25x10-4 s-1 for each condition. 303K, 313K, 323K and 333K operations. Meanwhile, the DAB values ​​obtained were 8,05x10-6 m2/s for 303K, 8,15x10-6 m2/s for 313K, 8.20x10-6 m2/s for 323K, and 4.15x10-6 m2/s for 333K. With AARD (average absolute relative deviation) values ​​of 9,242%, 5,311%, 7,807%, and 5,669%,respectively for 303K, 313K, 313K, and 333K operating conditions, the process parameters obtained can be said to be accurate."

"ABSTRAK Aterosklerosis adalah penyakit sistemik, Peripheral artery disease PAD dan Carotid artery stenosis CS secara luas mencakup penyakit vaskular yang keduanya dikenal sebagai manifestasi spesifik aterosklerosis. Mengingat etiologi umum aterosklerosis perifer yang bisa terjadi di lokasi vaskular yang berbeda, keberadaan penyakit di satu tempat meningkatkan frekuensi penyakit simptomatik dan asimtomatik di tempat lain. Karena keduanya memiliki penyebab yang sama, maka terdapat hipotesis bahwa keduanya berkorelasi satu sama lain. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan Carotid artery stenosis CS pada pasien lower extremityPeripheral artery disease PAD berat serta mengetahui prevalensi Carotid artery stenosis CS dan ketebalan Intimal media thicknes IMT pada pasien dengan penyakit lower extremity Peripheral artery disease PAD berat. Penelitian ini dilakukan di RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo selama Februari-Mei 2018. Penelitian ini bersifat prospektif, data diambil dari data sekunder berdasarkan anamnesis dan hasil laboratorium sedangkan derajat stenosis dan intimal media thickness dilakukan carotid duplex ultrasound DUS dengan United imaging ultrasound menggunakan probe 8,5 Mhz. Data dikumpulkan, direvisi, dikodekan dan dimasukkan ke paket statistik untuk ilmu sosial SPSS versi 20 dan yang berikut ini dilakukan : Data kualitatif disajikan sebagai jumlah dan persentase sementara data kuantitatif disajikan sebagai rata-rata, standar deviasi, rentang median dan interkuartil. Kurva karakteristik operasi penerima digunakan untuk menilai titik potong terbaik dengan sensitivitas, spesifisitas, nilai prediksi positif dan nilai prediktif negatif. Interval kepercayaan ditetapkan 95 dan margin kesalahan ditetapkan hingga 5 sehingga p-value dianggap signifikan sebagai P> 0,05. Hasil penelitiandidapatkan 50 subjek dengan rentang umur antara 49-80 tahun 63,8 8,8 tahun , dimana yang berjenis kelamin laki-laki sebanyak 31 62 , dan perempuan sebanyak 19 38 . Didapatkan korelasi antara hiperkolesterol dan riwayat merokok dengan derajat Carotid Stenosis dengan nilai ABSTRACT Atherosclerosis is a systemic disease, Peripheral arterial disease PAD and Carotid artery stenosis CS widely include vascular disease bothh known as specific manifestation of atheroscleroris. Given the common etiology of peripheral atherosclerosis that can occur in different vascular sites, the presence of disease in one place increases the frequency of symptomatic and asymptomatic disease elsewhere. Since both have the same cause, there is a hypothesis that the two are correlated with each other. The objective of the study were to investigate the risk factor associated with Carotid artery stenosis CS in patients with severe lower extremity Peripheral arterial disease PAD and to know the prevalence of Carotid artery stenosis CS and degree of Intimal media thickness IMT in patients with severe lower extremity Peripheral arterial disease PAD . This research was conducted at Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital during February-May 2018. This is prospective research, the data was taken from secondary data based on hystory taking and laboratory result while the degree of stenosis and intimal media thickness is carotid duplex ultrasound DUS with United imaging ultrasound, using linier probe 8,5 Mhz. Data are collected, revised, encoded and fed into statistical package for social-science SPSS version 20, and the following are performed : Qualitative data are presented as quantities and percentages while quantitative data are presented as mean, standart deviation, median and interquartile range. The reciever operating characteristic curve is use to asses the best ctoff point with sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value. The confidence interval is set 95 and the margin error is set to 5 so p-value is considered significant as p"

