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"ABSTRAKIndonesia adalah negara yang memiliki banyak hutan hujan tropis. Selain hutan hujan tropis, Indonesia memiliki luas lahan gambut tropis yang sangat luas, sekitar 16,8-27,0 juta Ha ditemukan di seluruh negeri. Lahan gambut ini berfungsi sebagai penyimpan karbon yang dapat mengandung karbon dalam jumlah yang sangat besar. Gambut hampir tidak dapat terbakar dalam kondisi normal tetapi dalam kondisi kering, gambut mudah terbakar. Kebakaran lahan gambut melepaskan sejumlah besar emisi karbon ke atmosfer, kejadian ini menyebabkan kerugian seperti polusi udara dan merusak karbon yang tersimpan di tanah. Total emisi yang telah dilepaskan ke udara dapat dihitung melalui jumlah gambut yang terbakar selama kebakaran atau dikenal sebagai kedalam pembakaran. Sayangnya penyebaran api gambut tidak dapat diprediksi dengan mudah, ada beberapa variabel yang mempengaruhi pembakaran yang membara seperti kadar air, kandungan inorganik, dan karakteristik gambut itu sendiri. Dalam penelitian ini, dikembangkan alat yang memungkinkan untuk mendeteksi penyebaran gambut yang membara baik secara horizontal maupun vertikal. Perangkat ini dioperasikan menggunakan mikrokontroler dan modul laser mulai digunakan untuk mengukur kedalaman dan penyebaran kebakaran

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ABSTRACTIndonesia is a country that has vast amount of tropical rainforest. Besides tropical rainforest Indonesia has very wide area of tropical peat land, approximately there are 16.8-27.0 million ha are found across the country. These peatlands serve as carbon storage that could contains a huge amount of carbon. Peat hardly to caught on fire in normal condition but in dry condition, peat could caught on fire easily. Peatland fire release a huge amount of carbon emissions to atmosphere, this incident causing losses such as air pollution and damaging stored carbon in soil. Total emission that had been released to the air could be calculated through amount of peat that burned down during the fire or known as depth of burn. Unfortunately peat fire spread could not be predicted easily, there are variables affect the smouldering combustion such as moisture content, inert contain, and the characteristic of the peat itself. In this research, a device was developed that enable detection of smouldering spread of peat both laterally and vertically. The device was mainly operated using microcontroller and a laser ranging module used for measuring the depth of burn and spread."

"Teknologi pengolahan citra memiliki banyak penerapan dalam kehidupan dewasa ini. Salah satu nya adalah sebagai metode untuk pengukuran jarak. Keunggulan dari teknologi pengolahan citra adalah kecepatan proses, dan akurasi yang tinggi. Sayangnya, belum ada penelitian yang menguji penerapan metode pengukuran jarka dengan laser dan kamera untuk pengukuran jarak di atas 5m di luar ruangan. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pengujian metode pengukuran jarak dengan teknologi pengolahan citra menggunakan triangulasi segitiga dengan bantuan laser di ruang terbuka. Dilakukan 4 jenis pengujian yaitu pengaruh jarak kamera dan laser, pengaruh penggunaan lensa tambahan, pengarus resolusi kamera, dan pengaruh cahaya matahari. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian, didapatkan rata-rata nilai bias pada sistem pengukuran sebesar 796,38mm.

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Image processing technology has many applications in life. One of them is a method for distance measurement. The advantages of image processing technology are process speed, and high accuracy. Unfortunately, no studies have examined the application of accurate measurement methods with lasers and cameras for measuring distances above 5m on the outdoors. In this study, the method of distance measurement with image processing technology was tested using triangulation triangulation with the help of lasers in open space. There are 4 types of testing carried out, namely the effect of camera and laser distance, the effect of using additional lenses, camera resolution driver, and the effect of sunlight. Based on the results of the test, the average value of bias in the measurement system is 796.38mm"

