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"The Land Is Our History tells the story of indigenous legal activism at a critical juncture in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. In the late 1960s, indigenous activists protested policies of assimilation and the usurpation of their lands as a new mining boom took off, both of which radically threatened their collective identities. Often excluded from legal recourse in the past, indigenous leaders took their claims to settler law with remarkable results. For the first time, their distinctive histories were admitted into court as evidence of their rights. Examining how indigenous peoples opened up courts and commissions of inquiry between the early 1970s to the mid-1990s for the recognition of their rights, this book chronicles an extraordinary and overlooked history in which virtually disenfranchised peoples forced powerful settler democracies to reckon with their demands. Based in extensive archival research and interviews with leading participants, it brings to the fore complex and rich discussions among activists, lawyers, anthropologists, judges, and others in cases on remote frontiers about rights, history, and identity. The effects of these debates in far-flung communities were unexpectedly wide ranging. By asserting that they were the first peoples of the land, indigenous leaders made powerful settler governments negotiate with them about their distinct rights and status. Fracturing national myths and making new stories of origin necessary, indigenous peoples claims challenged settler societies to rethink their sense of belonging. Yet, in the process, indigenous claimants found their own identities becoming fixed by law to persisting ideas of authenticity."

"In 1938, noting that the bulk of the Indian population formed a landless proletaria and despairing of the ability of the factionalized Indian community to unite in pursuit of common objectives, activist K.A. Neelakanda Ayer forecast that the fate of Indians in Malaya would be to becom Tragic orphans of whom India has forgotten and Malaya looks down upon with contempt...."

"The right to determine tribal citizenship is fundamental to the exercise of tribal sovereignty. Deciding who belongs to Indian tribes has a complicated history, however, especially in the South. Indians who remained in the South following removal became a marginalized and anomalous people in an emerging biracial world. Despite the economic hardships and assimilationist pressures they faced, they insisted on their political identity as citizens of tribal nations and rejected Euro-American efforts to turn them into another racial minority. Drawing upon their cultural traditions, kinship patterns, and evolving needs to protect their land, resources, and identity from outsiders, southern Indians constructed tribally-specific citizenship criteria that went beyond the dominant societys racial definitions of Indian. This book addresses how six southern tribes, the Pamunkey Indian Tribe of Virginia, the Catawba Indian Nation of South Carolina, the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians, the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians of North Carolina, the Seminole Tribe of Florida, and the Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida, decided who belonged. By focusing on the rights and resources at stake, the effects of state and federal recognition, the influence of kinship systems and racial ideologies, and the process of creating official tribal rolls, this book historicizes belonging and reveals how Indians established legal identities. The varying experiences of these six tribes belie the notion of an essential Indian and show that citizenship in a tribe is a historically-constructed and constantly-evolving process."

"The Caribbean before Columbus is a new synthesis of the regions insular history on multiple scales: temporal, spatial, local, regional, environmental, social, and political. It combines the results of the authors 55 years of archaeological research with that of their colleagues. For the first time the complete histories of the major islands and island groups are elucidated, and new insights are gained through inter-island comparisons. The concepts of series and ages provide structure, but historical names, such as Taíno and Lucayan, are avoided. The authors challenge the conventional wisdom concerning island colonization, societal organization, interaction and transculturation, and other basic elements of cultural development and change. The emphasis is on elements that unite the Bahamas, Lesser Antilles, and Greater Antilles as a culture area, and also on their divergent pathways. Colonization is presented as a multifaceted wave-like process. Continuing ties to the surrounding mainland are highlighted. Interactions between residents and new colonists are recognized. New solutions are offered to the Huecoid problem, the Carib problem, the Taíno problem, and the evolution of social complexity, especially in Puerto Rico. These solutions required a rethinking of social organization and its expression on the landscape."

"After the Spanish conquest, the Nahuas of colonial Mexico learned the Roman alphabet and used it to transcribe oral performances of traditional histories of their peoples. These texts were called xiuhpohaulli in Nahuatl and are usually referred to as annals now. They were produced by indigenous people and for indigenous people, without regard to European interests, and they therefore provide the closest view of pre-Columbian historiography we are ever likely to find. Over the course of the colonial era, the annals changed with the times, but for over one hundred years their flexibility allowed for incorporating the new without obliterating the old. Usually these texts have been assumed to be anonymous, but Camilla Townsend has deduced authorship in the case of most of the key texts, and in so doing, has been able to place them securely in their proper contexts, thus rendering them more legible to modern readers. Each chapter begins with a selection from a key text, then considers who wrote it and why, before finally embarking on an exploration of its meanings."