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"Penelitian ini menganalisis keabsahan akta kuasa dengan klausul tidak dapat dicabut kembali atas obyek saham perseroan terbatas penanaman modal asing, dengan studi kasus pendirian PT X. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan merumuskan 2 (dua) permasalahan utama, yaitu mengenai bagaimana pengaturan kepemilikan saham asing pada Perseroan Terbatas Penanaman Modal Asing dan bagaimana keabsahan akta kuasa notaril dengan klausula yang tidak dapat dicabut kembali dalam pemindahan hak atas saham dan hak untuk hadir serta mengeluarkan suara dalam Rapat Umum Pemegang Saham pada Perseroan Terbatas serta kaitannya dengan tanggung jawab Notaris dalam membuat akta kuasa. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif , yakni dengan penelusuran dan penelaahan, dengan menggunakan pendekatan penelitian deduktif dengan bentuk penelitian preskiptif. Adapun penelitian ini dengan memanfaatkan sumber data yang bersifat kualitatif serta data yang menjadi obyek penelitian merupakan data sekunder yang didapatkan melalui studi kepustakaan.Penelitian ini menghasilkan kesimpulan bahwa regulasi yang mengatur tentang kepemilikan saham asing pada Perseroan Terbatas Penanaman Modal Asing adalah regulasi mengenai perseroan terbatas, dengan mengkaitkannya terhadap regulasi-regulasi terkhusus tentang penanaman modal asing baik berupa Undang-Undang, Peraturan Pemerintah hingga produk regulasi Badan Koordinasi Penanama Modal Asing. Selain itu, kuasa notaril dengan klausula yang tidak dapat dicabut kembali dalam pemindahan hak atas saham dan hak untuk hadir serta mengeluarkan suara dalam Rapat Umum Pemegang Saham (RUPS) adalah sah, namun oleh karena dengan adanya klausula tidak dapat dicabut kembali menyebabkan perpindahan kepemilikan secara tidak langsung dan melanggar pasal 33 UU Penanaman Modal, maka klausula tersebut menjadi batal demi hukum. Sehingga kuasa tersebut tunduk pada konstruksi kuasa pada umumnya berdasarkan KUHPerdata

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This research analyzes the validity of the deed of power of attorney with irrevocable clause in regarding to the right of shares in Foreign Investment Limited Liability Company, with a case study of the establishment of PT X. This research has 2 (two) main issues. First, the regulation of the ownership of foreign right of shares in Foreign Investment Limited Liability Company, and second, the validity of the deed of power of attorney with irrevocable clause in regarding to transfer of share, also right to attend and to vote in General Meeting of Shareholder Limited Liability Company, and related to Public Notary`s responsibility and liability as the maker of the deed of power of attorney. This research uses normative juridical research, which consists of searching and studying with using deductive research approach in the form of prescriptive research. This research is using qualitative data sources, also using the secondary data as the objects of research, which was found through library research.This research concludes that the regulation about the ownership of foreign investor`s right of share in Foreign Investment Limited Liability Company is the Limited Liability Company`s regulation related to specific regulations about foreign investment regulation, both in form of Undang-Undang, Peraturan Pemerintah, the regulations of Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal and other derivative regulations Besides, the deed of power of attorney with irrevocable clause in transfer of shares and right to attend and to vote in GMS is lawful, but because of the existence of the deed of power of attorney with irrevocable clause causes the indirect transfer of ownership which also violates Article 33 UU Penanaman Modal, then the irrevocable clause is null and void. Therefore, the power of attorney prevails the regulation of general power of attorney as regulated in Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata."