"Disfungsi dasar panggul disebabkan tersering oleh trauma otot dasar panggul persalinan. Platelet rich plasma (PRP) adalah serum darah yang disertifugasi sehingga mengandung konsentrasi platelet dan growth factors yang tinggi. Terapi PRP mudah dilakukan dan aman untuk proses regenerasi trauma otot levator ani pascasalin. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran PRP dalam mendukung pemulihan trauma otot dasar panggul pascasalin.Studi prospektif, penyamaran tunggal, uji acak terkendali merupakan studi yang melibatkan wanita hamil anak pertama, dilakukan di kamar bersalin di Rumah Sakit tempat rujukan berjenjang, Puskesmas Lingkungan Suku Dinas, dan praktik bidan mandiri. Subjek diinjeksi dengan PRP autologus atau plasebo pada otot levator ani selama perineorafi pascasalin. Pemeriksaan utrasonografi transperienal dan perineometri dilakukan untuk menilai luas hiatus genital dan kekuatan otot levator ani pada kehamilan trimester 3, 40 hari pascasalin, dan 3 bulan pascasalin. Uji Mann-Whitney dan Wilcoxon signed-rank digunakan untuk analisis.Dari total 116 subejk, 58 subjek memenuhi syarat untuk analisis. Penurunan kekuatan otot pada 3 bulan pascasalin bermakna secara statistik dari 41.45 (Interquartile Range, IQR = 18.05) menjadi 30.88 (IQR = 18.33) cmH2O pada kelompok kontrol, namun pada kelompok intervensi penurunan dari 37.45 (IQR = 13.89) menjadi 35.83 (IQR = 18.81) cmH2O (uji Wilcoxon, p = 0.001 vs p = 0.29). Sub-kelompok kasus ballooning menunjukkan peningkatan luas hiatus genital pada kelompok intervensi dari 26/59 (IQR = 7.53) menjadi 20.25 (IQR = 8.47) cm2, secara kontras terjadi perburukan pada kelompok kontrol dari 22.45 (IQR = 6.59) menjadi 26.8 (IQR = 7.16) cm2 (uji Wilcoxon, p = 0.047 vs p = 0.508). Selain itu, secara bermakna kekuatan otot levator ani menurun dari 47.1(IQR = 24.9) menjadi 34.7 (IQR = 33.8) cmH2O pada kelompok kontrol dibandingkan dengan kelompok intervensi yang mengalami penurunan dari 38.5 (IQR=17.2) menjadi 35.45 (IQR = 16.3) cmH2O (uji Wilcoxon, p = 0.038 vs p = 0.878).Simpulan: Platelet rich plasma dapat menjadi terapi alternatif menjanjikan untuk trauma mikro atau ballooning otot dasar panggul pada wanita pascasalin anak pertama.

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Pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) is mostly caused by childbirth pelvic floor muscle trauma. Platelet rich plasma (PRP) is centrifugated blood which contains concentrated platelets and high level of growth factors. PRP can be a feasible and safe therapy for post-partum levator ani muscle trauma regeneration process. This study aims to explore the role of PRP in supporting pelvic floor muscle recovery after childbirth trauma.

A prospective, single blind, randomized control trial was enrolling primigravid women at 21 health facilities in Jakarta, Indonesia, from November 2016 to July 2019. Subjects were injected with autologous PRP or placebo at levator anal muscles (LAM) during perineorraphy after childbirth. Transperineal ultrasound and perineometry was used to asses the levator hiatal area and LAM strength at third trimester of pregnancy,40 days post-partum and three months post-partum. Mann- Whitney U-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used to analyze.

Among 116 primigravid women, 58 women were eligible for analysis. Muscle strength reduction three months after childbirth was found statistically significant from 41.45 (Interquartile Range, IQR = 18.05) to 30.88 (IQR = 18.33) cmH2O in control group, not in intervention group which reduction only from 37.45 (IQR = 13.89) to 35.83 (IQR = 18.81) cmH2O (Wilcoxon test, p = 0.001 vs p = 0.29). In ballooning subgroup case analysis showed hiatal area improvement in intervention group from 26.59 (IQR = 7.53) to 20.25 (IQR = 8.47) cm2, in contrast with worsening in control group from 22.45 (IQR = 6.59) to 26.8 (IQR = 7.16) cm2 (Wilcoxon test, p= 0.047 vs p = 0.508). Also, significant LAM strength reduction was also found from 47.1 (IQR = 24.9) to 34.7 (IQR = 33.8) cmH2O in control group compared to intervention group which only from 38.5 (IQR = 17.2) to 35.45 (IQR = 16.3) cmH2O (Wilcoxon test, p = 0.038 vs p = 0.878).