"ABSTRACTFor a given sealant, successful pit and fissure sealing is principally governed by the enamel conditioning technique and the presence of moisture contamination. A new generation of hydrophilic resin sealants is reported to tolerate moisture. This study investigates the impact of Er YAG laser preconditioning and moisture contamination on the microleakage of a recent hydrophilic sealant. Occlusal surfaces of extracted human molars were either acid etched (n = 30), or successively lased and acid etched (n = 30). Ten teeth from each group were either air dried, water contaminated, or saliva-contaminated prior to sealing with UltraSeal XT hydro. Samples were inspected for penetration of fuchsin dye following 3000 thermocycles between 5 and 50 C, and the enamel sealant interfaces were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Significant differences in microleakage were evaluated using the Mann Whitney U test with Bonferroni adjustment (p = 0.05). Laser pre-conditioning significantly reduced dye penetration irrespective of whether the enamel surface was moist or dry. Microleakage of watercontaminated acid etched teeth was significantly greater than that of their air-dried or salivacontaminated counterparts. SEM analysis demonstrated good adaptation in all groups with the exception of water-contaminated acid etched teeth which exhibited relatively wide gaps. In conclusion, this hydrophilic sealant tolerates the presence of saliva, although water was found to impair its sealing ability. Laser pre-conditioning significantly decreases microleakage in all cases."

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Penanganan striktur uretra merupakan sebuah tantangan dalam bidang urologi karena pilihan prosedur sangat terkait dengan hasil dan angka kekambuhan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah membandingkan angka kekambuhan striktur uretra setelah diterapi dengan menggunakan Ho:YAG (holmium laser) dan Optical Internal Urethrotomy (Cold Knife). Luaran yang dinilai pada penelitian ini adalah rekurensi striktur uretra. Insiden dari rekurensi striktur uretra dievaluasi pada kedua kelompok penelitian yaitu kelompok holmium laser dan dan kelompok optical internal urethrotomy. Data pada penelitian ini diolah sebagai data dikotomi. Untuk menghitung data dikotomi, penelitian ini menggunakan risk ratio (RR) dan uji I² untuk menilai heterogenitas data. Pada penelitian ini, analisis statistik dilakukan menggunakan Review Manager 5.1. Berdasarkan studi-studi yang ditelaah, didapatkan jumlah sampel sebanyak 191 pasien dengan striktur uretra. Jumlah pasien yang menjalani prosedur holmium laser adalah 91 orang dan 100 orang menjalani prosedur optical internal urethrotomy. Angka kejadian rekurensi striktur uretra dalam rentang waktu 6 bulan pada kedua kelompok dinilai pada seluruh studi. Tidak terdapat perbedaan insiden rekurensi striktur uretra dalam periode 6 bulan secara signifikan antara kedua kelompok penelitian (RR=1.19, 95% CI 0.29–4.91). Dari temuan yang didapatkan pada penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan insiden rekurensi striktur uretra secara signifikan antara prosedur holmium laser dan prosedur optical internal urethrotomy (Cold Knife). Sehingga, kedua prosedur dinilai sebagai pilihan terapi yang aman dan efektif untuk tatalaksana striktur uretra.

 

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Management of urethral stricture is a challenge in urology because the choice of procedure is closely related to the outcome and the recurrence rate. The aim of this study was to compared the recurrence of urethral strictures after treated using Ho:YAG (holmium laser) and Optical Internal Urethrotomy (Cold Knife). The outcome measure in this study was the recurrence of urethral strictures. The recurrence incidence of urethral stricture is evaluated from the entire study group of holmium laser and optical internal urethrotomy. The data of this study were processed as dichotomy data. To calculate the dichotomy data, this study are using the risk ratio (RR) and test I² for assessed the heterogeneity. In this study, statistical analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.1 Based on the relevant literatures, the numbers of samples obtained are 191 patients with urethral stricture. Total patients that treated with Holmium Laser were 91 patients and 100 patients were treated with Optical Internal Urethrotomy. The incident rate of urethral stricture recurrence within six months was assessed from all studies in both groups. There is no significant difference statistically between both groups on the incidence of urethral stricture recurrence within six months (RR=1.19, 95% CI 0.29–4.91). Our findings concluded that no significant difference in incidence of urethral stricture recurrence between the Holmium Laser procedure and Optical Internal Urethrotomy (Cold Knife) procedure. Thus, both procedures are safe and effective for the management of urethral strictures.

