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"ABSTRAKSeiring meningkatnya kuantitas pertanian di Indonesia, harus diikuti dengan peningkatan kualitas pertanian. Umumnya salah satu indikator atau parameter yang biasa digunakan untuk menunjukan kualitas pertanian adalah jumlah hama yang merusak tanaman di daerah tertentu. Pengendalian organisme pengganggu pada tanaman tersebut dapat diminimalisir dengan produksi bio-insektisida berbasis Getah Pepaya Carica papaya yang disadap lalu diekstraksi dengan gelombang ultrasonik munggunakan pelarut NADES campuran dari Cholin chloride ChCl dan Oxalic acid Ox dengan variasi waktu sonifikasi selama 10, 20, 30 menit dan rasio pelarut 1:2, 3:2, 2:1. Bio-insektisida diproduksi dengan melakukan uji aktivitas enzim secara kualitatif protein dengan metode lowry dan secara kuantitatif menggunakan bantuan spektrofotometer UV/Vis dengan panjang gelombang 750 nm serta uji efikasi. Hasil ekstraksi terbaik didapatkan pada pelarut NADES dengan rasio 1:2 dengan waktu ekstraksi selama 30 menit dengan waktu ekstraksi selama 30 menit menghasilkan konsentrasi protein sebesar 7,23 ppm dan konsentrasi tirosin sebesar 7,9 ppm. Sampel bio-insektisida efektif mematikan ulat grayak dengan tingkat mortalitas 100 dalam rentang waktu 5-7 hari.

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ABSTRACTAlong with the increasing quantity of agriculture in Indonesia, should be followed by improving the quality of agriculture. Generally one of the indicators or parameters commonly used to indicate the quality of agriculture is the number of pests that damage plants in certain areas. The control of disturbing organisms on the plant can be minimized by the bio insecticide production of Carica papaya which is tapped and extracted with ultrasonic assisted using a mixed NADES solvent from Cholin chloride ChCl and Oxalic acid Ox with varying sonification time for 10, 20, 30 minutes and solvent ratio of 1 2, 3 2, 2 1. Bio insecticide was produced by conducting qualitative enzyme activity of protein with lowry method and quantitatively using UV Vis spectrophotometer aid with 750 nm wavelength and efficacy test. The best extraction result was obtained at NADES solvent with 1 2 ratio with extraction time for 30 min with extraction time for 30 minutes yielding protein concentration equal to 7,23 ppm and tyrosine concentration equal to 7,9 ppm. Bio insecticide samples effectively kill grayak caterpillars with 100 mortality within 5 7 days."

"Solanesol memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang tinggi dan absorpsi radikal bebas yang kuat dan sebagai bahan baku intermediat koenzim Q10. Solanesol umumnya ditemukan di tanaman solanaceous. Daun tembakau termasuk tanaman yang mengandung sumber solanesol terbanyak. Sintesis berbantuan ultrasonik (UAE) meningkatkan rendemen ekstrak melalui reduksi waktu proses, temperatur rendah, dan penggunaan pelarut yang aman. Penelitian ini mengevaluasi kelayakan investasi dari pabrik produksi solanesol dari daun tembakau sebagai bahan baku intermediat koenzim Q10. Pabrik akan dibangun di daerah Temanggung dengan masa usia proyek 15 tahun dan ditargetkan mampu memenuhi 1% market share di Asia Pasifik. Penelitian ini membandingkan tiga alur skenario proses ekstraksi solanesol, yaitu UAE Skenario 1, UAE Skenario 2, dan Soxhlet. Perangkat lunak SuperPro Designer digunakan untuk mensimulasikan proses produksi sehingga diperoleh data neraca massa, energi, dan parameter keekonomian. Simulasi menunjukkan produksi solanesol dengan metode ekstraksi UAE Skenario 1 pada daun tembakau sebagai skenario terbaik dengan nilai konversi 2,3% dan parameter profitabilitas berupa NPV, IRR, PBP, dan ROI sebesar USD 25.764.000, 34,45%, 2,20 tahun, dan 45,49% secara berurutan pada harga jual solanesol sebesar USD 2100/kg. Alternatif lain dengan metode UAE Skenario 2 dan Soxhlet memiliki nilai konversi tertinggi dan terendah, yaitu masing – masing 2,5%, dan 2,17%, dengan nilai parameter profitabilitas positif