"[Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 2009 merupakan undang-undang yang dapat dikatakan cukup kontroversial bagi pertambangan mineral logam, karena merubah alur industri pertambangan logam tanah air menjadi tidak hanya mencakup kegiatan pertambangan semata, akan tetapi juga diwajibkan untuk perusahaan-perusahaan pertambangan melakukan kegiatan pengolahan dan pemurnian di dalam negeri dalam kurun waktu hanya 5 (lima) tahun saja. Keterbatasan infrastruktur di daerah-daerah, ketidaktersediaan listrik, serta kompleksnya birokrasi yang melingkupi perluasan bidang usaha lintas sektor antara pertambangan (hulu) dengan pemurnian (hilir) membuat hal tersebut menjadi terlalu sulit diwujudkan, ditambah lagi dengan inkonsistensi Pemerintah yang menetapkan kewajiban divestasi saham bagi Perusahaan Pertambangan Penanaman Modal Asing, dari 20% (dua puluh persen) di tahun 2010, menjadi 51% (lima puluh satu persen) di tahun 2012. Selain kedua hal tersebut, pada tahun ketiga sejak Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 2009 diberlakukan, Pemerintah telah melarang kegiatan ekspor mineral mentah, akan tetapi mencabutnya kembali dan menetapkan ketentuan ekspor dengan tambahan birokrasi yang semakin panjang, sehingga menyebabkan investor pertambangan penanaman modal asing kehilangan waktu dan sulit dalam merealisasikan amanah Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 2009 tersebut. Penulisan ini bertujuan untuk menampilkan fakta kesulitan-kesulitan yang dialami oleh PT. X selaku perusahaan penanaman modal asing dalam bidang pertambangan mineral nikel oleh karena kebijakan pertambangan yang tidak cukup berimbang.

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Law Number 4 Year 2009 could be considered as a controversy for the metal mineral mining businesses, since it has changed the scheme of domestic metal mineral mining industry to not only contains mining but also obliged the mining companies to conduct mineral smelting and processing domestically within period of only 5 (five) years. The limitation of infrastructure facilities within the counties, unavailability of electrical source, and the complexity of bureaucracies that facilitates such cross borders industrial sectors between the mining (mainstream industries) , and the smelting and processing (downstream industries) has caused such policy too unreasonable to be accomplished, moreover the inconsistency of the Government whom has stipulated the divestment terms for the foreign investing mining company, from 20% (twenty percent) in 2010, and re-stipulated it to became 51% (fifty one) percent within 2012. Apart from those two main issues herein, by the third year since the enactment of Law Number 4 Year 2009, the Government has banned the raw mineral export activities, however revoked such laws and enacted a new regulation of raw mineral export policies with additional/ longer bureaucracy’s mechanism process, therefore it has put the foreign mining investors within difficult circumstances to actualize the mandate of the laws itself. This Thesis intends to display the problematic facts that experienced by PT. X as a foreign investing mining company in nickel mining by the insufficient fairness of mining policies.;Law Number 4 Year 2009 could be considered as a controversy for the metal mineral mining businesses, since it has changed the scheme of domestic metal mineral mining industry to not only contains mining but also obliged the mining companies to conduct mineral smelting and processing domestically within period of only 5 (five) years. The limitation of infrastructure facilities within the counties, unavailability of electrical source, and the complexity of bureaucracies that facilitates such cross borders industrial sectors between the mining (mainstream industries) , and the smelting and processing (downstream industries) has caused such policy too unreasonable to be accomplished, moreover the inconsistency of the Government whom has stipulated the divestment terms for the foreign investing mining company, from 20% (twenty percent) in 2010, and re-stipulated it to became 51% (fifty one) percent within 2012. Apart from those two main issues herein, by the third year since the enactment of Law Number 4 Year 2009, the Government has banned the raw mineral export activities, however revoked such laws and enacted a new regulation of raw mineral export policies with additional/ longer bureaucracy’s mechanism process, therefore it has put the foreign mining investors within difficult circumstances to actualize the mandate of the laws itself. This Thesis intends to display the problematic facts that experienced by PT. X as a foreign investing mining company in nickel mining by the insufficient fairness of mining policies.;Law Number 4 Year 2009 could be considered as a controversy for the metal mineral mining businesses, since it has changed the scheme of domestic metal mineral mining industry to not only contains mining but also obliged the mining companies to conduct mineral smelting and processing domestically within period of only 5 (five) years. The limitation of infrastructure facilities within the counties, unavailability of electrical source, and the complexity of bureaucracies that facilitates such cross borders industrial sectors between the mining (mainstream industries) , and the smelting and processing (downstream industries) has caused such policy too unreasonable to be accomplished, moreover the inconsistency of the Government whom has stipulated the divestment terms for the foreign investing mining company, from 20% (twenty percent) in 2010, and re-stipulated it to became 51% (fifty one) percent within 2012. Apart from those two main issues herein, by the third year since the enactment of Law Number 4 Year 2009, the Government has banned the raw mineral export activities, however revoked such laws and enacted a new regulation of raw mineral export policies with additional/ longer bureaucracy’s mechanism process, therefore it has put the foreign mining investors within difficult circumstances to actualize the mandate of the laws itself. This Thesis intends to display the problematic facts that experienced by PT. X as a foreign investing mining company in nickel mining by the insufficient fairness of mining policies., Law Number 4 Year 2009 could be considered as a controversy for the metal mineral mining businesses, since it has changed the scheme of domestic metal mineral mining industry to not only contains mining but also obliged the mining companies to conduct mineral smelting and processing domestically within period of only 5 (five) years. The limitation of infrastructure facilities within the counties, unavailability of electrical source, and the complexity of bureaucracies that facilitates such cross borders industrial sectors between the mining (mainstream industries) , and the smelting and processing (downstream industries) has caused such policy too unreasonable to be accomplished, moreover the inconsistency of the Government whom has stipulated the divestment terms for the foreign investing mining company, from 20% (twenty percent) in 2010, and re-stipulated it to became 51% (fifty one) percent within 2012. Apart from those two main issues herein, by the third year since the enactment of Law Number 4 Year 2009, the Government has banned the raw mineral export activities, however revoked such laws and enacted a new regulation of raw mineral export policies with additional/ longer bureaucracy’s mechanism process, therefore it has put the foreign mining investors within difficult circumstances to actualize the mandate of the laws itself. This Thesis intends to display the problematic facts that experienced by PT. X as a foreign investing mining company in nickel mining by the insufficient fairness of mining policies.]"