Conclusion: Platelet rich plasma can be a promising alternative therapy for micro trauma or ballooning of pelvic muscle injury in primiparous women."

"Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit (petai cina) merupakan tanaman yang tumbuh subur dan tersebar di wilayah tropis dan subtropis. Tanaman ini banyak dimanfaatkan sebagai pakan ternak ruminansia, namun penggunaannya dibatasi akibat kandungan mimosin di dalamnya yang bersifat toksik. Di sisi lain, mimosin memiliki aktivitas biologis seperti antimikroba, antiinflamasi, antikanker, antitumor, antifibrosis, antivirus, dan bioherbisida. Hal menarik diketahui bahwa belakangan ini ada penelitian yang menjadikan mimosin sebagai senyawa utama yang dikembangkan sebagai inhibitor spesifik RAC/CDC42- activated kinase 1 untuk pengobatan kanker. Pada penelitian ini, senyawa mimosin diekstraksi dari biji petai cina menggunakan pelarut NADES berbasis kolin klorida-asam organik menggunakan Ultrasound Asissted Extraction (UAE). Hasil yang didapat akan dibandingkan dengan metode maserasi menggunakan etanol 30%. Optimasi kondisi ekstraksi NADES-UAE ditentukan melalui metode analisis Response Surface Methodology oleh aplikasi Design Expert-12. Optimasi dilakukan pada kombinasi pelarut terbaik. Pada penelitian ini didapatkan kombinasi kolin klorida-asam laktat sebagai pelarut terbaik yang akan dioptimasi kondisi ekstraksinya terhadap tiga variabel yaitu penambahan air pada NADES (40, 60, dan 80%), waktu ekstraksi (20, 30, dan 40 menit), dan rasio pelarut terhadap serbuk (5, 10, dan 15 mL/g). Penetapan kadar senyawa mimosin dilakukan menggunakan spektrofotometri UV-Vis pada panjang gelombang maksimum 534 nm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kadar tertinggi senyawa mimosin yang didapatkan pada ekstrak UAE-NADES berbasis kolin klorida-asam laktat sebesar 28,79 mg/g serbuk dengan kondisi penambahan air pada NADES sebanyak 80%, waktu ekstraksi 30 menit, dan rasio pelarut terhadap serbuk sebanyak 15 mL/g, sedangkan kadar yang didapatkan pada ekstrak maserasi-etanol 30% sebanyak 13,49 mg/g serbuk. Oleh karena itu, dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan ekstraksi UAE-NADES berbasis kolin klorida-asam laktat lebih efektif menarik senyawa mimosin dari biji petai cina dibandingkan dengan penggunaan ekstraksi maserasi-etanol 30%.

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Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit (petai cina) is a plant that thrives in tropical and subtropical areas. This plant is widely used as fodder for ruminants, but its used is limited due to the content of mimosine in it which is toxic. On the other hand, mimosine has biological activities such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antitumor, antifibrosis, antiviral, and bioherbicide. It is interesting that recently there have been studies that have made mimosine to the main compound developed as a specific inhibitor of RAC/CDC42-activated kinase 1 for the treatment of cancer. In this study, mimosine compounds will be extracted from petai cina seeds using NADES based on choline chloride-organic acid and Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE). The results obtained will be compared with maceration method with 30% ethanol as solvent. Optimization is carried out on the best combination of solvents. In this study, the combination of choline chloride-lactic acid was found as the best solvent which will optimize the extraction conditions for three variables, the addition of water to NADES (40, 60, and 80%), extraction time (20, 30, and 40 minutes), and the ratio solvent to powders (5, 10, and 15 mL/g). The determination of mimosine levels was carried out using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 534 nm. The results showed that the highest levels of mimosine compounds obtained in UAE-NADES extract based on choline chloride-lactic acid were 28.79 mg/g powder with the condition of adding water to NADES as much as 80%, extraction time of 30 minutes, and the ratio of solvent to powder is 15 mL/g, while the concentration obtained in 30% maceration-ethanol extract was 13.49 mg/g powder. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of UAE-NADES extraction based on choline chloride-lactic acid is more effective for extracting mimosine compounds from petai cina seeds compared to the use of maceration-ethanol 30% extraction."