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Solanesol has high antioxidant activity and strong free radical absorption, and serves as an intermediate raw material for coenzyme Q10. Solanesol commonly found in solanaceous plants. Tobacco leaves are the highest source of solanesol. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) increases the extract yield through reduce process time, low temperature, and using safe solvents. This study evaluates economic feasibility in solanesol production plant from tobacco leaves. The plant will be built in the Temanggung city with a project lifespan of 15 years and aims to achieve a 1% market share in the Asia Pasific region. This research compares three process extraction scenarios for solanesol: UAE Scenario 1, UAE Scenario 2, and Soxhlet. The SuperPro Designer software is used to simulate the production process, obtaining data on mass and energy balance, and economic parameters. The simulation shows that solanesol production using UAE Scenario 1 is the best scenario, with a conversion rate of 2,3% and profitability parameters such as NPV, IRR, PBP, and ROI of USD 25.764.000, 34,45%, 2,20 years, and 45,49% respectively, at solanesol selling price of USD 2.100/kg. Meanwhile, UAE Scenario 2 and Soxhlet methods has the highest and lowest conversion rates at 2,5% and 2,17% respectively, with positive profitability parameters."

"Rimpang temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) merupakan tanaman obat yang bermanfaat sebagai antioksidan karena mengandung kurkuminoid dan xantorizol. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan kombinasi NADES terbaik dan kondisi ekstraksi yang optimum serta membandingkan hasil kadar ekstraksi NADES-UAE dengan hasil kadar ekstraksi etanol-maserasi. Penggunaan NADES berpotensi mengekstraksi senyawa hidrofobik sehingga dilakukan optimasi kondisi ekstraksi agar mendapatkan kondisi optimal untuk mengekstraksi senyawa kurkuminoid dan xantorizol. Komponen NADES yang digunakan adalah kolin klorida dengan gula sederhana (glukosa, fruktosa, dan sukrosa). Optimasi kondisi ekstraksi ditentukan dengan metode Response Surface Methodology menggunakan tiga variabel bebas, yaitu penambahan air pada NADES (10–30%), rasio pelarut dan serbuk (15–25 mL/g), dan waktu ekstraksi (10–30 menit). Penetapan kadar kurkuminoid dan xantorizol dilakukan dengan menggunakan Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kombinasi kolin klorida dan sukrosa mendapatkan hasil yang paling tinggi. Kondisi yang optimum untuk mengekstraksi senyawa kurkuminoid dan xantorizol adalah penambahan air pada NADES 10%, rasio pelarut terhadap serbuk 25 mL/g, dan waktu ekstraksi 20 menit. Hasil ekstraksi maserasi-etanol 96% didapatkan dengan hasil kadar kurkuminoid dan xantorizol yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan NADES-UAE. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan NADES berbasis kolin klorida-sukrosa dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif pelarut organik untuk mengekstraksi senyawa kurkuminoid dan xantorizol.

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Javanese turmeric rhizome (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) is a medicinal plant used as an antioxidative agent because it contains curcuminoid dan xanthorrhizol. This research aimed to find the best combination of NADES and the optimal extraction condition and compare the extract level of NADES-UAE with the extract level of ethanol-maceration. NADES has a potential to extract hydrophobic compound, optimization of extraction condition conducted to find an optimal condition for extract curcuminoid and xanthorrhizol. NADES components used are choline chloride and sugar (glucose, fructose, and sucrose). The optimization of extraction condition was conducted using Response Surface Methodology with three variables, namely water percentage (10–30%), ratio of solvent to powder (15–25 mg/L), and extraction time (10–30 minutes). The analysis of curcuminoid and xanthorrhizol was performed using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Choline chloride-sucrose showed the highest result for extraction. The optimal conditions were obtained at 10% of water percentage, 25 mL/g ratio of solvent to powder, and 20 minutes of extraction time. The extraction results obtained in the maceration methods with 96% ethanol extract showed the curcuminoid and xanthorrhizol level is higher than NADES-UAE. Based on the result, it can be concluded that choline chloride-sucrose based NADES can be used as an alternative to organic solvent to extract curcuminoid and xanthorrhizol.