"Penelitian ini membahas mengenai kepastian hukum penanaman modal asing di Indonesia kemudian membandingkan Undang-Undang Penanaman Modal di Indonesia dan Vietnam. Pokok permasalahan yang diangkat dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana kepastian hukum penanaman modal asing di Indonesia serta bagaimana perbandingan undang-undang penanaman modal di Indonesia dan Vietnam. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui, memahami dan menganalisi masalah kepastian hukum Penanaman Modal Asing di Indonesia, dan perbandingan Undang-Undang Penanaman Modal antara Indonesia dan Vietnam. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum yang bersifat yuridis normatif dengan menggunakan data sekunder diantaranya peraturan perundang-undangan dan buku-buku.Penanaman Modal Asing memberi manfaat dan dampak yang positif untuk pertumbuhan ekonomi suatu negara, begitu juga untuk Indonesia dan Vietnam yang masih dianggap sebagai destinasi investasi Asia dan dunia. Banyak faktor yang menjadi bahan pertimbangan bagi penanam modal untuk menanamkan modalnya pada suatu negara, salah satunya adalah jaminan kepastian hukum. Masalah kepastian hukum seringkali menjadi penghambat masuknya investasi, khususnya di Indonesia karena ketidakpastian hukum menyebabkan iklim investasi menjadi tidak kondusif. Penelitian ini membandingkan Undang-Undang Penanaman Modal antara Indonesia dan Vietnam, kemudian menemukan beberapa persamaan dan perbedaan didalamnya. Undang-Undang Penanaman Modal harus bisa mengakomodir kepentingan penanam modal asing dengan memberi kepastian hukum, diikuti dengan penegakan hukum, tanpa mengurangi kepentingan nasion.