"This multi-contributed volume provides a practical, applications-focused introduction to nonlinear acoustical techniques for nondestructive evaluation. Compared to linear techniques, nonlinear acoustical/ultrasonic techniques are much more sensitive to micro-cracks and other types of small distributed damages. Most materials and structures exhibit nonlinear behavior due to the formation of dislocation and micro-cracks from fatigue or other types of repetitive loadings well before detectable macro-cracks are formed. Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) tools that have been developed based on nonlinear acoustical techniques are capable of providing early warnings about the possibility of structural failure before detectable macro-cracks are formed. This book presents the full range of nonlinear acoustical techniques used today for NDE. The expert chapters cover both theoretical and experimental aspects, but always with an eye towards applications. Unlike other titles currently available, which treat nonlinearity as a physics problem and focus on different analytical derivations, the present volume emphasizes NDE applications over detailed analytical derivations. The introductory chapter presents the fundamentals in a manner accessible to anyone with an undergraduate degree in Engineering or Physics and equips the reader with all of the necessary background to understand the remaining chapters. This self-contained volume will be a valuable reference to graduate students through practising researchers in Engineering, Materials Science, and Physics."

"This multi-contributed volume provides a practical, applications-focused introduction to nonlinear acoustical techniques for nondestructive evaluation. Compared to linear techniques, nonlinear acoustical/ultrasonic techniques are much more sensitive to micro-cracks and other types of small distributed damages. Most materials and structures exhibit nonlinear behavior due to the formation of dislocation and micro-cracks from fatigue or other types of repetitive loadings well before detectable macro-cracks are formed. Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) tools that have been developed based on nonlinear acoustical techniques are capable of providing early warnings about the possibility of structural failure before detectable macro-cracks are formed. This book presents the full range of nonlinear acoustical techniques used today for NDE. The expert chapters cover both theoretical and experimental aspects, but always with an eye towards applications. Unlike other titles currently available, which treat nonlinearity as a physics problem and focus on different analytical derivations, the present volume emphasizes NDE applications over detailed analytical derivations. The introductory chapter presents the fundamentals in a manner accessible to anyone with an undergraduate degree in Engineering or Physics and equips the reader with all of the necessary background to understand the remaining chapters. This self-contained volume will be a valuable reference to graduate students through practising researchers in Engineering, Materials Science, and Physics.- Represents the first book on nonlinear acoustical techniques for NDE applications- Emphasizes applications of nonlinear acoustical techniques- Presents the fundamental physics and mathematics behind nonlinear acoustical phenomenon in a simple, easily understood manner- Covers a variety of popular NDE techniques based on nonlinear acoustics in a single volume"