 

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"Cedera MCL menjadi sumber nyeri yang sering dijumpai pada OA lutut kompartemen medial. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh terapi kombinasi laser-elastic taping terhadap skor nyeri dan kecepatan berjalan pasien OA lutut dengan cedera MCL non traumatik. Studi double blind, randomized controlled trial ini dilakukan dua kali seminggu selama empat minggu. Skor nyeri diukur dengan VAS dan kecepatan berjalan diukur dengan lintasan 15 meter. Pengukuran outcome dilakukan sebelum penelitian, minggu pertama, kedua, ketiga dan keempat. Total 30 subjek dibagi menjadi dua kelompok, 15 kelompok perlakuan dan 15 kelompok kontrol. Kelompok perlakuan mendapat terapi LLLT dan elastic taping tarikan 75% sedangkan kelompok kontrol mendapat terapi LLLT dan sham taping tanpa tarikan. Kedua kelompok diberikan logbook latihan penguatan di rumah. Hasil penelitian terdapat perbedaan bermakna secara statistik skor VAS antar kelompok (p= 0,015) pada minggu keempat. Tidak ditemukan perbedaan bermakna kecepatan berjalan antar kelompok (p= 0,395). Skor VAS dan kecepatan berjalan pada masing-masing kelompok mengalami perbaikan dan secara statistik bermakna. Kombinasi LLLT-elastic taping dengan atau tanpa tarikan dapat mengurangi nyeri dan memperbaiki kecepatan berjalan pasien OA lutut dengan cedera MCL non traumatik. Kelompok LLLT-elastic taping lebih unggul mengurangi nyeri dibandingkan LLLT-sham taping setelah empat minggu.

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Injury to periarticular structures, namely Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) sprain is a common cause of pain in medial compartment knee osteoarthritis (OA). This study aims to see the effect of combined LLLT laser therapy and elastic taping in the MCL area on improvement of pain scores and gait speed. This study is a double-blind, randomized controlled trial in patients with knee OA with non-traumatic MCL sprain confirmed by knee ultrasonography. The study was conducted twice a week for four weeks. The pain score was measured with a VAS score and gait speed was measured on a 15-meter track. Outcome measurements were carried out before the study (baseline), during the first, second, third, and fourth weeks. A total of 30 subjects were divided into two groups, 15 in the treatment group (group A) and 15 in the control group (group B). Group A was given LLLT therapy and elastic taping with 75% tension, while group B was given LLLT and sham taping without tension. Both groups were given a logbook for home program strengthening exercises. The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference in the VAS score between group A and group B (p = 0.015) in the fourth week. There was no significant difference in walking speed between groups (p = 0.395). The VAS score and walking speed in each group improved and were statistically significant. The combination of LLLT and elastic taping with or without tension can reduce pain and improve walking speed in knee OA patients with non-traumatic MCL sprain. After four weeks, the LLLT and elastic taping group were superior in reducing pain compared to the LLLT and sham taping group."