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This research examines the legal certainty of foreign investment in Indonesia and subsequently compares the investment laws between Indonesia and Vietnam. The principal issue raised in this research is about the legal certainty of foreign investment in Indonesia as well as how the Indonesian laws of investment are compared to the laws of investment in Vietnam. As for the purpose of this research is to discover, comprehend and analyze the legal certainty problem of Foreign Investment in Indonesia, and the comparison of Investment Laws between Indonesia and Vietnam. This research is a legal research which is juridical normative using secondary data such as legislation and books.

Foreign investment gives benefits and impact which are positive for economic growth of a country, as well as to Indonesia and Vietnam which are still regarded as the investment destination in Asia and in the world. There are many factors taken into consideration for investors to invest in a country, one of them is legal certainty assurance. Legal certainty problem often obstructs the entry of investment, especially in Indonesia because the legal uncertainty made it inconducive for investment. This research attempts to compare the laws of investment between Indonesia and Vietnam, and subsequently locate the similarities and differences between them. Investment laws should be able to accommodate the interests of foreign investors by providing legal certainty, followed by law enforcement, without jeopardizing national interest."

"Sebagai dampak dari globalisasi, Indonesia mendapatkan banyak investasi melalui penanaman modal asing (PMA) atau foreign direct investment (FDI) dan juga semakin aktif terlibat dalam perdagangan internasional. Hal ini menimbulkan dampak yang positif bagi pertumbuhan ekonomi, namun menimbulkan dampak yang ambigu terhadap ketimpangan upah antara tenaga kerja terampil dibandingkan non-terampil. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menggunakan regresi panel data random effect tahun 2006 dan 2015, penulis menemukan bahwa di tahun 2006 FDI memiliki dampak meningkatkan ketimpangan upah karena meningkatkan wage premium. Namun, telah terjadi konvergensi di tahun 2015. Hal ini disebabkan karena jenis FDI yang ada di Indonesia sebagian besar adalah jenis FDI vertikal yang membutuhkan lebih banyak tenaga kerja tidak terampil. Dampak perdagangan internasional sesuai dengan teorema Hecksher-Ohlin, dimana ekspor akan menurunkan ketimpangan upah bagi tenaga kerja non-terampil. Sebaliknya, impor akan meningkatkan ketimpangan upah karena merupakan proksi dari teknologi. Sehingga, membutuhkan lebih banyak tenaga kerja terampil (skill-biased technological change).

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As a result of globalization, Indonesia as an emerging nation receive numerous amounts of foreign direct investment (FDI) and also actively involved in international trade. This generates a positive impact to the economic growth of the nation yet has an ambiguous impact to the wage inequality in comparison between skilled labour to unskilled labour. Based on the research using random effect panel data regression of year 2006 and 2015, this study found that in year 2006 FDI has a positive impact in increasing the wage inequality as it increases the wage premium of skilled worker. However, in 2015, this study found that the result is insignificance in increasing the wage inequality – threfore indicated the convergency happened. This is because the type of FDI in Indonesia is vertical FDI which requires more unskilled worker and therefore increases the wage of the unskilled worker. In international trade, this study proved that Hecksher-Ohlin theorem occured in Indonesia, of which the export reduces inequality of unskilled labour. On the contrary, import increases the wage inequality since it is a proxy of technology which requires more skilled worker entitled skill biased technological change."