"ABSTRAK Pendahuluan: Pembesaran Prostat Jinak merupakan salah satu penyakit yangumum ditemukan pada pria lanjut usia, berakibat pada pembesaran prostat, obstruksi muara buli dan gejala saluran kemih bawah. Namun gejala dan obstruksi yang terjadi tidak seluruhnya bergantung pada ukuran prostat. Protrusi prostat intravesika telah ditemukan berkorelasi dengan obstruksi buli. Pada tulisan ini akan dibahas mengenai hubungan antara protrusi prostat intravesika, prostat specific antigen, dan volume prostat, serta mana dari ketiganya yang merupakan prediktor terbaik untuk menunjukkan adanya obstruksi muara buli yang disebabkan oleh pembesaran prostat jinak.Metode: Sebuah studi prospektif pada 118 pasien pria diperiksa antara Januari 2012 sampai Juli 2012. Pasien pria berusia lebih dari 40 tahun yang datang dengan LUTS dan dicurigai menderita BPH dipilih untuk mengikuti studi. Mereka dievaluasi dengan digital rectal examination (DRE), International Prostate Symptoms Score (IPSS), serum total PSA, uroflowmetri, pengukuran urin residu postvoid, Intravesical Protrusion Prostate (IPP) dan Prostate Volume (PV), menggunakan USG transabdominal.Hasil: PV, IPP dan PSA menunjukkan korelasi paralel. Ketiga indikator menunjukkan korelasi yang baik dalam mendeteksi obstruksi muara buli yang disebabkan oleh pembesaran prostat jinak. Analisis statistik menggunakan tes Chi square dan Spearman?s Rank correlation test. Kurva Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) digunakan untuk membandingkan korelasi PSA, PV dan IPP dengan BOO. Angka rerata PSA ditemukan lebih tinggi signifikan pada pasien yang mengalami obstruksi (8.6 ng/mL;0.76-130) dibandingkan dengan yang tidak mengalami obstruksi (6.44 ng/ml;1.0-40.6). Angka rerata volume protat juga ditemukan lebih tinggi pada pasien dengan obstruksi (50.33 mL±24.34) dibandingkan yang tidak mengalami obstruksi (50.33 mL ±24.34). Angka rerata IPP juga ditemukan lebih tinggi signifikan pada pasien obstruksi (7.29±2.78) dibandingkan dengan yang tidak mengalami obstruksi (6.59±2.93). Koefisien korelasi rho spearman adalah 0.617, 0.721 dan 0.797 untuk PSA, PV, dan IPP.Dengan menggunakan kurva karakteristik receiver-operator, daerah di bawah kurva ditempat secara berturut-turut oleh PSA, PV, dan IPP yaitu 0.509, 0.562, dan 0.602. Nilai prediktif positif dari PV, PSA dan IPP adalah 59.7%, 55.6%, dan 60.2%. Menggunakan model regresi nominal, IPP tetap menjadi indeks independen utama untuk menentukan BOO yang disebabkan oleh pembesaran prostat jinak. Kesimpulan: Prostat Specific Antigen, Prosat Volume dan Intravesical Prostatic Protrusion diukur dengan menggunakan ultrasonografi transabdominal, merupakan metode yang noninvasif dan mudah didapat yang sangat berkorelasi dengan obstruksi muara buli (bladder outlet obstruction/BOO) pada pasien dengan pembesaran prostat jinak, dan korelasi IPP lebih kuat dibandingkan PSA dan PV.Ketiga indikator non invasif ini berkorelasi satu dengan lainnya. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa IPP merupakan prediktor yang lebih baik untuk BOOdibandingkan PSA atau PV.

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ABSTRAK Introduction: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common diseases in elderly men. Benign prostatic hyperplasia may lead to prostatic enlargement, bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). But the symptoms and obstruction do not entirely depend on the size of prostate. In contrast, intravesical prostatic protrusion (IPP) has been found to correlate with BOO. This study will define the relationship between intravesical prostatic protrusion (IPP), prostate specific antigen (PSA) and prostate volume (PV) and also determine which one of them is the best predictor of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) due to benign prostatic enlargement.Method: A prospective study of 118 male patients examined between Januari 2012 until July 2012 was performed. Male patients aged more than 40 yearspresenting with LUTS and suggestive of BPH were selected for the study. They were evaluated with digital rectal examination (DRE), International Prostate Symptoms Score (IPSS), serum total PSA, uroflowmetry, postvoid residual urine measurement, Intravesical Protrusion Prostate (IPP) and Prostate Volume (PV) using transabdominal ultrasound.Results: PV, IPP and PSA showed parallel correlation. Although all three indices had good correlation in detecting bladder outlet obstruction caused by benign prostate hyperplasia. Statistical analysis included Chi square test and Spearman?s Rank correlation test. Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curves were used to compare the correlation of PSA, PV and IPP with BOO. Mean prostate specific antigen was significantly higher in obstructed patients (8.6 ng/mL; 0.76-130) compared to non-obstructed patients (6.44 ng/mL; 1.0-40.6). Mean prostatevolume was significantly larger in obstructed patients (50.33 mL ± 24.34) compared to non-obstructed patients (45.39 mL ± 23.43). Mean IPP was significantly greater in obstructed patients (7.29 ± 2.78) compared to nonobstructed patients (6.59 ± 2.93). The Spearman rho correlation coefficients were 0.617, 0.721 and 0.797 for PSA, PV and IPP, respectively. Using receiveroperator characteristic curves, the areas under the curve for PSA, PV and IPP were 0.509, 0.562 and 0.602, respectively. The positive predictive values of PV, PSA and IPP were 59.7%, 55.6% and 60.2%, respectively. Using a nominalregression model, IPP remained the most significant independent index to determine BOO caused by benign prostate hyperplasia. Conclusion: Prostate Specific Antigen, Prostate volume & intravesical prostatic protrusion measured through transabdominal ultrasonography are noninvasive and accessible method that significantly correlates with bladder outlet obstruction in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and the correlation of IPP is much more stronger than PSA and PV. All three non-invasive indices correlate with one another. The study showed that IPP is a better predictor for BOO than PSA or PV."