"Photoacoustic measurement in an imaging system is a unique method as it uses optical disturbance but observes its effect acoustically. Acoustical observation increases the quality of a measurement by reducing the scattering effect that often occurs in optical research. However, a few problems, such as cost and complexity, hinder development of a photoacoustic system. This report presents a design of a photoacoustic system using a laser diode and a commercial microphone as the acoustic emission source and sensor, respectively. Analysis of the photoacoustic signal received by the microphone was performed with software-based Fourier transformation, which makes the photoacoustic system simpler and lower in cost. By measuring the amplitude of the signal, the system accurately detects surface micrometer cracks. The report shows that the system is capable of producing a photoacoustic image of an object with micro-cracks on its surface. The results indicate that the photoacoustic imaging system developed in the experiment is a more promising way to generate images of cracks than optical imaging"

"Luka bakar didefinisikan sebagai kerusakan jaringan yang terjadi akibat aksi panas baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung. Meskipun telah banyak kemajuan yang dibuat dalam terapi luka bakar, namun penyembuhan luka yang lambat masih menjadi tantangan dalam perawatan luka bakar. Akupunktur manual dapat mempercepat penyembuhan luka bakar melalui efek anti-inflamasi, meningkatkan re-epitelisasi dan angiogenesis. Sedangkan laser akupunktur merupakan terapi yang menggunakan laser enersi rendah untuk merangsang titik akupunktur. Penelitian ini menilai pengaruh akupunktur manual dan laser akupunktur terhadap kecepatan penyembuhan luka bakar yang diamati secara makroskopik dan mikroskopik. Tiga puluh enam tikus Wistar jantan dibagi secara acak kedalam kelompok kontrol (n=12), kelompok akupunktur manual (n=12), dan kelompok laser akupunktur (n=12). Setelah dilakukan induksi luka bakar, pengukuran luka dan perlakuan diberikan setiap dua hari sekali selama 14 hari. Separuh jumlah dari setiap kelompok diterminasi pada hari ke-7 dan separuh sisanya diterminasi pada hari ke-14 untuk dilakukan pengamatan mikroskopik. Pada pengukuran penutupan luas luka hari ke-14, didapatkan perbedaan bermakna (p=0,009) antara kelompok akupunktur manual (66,96 ± 9,17) dibandingkan kelompok kontrol (49,93 ± 9,15), dan perbedaan yang bermakna (p=0,009) antara kelompok laser akupunktur (72,48 ± 14,62) dibandingkan kelompok kontrol. Namun tidak didapatkan perbedaan bermakna (p=0,451) antara kelompok akupunktur manual dan laser akupunktur. Pada penilaian skoring mikroskopik hari ke-14 didapatkan perbedaan yang bermakna (p<0,001) antara kelompok akupunktur manual (16,17 ± 1,17) dibandingkan kelompok kontrol (10,33 ± 1,21), dan perbedaan yang bermakna (p=0,004) antara kelompok laser akupunktur (17,83 ± 1,47) dibandingkan kelompok kontrol. Namun tidak didapatkan perbedaan bermakna (p=0,058) antara kelompok akupunktur manual dan laser akupunktur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa baik terapi akupunktur manual ataupun laser akupunktur dapat digunakan sebagai terapi tambahan untuk mempercepat penyembuhan luka bakar.

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Burns are defined as tissue damage that occurs as a result of the direct or indirect action of heat. Although many advanced treatments have been made in burn therapy, slow wound healing remains a challenge in burn treatment. Acupuncture can accelerate burn healing through its anti-inflammatory effect, increasing re-epithelialization and angiogenesis. While laser acupuncture is a therapy that uses low energy lasers to stimulate acupuncture points. This study assessed the effect of manual acupuncture and laser acupuncture on the speed of wound healing which were observed macroscopically and microscopically. Thirty-six male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group (n=12), acupuncture group (n=12), and laser acupuncture group (n=12). After burn induction, wound measurements and treatments were given every two days for 14 days. Half of the numbers from each group were terminated on the 7th day and the remaining half were terminated on the 14th day for microscopic observation. On the 14th day of measurement of wound closure, there was a significant difference (p=0.009) between the acupuncture group (66.96 ± 9.17) compared to the control group (49.93 ± 9.15), and a significant difference (p =0.009) between laser acupuncture group (72.48 ± 14.62) compared to control group. However, there was no significant difference (p=0.451) between acupuncture and laser acupuncture groups. On the 14th day of microscopic scoring, there was a significant difference (p<0.001) between the acupuncture group (16.17 ± 1.17) compared to the control group (10.33 ± 1.21), and a significant difference (p = 0.004) between the laser acupuncture group (17.83 ± 1.47) versus the control group. However, there was no significant difference (p=0.058) between acupuncture and laser acupuncture groups. The results showed that either acupuncture therapy or laser acupuncture could be used as an adjunct therapy to accelerate burn healing."