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"Logam berat seperti timbal (Pb) merupakan salah satu unsur jejak (trace element) yang bersifat sangat toksik bahkan pada konsentrasi yang sangat rendah. Aktivitas industri merupakan sumber utama limbah Pb di lingkungan. Maka dari itu diperlukan metode dengan limit deteksi rendah serta selektivitas tinggi untuk meningkatkan efisiensi pemisahan dan analisis Pb dari lingkungan seperti metode prakonsentrasi. Metode prakonsentrasi yang paling umum digunakan adalah Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE). Pada penelitian ini disintesis Pb(II)- ion-imprinted polymer (IIP) untuk meningkatkan selektivitas dan sensitivitas metode ekstraksi fasa padat (II) menggunakan ion Pb2+ sebagai ion template, asam galat sebagai ligan, 4-vinilpiridin sebagai monomer fungsional, AIBN sebagai inisiator, dan EGDMA sebagai agen pengikat silang. Sintesis IIP menggunakan gelombang ultrasound bertujuan untuk meningkatkan efisiensi polimerisasi. NIP sebagai pembanding disintesis dengan metode yang sama, tanpa menggunakan template. Hasil sintesis Pb(II)-IIP dan NIP dikarakterisasi menggunakan FTIR, SEM-EDS, TGA. Pb(II)-IIP 1:1 memiliki kapasitas adsorpsi paling besar yaitu 123,812 mg/g optimum pada pH 6 dan waktu kontak 120 menit. Isoterm adsorpsinya mengikuti isoterm Freundlich dan kinetika adsorpsinya mengikuti persamaan pseudo-orde dua. Parameter validasi linearitas menghasilkan nilai R2 = 0,9882, repeatabilitas dengan nilai RSD 0,086%, selektivitas terhadap logam biner Pb/Fe, Pb/Zn, Pb/Cd, Pb/Cu, dan Pb/Cr menghasilkan nilai α berurutan 16,6; 52,5; 39,2; 18,5; dan 24 yang berarti Pb(II)-IIP selektif terhadap Pb dibanding logam kompetitornya, dan uji rekoveri menunjukan hasil dengan akurasi yang baik dengan nilai persen rekoveri 104,180%; 105,431%; dan 104,262%.

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Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal that is extremely toxic even at low concentrations. Pb waste in the environment comes primarily from industrial activity. To improve the efficiency of the separation and analysis of Pb from the environment, a method with a low detection limit and good selectivity, such as the preconcentration method, is required. Solid-Phase Extraction is the most popular preconcentration technique (SPE). Using Pb2+ ions as template ions, gallic acid as ligand, 4-vinylpyridine as functional monomer, AIBN as an initiator, and EGDMA as a crosslinking agent, a Pb(II)-ion-imprinted polymer (IIP) was synthesized to improve the selectivity and sensitivity of the solid phase (II) extraction method. The goal of ultrasound-assisted IIP synthesis is to improve polymerization efficiency. NIP was synthesized using the same method as NIP, but without the use of a template. FTIR, SEM-EDS, and TGA were used to characterize the results of the Pb(II)-IIP and NIP synthesis. The adsorption capacity of Pb(II)-IIP 1:1 is the highest, with 123.812 mg/g optimal at pH 6 and a contact time of 120 minutes. The Freundlich isotherm is followed by the adsorption isotherm, and the pseudo second order equation is followed by the adsorption kinetics. The linearity validation parameter resulted in the value of R2 = 0.9882, the reliability with the RSD value 0.086%, selectivity to binary metals Pb/Fe, Pb/Zn, Pb/Cd, Pb/Cu, and Pb/Cr resulted in sequential values: 16.6; 52.5; 39.2; 18.5; and 24, which means that Pb(II)-IIP is selective for Pb compared to its competitor metals, and the recovery test shows good accuracy with the percent recovery values of 104,180%; 105,431%; and 104,262%."

"Skripsi ini memaparkan pengaruh durasi ekstraksi dengan metode ultrasonikasi terhadap kadar Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) ekstrak kulit durian (Durio zibethinus). Penggunaan insektisida kimia dapat menimbulkan dampak buruk pada lingkungan karena meninggalkan residu dalam tanah serta dalam bagian tanaman. Penggunaan bioinsektisida dapat menjadi alternatif pengganti insektisida kimia karena bersifat biodegradable yang memiliki residu yang lebih aman bagi pertanian. Salah satu senyawa yang memiliki fungsi sebagai insektisida alami adalah flavonoid. Flavonoid adalah kelas metabolit sekunder dari polifenol yang memiliki berbagai efek bioaktif. Flavonoid ditemukan secara luas di bagian tanaman salah satu diantaranya terkandung dalam kulit buah durian (Durio zibethinus). Untuk memperoleh senyawa bioaktif dalam kulit durian maka perlu dilakukan ekstraksi. Studi terkini pada ekstraksi kulit buah durian dengan ultrasonikasi atau disebut juga Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) atau biasa disebut ultrasonikasi. Sayangnya, belum ada penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai pengaruh durasi ekstraksi ultrasonikasi terhadap kadar flavonoid pada kulit durian. Berangkat dari kondisi tersebut maka penelitian ini dilakukan. Durasi ekstraksi yang digunakan sebagai variabel bebas pada penelitian ini adalah 20, 30, 45, 60, 75, dan 90 menit. Pemilihan waktu ultrasonikasi yang optimum didasari pada signifikansi nilai TFC. Durasi ekstraksi 60 menit merupakan hasil optimum pada penelitian ini dengan nilai TFC sebesar 0,365 0,0062 mgQE/g. walaupun terdapat peningkatan nilai TFC setelah 60 menit, namun secara statistik tidak signifikan. Selain itu, dilakukan uji kandungan ekstrak durian menggunakan LC-MS untuk mengetahui kandungan bioaktif yang memiliki potensi sebagai bioinsektisida. Hasil uji LCMS menunjukan beberapa senyawa seperti tannin, alkaloid, flavonoid, dan terpenoid yang terkandung dalam kulit buah durian yang memiliki peran sebagai bioinsektisida.