"Optimalisasi penerimaan negara dengan penerapan omnibus law perpajakan yaitu melalui peningkatan pendanaan investasi. Peningkatan pendanaan investasi yang dilakukan pemerintah berfokus pada reformasi kebijakan relaksasi pemangkasan tarif Pajak Penghasilan Badan dari 25% ke 22% di tahun 2021 dan 2022. Kebijakan ini diharapkan dapat menarik investor asing untuk menanamkan modalnya ke Indonesia. Penggerusan penerimaan yang diakibatkan kebijakan ini diseimbangkan dengan perluasan basis pajak salah satunya dengan kenaikan tarif PPN. Terdapat keterkaitan antara perpajakan dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi karena potensi perpajakan terletak pada kegiatan ekonomi sehingga dibutuhkan analisis formulasi kebijakan dan kendala dalam formulasi kebijakan penurunan tarif Pajak Penghasilan Badan dalam meningkatkan penerimaan penanaman modal asing di Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui bagaimana formulasi kebijakan penurunan tarif pajak penghasilan badan dilihat dari tahapan perumusan masalah, agenda kebijakan, pemilihan alternatif kebijakan, dan penetapan kebijakan, dan menganalisis faktor penghambat dari formulasi kebijakan penurunan tarif Pajak Penghasilan Badan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data berupa studi literatur dan wawancara mendalam. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa proses formulasi kebijakan penurunan tarif Pajak Penghasilan Badan sesuai dan memenuhi tahap-tahap formulasi kebijakan publik. Kendala yang dihadapi dalam formulasi kebijakan ini adalah keterbatasan koordinasi antar tim dan waktu penyusunan kebijakan yang singkat, mengetahui peraturan yang terkait dan memahami benchmarking negara lain, dan minimnya investor baru yang masuk ketika pandemi.

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Optimizing state revenue by implementing omnibus law, namely increasing investment income. Investments made by the government are focused on reforming the corporate income tax rate relaxation policy from 25% to 22% in 2021 and 2022. This policy is expected to attract foreign investors to invest in Indonesia. The erosion of revenue originating from this policy is balanced with tax expansion, one of which is an increase in VAT rates. There is a relationship between taxation and economic growth which lies in economic activity so that policy analysis and determination of income tax rates are needed in increasing foreign direct investment in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to find out how the formulation of income tariff reduction policies is seen from the stages of problem formulation, policy agendas, alternative election policies, policy determination, and analysis of inhibiting factors for the Agency's tariff reduction policies. The method used in this study is a qualitative method with data collection in the form of literature studies and in-depth interviews. The results of this study indicate that the process of formulating a policy for reducing corporate income tax rates is in accordance with the stages of public policy. Constraints faced in the formulation of this policy are the limited coordination between teams and short policy formulation time, understanding benchmarking from other countries, and the lack of new investors entering Indonesia during pandemic."

"Skripsi ini menganalisis persyaratan dan prosedur permohonan perubahan status PT. Jasa Medivest dari PT. PMA menjadi PT. PMDN. Untuk mendapatkan persetujuan perubahan status dari PT. PMA menjadi PT. PMDN dari BKPM, PT. Jasa Medivest melakukan segala tindakan yang diperlukan dan diwajibkan Undang-Undang No. 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas, Undang-Undang No. 25 Tahun 2007 tentang Penanaman Modal, dan Peraturan Kepala BKPM No. 12 Tahun 2009 tentang Pedoman dan Tata Cara Permohonan Penanaman Modal. Setelah diperolehnya persetujuan No. 8/1/PPM/V/PMDN/2011 diamanatkan oleh BKPM PT. Jasa Medivest diwajibkan dalam jangka waktu paling lama 6 (enam) bulan terhitung sejak persetujuan diterbitkan untuk mengalihkan sebagian sahamnya kepada pihak lain atau PT. Jasa Medivest diwajibkan untuk mengeluarkan saham baru untuk diambil bagian oleh pihak lain sesuai dengan ketentuan Pasal 7 ayat 5 Undang-Undang No. 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas.This thesis analyses the requirements and procedures to submit the application for the change of status PT. Jasa Medivest from the foreign direct investment company into domestic direct investment company. For obtaining an approval of the change status of the company from BKPM, PT. Jasa Medivest have met all necessary action and required conditions in the Law No. 40 of 2007 Regarding Limited Liability, the Law No. 25 of 2007 Regarding Investment, and BKPM Regulation No. 12 of 2009 Regarding Guideline and Application Procedure of Investment. After obtaining the BKPM?s approval No. 1/8/ PPM/V/PMDN/2011, BKPM has required PT. Jasa Medivest to transfer part of the shares to another party or PT. Jasa Medivest to issue new shares to other parties within 6 (six) months in accordance with the provision of article 7 paragraph 5 Law No. 40 of 2007."