"A TEA CO2 laser pulse (50 mJ, 100 ns) was focused under reduced pressure on the silicone grease painted on copper plate as a sub-target with a power density of 6 GW/cm2. The comparison was made on the characteristics of the induced laser plasma between the two cases, with sub-target and without sub-target. It is proved that emission spectrum assigned to silicone atom can be detected only for the case with sub-target. It is also proved that in the absence of the sub-target, the gushing speed of the atoms is very low, while for the case with sub-target, the gushing speed of atoms becomes very fast. It is shown that the setting of sub-target is very effective to make laser-induced shock-wave plasma and it is very effective to realize quantitative analysis of soft material."

"Pada tesis ini diuraikan mengenai teknik Heterodyne Optics yang memadukan dua dioda laser dengan terdapat perbedaan panjang gelombang yang dapat dimanfaatkan dalam pembangkitan gelombang mikro yang dapat diaplikasikan dalam dunia radar. Untuk memperoleh output gelombang mikro yang tunable maka diperlukan sumber laser yang dapat diseleksi panjang gelombangnya, baik melalui perubahan temperatur untuk jenis laser DFB ataupun dengan mengubah posisi pitch grating untuk jenis External Cavity Laser Diode. Sistem optik diterapkan untuk mengatasi phase noise dan bit error rate akibat sistem frequency multiplier pada sistem Dielectrik Resonance Oscillator (DRO). Hasil eksperimen menunjukkan bahwa tunable laser dapat menghasilkan stepping selisih panjang gelombang 0,01nm dan menghasilkan gelombang mikro tiap 0,1GHz yang artinya sistem ini sangat berpotensi untuk menghasilkan gelombang mikro untuk RADAR pada berbagai frekuensi.

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We describe in this paper the contruction 10 GHz microwave source using a heterodyne optics technique that combines two laser diodes with a wavelength differences can be utilized in the generation of microwaves to be applied in radar. To obtain the output microwave tunable laser source is needed which can be selected wavelength. DFB laser can be tune by change the temperature and ECLD can be tune by mechanical grating. Optical system is alternative that can solve the phase noise and bit error rate at Dielectrik Resonant Oscillator (DRO) system. The experimental results show that the tunable laser can be generate stepping of 0.01 nm wavelength differences and generating microwave 0.1 GHz, which means each of these systems has the potential to generate microwaves for RADAR at various frequencies."

"This book is a comprehensive source of the fundamentals, process parameters, instrumental components and applications of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The effect of multiple pulses on material ablation, plasma dynamics and plasma emission is presented. A heuristic plasma modeling allows to simulate complex experimental plasma spectra. These methods and findings form the basis for a variety of applications to perform quantitative multi-element analysis with LIBS. These application potentials of LIBS have really boosted in the last years ranging from bulk analysis of metallic alloys and non-conducting materials, via spatially resolved analysis and depth profiling covering measuring objects in all physical states: gaseous, liquid and solid. Dedicated chapters present LIBS investigations for these tasks with special emphasis on the methodical and instrumental concepts as well as the optimization strategies for a quantitative analysis. Requirements, concepts, design and characteristic features of LIBS instruments are described covering laboratory systems, inspections systems for in-line process control, mobile systems and remote systems. State-of-the-art industrial applications of LIBS systems are presented demonstrating the benefits of inline process control for improved process guiding and quality assurance purposes."