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This undergraduate thesis reports the effect of the extraction duration using the ultrasonication method on the Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) of durian skin extract (Durio zibethinus). The use of chemical insecticides can have a negative impact on the environment because it leaves residues in the soil as well as in plant parts. The use of bioinsecticides can be an alternative to chemical insecticides because they are biodegradable and have residues that are safer for agriculture. One of the compounds that have a function as a natural insecticide is flavonoids. Flavonoids are a class of secondary metabolites of polyphenols that have various bioactive effects. Flavonoids are found widely in plant parts, one of which is contained in the skin of the durian fruit (Durio zibethinus). To obtain bioactive compounds in durian skin, extraction is necessary. Recent studies on the extraction of durian skin by ultrasonication or also called Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) or commonly called ultrasonication. Unfortunately, there has been no further research on the effect of the duration of ultrasonication extraction on flavonoid levels in durian skin. Based on these conditions, this research was carried out. The extraction duration used as the independent variable in this study was 20, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 minutes. The selection of the optimum ultrasonication time is based on the significance of the TFC value. The extraction duration of 60 minutes was the optimum result in this study with a TFC value of 0.365±0.0062 mgQE/g dry biomass. although there was an increase in the TFC value after 60 minutes, it was not statistically significant. In addition, the content of durian extract was tested using LC-MS to determine the bioactive content that has potential as a bioinsecticide. The results of the LCMS test show that several compounds such as tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids contained in the durian fruit peel have a role as a bioinsecticide.

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"This unique, findings-oriented guide to computed tomography is organized to reflect the way radiologists really work: progressing from general impressions to definitive diagnoses. In nearly 1000 high-quality scabs, the radiologist will find CT findings depicting frequently encountered congenital and acquired diseases and disorders. Included in the wide-ranging survey of CT findings are traumatic injuries; congenital anomalies; and infectious, inflammatory, neoplastic, and degenerative disease processes. For convenience, these are grouped anatomically by brain, head and neck, spine, musculoskeletal system, chest, abdomen, and pelvis. In addition, the book's extensive index systematically cross-references diseases and CT findings, providing even greater accessibility to key information"--Provided by publisher."

"ABSTRAKPercutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) sebagai pendekatan untuk perawatan batu ginjal membutuhkan penggunaan fluoroskopi X-ray C-arm. Namun demikian, pemanfaatan X-ray C-arm sesuai standar sulit untuk dicapai di sebagian besar rumah sakit di Indonesia. Akses ginjal dengan panduan Ultrasonografi (USG) dalam tindakan PCNL menawarkan solusi untuk mengurangi paparan radiasi selama prosedur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan hasil operasi prosedur PCNL supine dengan panduan USG di Rumah Sakit Adam Malik, Medan. Sebanyak 13 pasien berturut-turut menjalani prosedur supine PCNL dengan panduan USG di Rumah Sakit Adam Malik Medan, Indonesia, dari bulan April hingga Juni 2018. Pasien dengan riwayat operasi batu ginjal terbuka, gangguan fungsi ginjal, dan urosepsis tidak disertakan dalam penelitian. Penelitian prospektif dilakukan dengan mencatat data pasien yang menjalani PCNL, termasuk karakteristik pasien dan batu ginjal, data intraoperatif, dan status batu sisa. Usia rata-rata pasien adalah 46,00 ± 12,92 tahun. Rasio pria-wanita pada pasien adalah 6 : 7. Lebih dari setengah pasien mempunyai batu ginjal kiri (61,54%). Ukuran rata-rata batu adalah 25,71 ± 13,17 mm. Terdapat 11 pasien (84,62%) yang menerima puncture sebanyak satu kali, sementara yang lain menerima 2 kali (1 pasien; 7,69%) dan tiga kali (1 pasien; 7,69%). Rata-rata waktu puncture hingga tindakan nefroskopi adalah 15,64 ± 3,14 menit. Tindakan dilatasi berhasil dilakukan dengan waktu rata-rata 11,46 ± 1,56 menit. Waktu rata-rata nefroskopi adalah 25 menit (18-62 menit), dan total durasi operasi adalah 85,92 ± 33,95 menit. Tingkat keberhasilan tanpa hidronefrosis, hidronefrosis ringan, sedang, dan berat masing-masing adalah 50%, 100%, 100%, dan 50%. Sepuluh pasien bebas batu setelah prosedur (tingkat keberhasilan 76,92%).USG-PCNL memiliki hasil yang memuaskan. Hal ini dapat menjadi pertimbangan bahwa USG-PCNL bisa menjadi alternatif yang baik untuk mengurangi paparan radiasi pada pasien dan ahli urologi.

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ABSTRACTPercutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) as an approach to kidney stone treatment requires a C-arm X-ray fluoroscopy application. Nevertheless, the utilization of standardized C-arm X-ray is complicated to achieve in most of our country hospitals. Ultrasound (US)-guided renal access for PCNL offers the solution for reducing the radiation exposure in the procedure. The present study aims to describe the operation outcomes of US-guided supine PCNL procedure at Adam Malik Hospital, Medan.A total of 13 consecutive patients underwent US-guided supine PCNL procedure at Adam Malik Hospital Medan, Indonesia, from April until June 2018. Patients with a history of open renal stone surgery, impaired renal function, and urosepsis were excluded from the study. We prospectively recorded the data of patients undergoing PCNL, including patient and stone characteristics, intraoperative data, and residual stone status. The mean age of the patients was 46.00 ± 12.92 years. The male-to-female ratio of the patients was 6:7. More than half of the patients had left kidney stone (61.54%). The mean stone size was 25.71 ± 13.17 mm. There were 11 patients (84.62%) who received one-time successful puncture attempt, while the others received 2 (1 patient; 7.69%) and three attempts (1 patient; 7.69%). The mean puncture-to-nephroscope time was 15.64 ± 3.14 minutes. All patients had successful dilation with the mean dilation time was 11.46 ± 1.56 minutes. The median nephroscopy time was 25 (18-62) minutes, and the total operation duration was 85.92 ± 33.95 minutes. The success rates for no hydronephrosis, mild, moderate, and severe hydronephrosis were 50%, 100%, 100%, and 50% respectively. Ten patients were stone-free after the procedure (76.92% success rate). US-PCNL has satisfactory outcomes. It should be considered that US-PCNL could be a good alternative for reducing radiation exposure of the patient and urologist."

"As it is quick, inexpensive, and non-invasive, ultrasound is the modality of choice for guidance of interventional procedures in the soft tissues. Furthermore, the rising mean age of the general population is being accompanied by increasing demand among patients for minimally invasive procedures to treat painful chronic and degenerative syndromes of the musculoskeletal system. This handbook is a clear, practical guide to ultrasound-guided minimally invasive treatments of musculoskeletal pain in the upper limb. Each chapter is clearly structured, with brief but comprehensive descriptions of the disease to be treated and of the materials and drugs needed. High-quality images and easy-to-follow schemes explain the best approach in each situation, and practical tips and tricks of value in daily clinical routine are provided."

"The main target of clinical and academic cardiology activities is to optimize the patient's management and ultimately their welfare. Professionals manage patients according to their own understanding of disease process; clinicians concentrate on alleviating the symptoms and echocardiographers on identifying the disease. This book helps to 'cross the barrier' and describes the common ground between physiologic disturbances and their management which should ideally form the shared basis for understanding and managing all cardiac problems.A practical review of the many uses of echocardiography in clinical practice, Clinical Echocardiography is designed to integrate and refine the investigation of cardiac disorders within the framework of the pathologic, physiologic and surgical appearances of heart disease. It has been common to consider echocardiographic findings separately from the more physical aspects of heart disease. However, with the development of new imaging modalities such as three- and four-dimensional echocardiography, it has become necessary to consider this imaging as a window on the heart. "