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"Penelitian kriopreservasi spermatozoa ikan patin albino bertujuan untuk menganalisis ultrastruktur, fisiologi, dan molekuler spermatozoa ikan patin albino pasca kriopreservasi. Kriopreservasi dilakukan pada suhu -80°C selama 14 hari menggunakan kombinasi krioprotektan intraseluler yaitu metanol 10% dan krioprotektan ekstraseluler yaitu susu skim. Hasil ultrastruktur spermatozoa menunjukkan bahwa pada spermatozoa segar bagian membran sel kepala, mid piece, dan bagian flagel masih dalam kondisi utuh dan baik. Ultrastruktur spermatozoa pasca ekuilibrasi nampak ada perbesaran lebar dan panjang kepala spermatozoa dibandingkan spermatozoa segar, walaupun secara struktur masih tampak utuh. Ultrastruktur spermatozoa pasca pencairan tampak terjadi kerusakan membran bagian kepala dan flagel. Hasil pengukuran morfometri spermatozoa menunjukkan adanya peningkatan lebar kepala spermatozoa yaitu 1,59 µm pada spermatozoa segar menjadi 1,97 µm pada spermatozoa pasca ekuilibrasi dan 2,40 µm pada spermatozoa pasca pencairan. Demikian pula, terdapat perubahan panjang kepala spermatozoa yaitu 3,70 µm pada spermatozoa segar menjadi 3,81 µm pada spermatozoa pasca ekuilibrasi, dan 3,90 µm pada spermatozoa pasca pencairan. Analisis viabilitas spermatozoa didapatkan penurunan viabilitas spermatozoa pasca pencairan (61±2,30%) dibandingkan spermatozoa segar (92±0,58%) dan spermatozoa pasca ekuilibrasi (80±3,51%). Analisis fisiologi spermatozoa didapatkan penurunan fungsi mitokondria pada spermatozoa pasca ekuilibrasi (57±7%) dan spermatozoa pasca pencairan (42±3,2%) dibandingkan spermatozoa segar (98±2%). Analisis motilitas spermatozoa menunjukkan penurunan motilitas spermatozoa pasca ekuilibrasi (79±4,5%) dan spermatozoa pasca pencairan (30±3,2%) dibandingkan spermatozoa segar (87±1,5%). Penetasan telur pasca 24 jam fertilisasi pada perlakukan spermatozoa pasca ekuilibrasi didapatkan hasil lebih tinggi (64±17%) dibandingkan spermatozoa segar (38±4%), sedangkan spermatozoa pasca pencairan tidak ditemukan ada penetasan telur. Analisis molekular spermatozoa pada gen CO1 dan SOD2 didapatkan jumlah lesi gen SOD2 spermatozoa pasca ekuilibrasi yaitu 15,83 lesi / 10 kb dan spermatozoa pasca pencairan yaitu 17,14 lesi / 10 kb. Lesi gen CO1 pada spermatozoa pasca ekuilibrasi yaitu 9,24 lesi / 10 kb dan spermatozoa pasca pencairan yaitu 10,26 lesi / 10 kb. Sehingga disimpulkan kriopreservasi spermatozoa berpengaruh terhadap ultrastruktur, fisiologi, dan molekuler spermatozoa ikan patin albino.

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Research of cryopreservation on albino Pangasius catfish spermatozoa aims to analyze about ultrastructure, physiology, and molecular spermatozoa of albino Pangasius catfish post cryopreservation. Cryopreservation was carried out at -80°C for 14 days using a combination of intracellular cryoprotectants which is 10% methanol and extracellular cryoprotectant which is skim milk. The results of the spermatozoa ultrastructure showed that the cell membrane of the spermatozoa head, the midpiece, and the flagellum of fresh spermatozoa were still intact and good. The spermatozoa ultrastructure after post equilibration, shown enlargement of the head width and length compared to the fresh spermatozoa, although structurally were still intact. The ultrastructure of frozen-thawed spermatozoa, appeared a membrane damage at the head and flagellum. The results of spermatozoa morphometric measurements showed an increase at the head width of spermatozoa from 1.59 µm in fresh spermatozoa to 1.97 µm in post-equilibration spermatozoa and 2.40 µm in frozen-thawed spermatozoa. Similarly, there was an increase in the head length of spermatozoa, from 3.70 µm in fresh spermatozoa, to 3.81 µm in post-equilibration spermatozoa, and 3.90 µm in frozen-thawed spermatozoa. The viability analysis showed a decrease of frozen-thawed spermatozoa viability (61±2.30%) compared to fresh spermatozoa (92±0.58%) and post-equilibration spermatozoa (80±3.51%). The analysis physiology of spermatozoa showed a decrease in mitochondrial function in post equilibration spermatozoa (57±7%) and frozen-thawed spermatozoa (42±3.2%) compared to fresh spermatozoa (98±2%). The analysis of motility of spermatozoa showed a decrease in post equilibration spermatozoa (79±4.5%) and frozen-thawed spermatozoa (30±3.2%) compared to fresh spermatozoa (87±1.5%). Egg hatching after 24 hours of fertilization for the post-equilibration spermatozoa was higher (64±17%) than fresh spermatozoa (38±4%), whereas frozen-thawed spermatozoa were not hatched. The analysis of molecular on CO1 and SOD2 genes obtained the number of gene lesions in the spermatozoa SOD2 gene after equilibration were 15.83 lesions/10 kb and frozen-thawed were 17.14 lesions/10 kb. The CO1 gene lesions in post-equilibration spermatozoa were 9.24 lesions/10 kb, while the CO1 gene lesions in frozen-thawed spermatozoa were 10.26 lesions/10 kb. It can be concluded that there is an effect of cryopreservation on ultrastructure, physiology, and molecular in spermatozoa of albino Pangasius catfish."

"ABSTRAKRuang lingkup dan cara penelitianLatihan fisik (berat) dapat menyebabkan gangguan daur haid karena gangguan poros hipotalamus - hipofisis. Insiden gangguan daur haid ini akan berkurang jika latihan fisik dikurangi atau dihentikan sama sekali. Untuk mengetahui hubungan antara latihan fisik dengan gangguan daur haid pada siswa Semaba Polwan di Jakarta, telah dilakukan penelitian kuasi eksperimen one group pre test- post test design terhadap 82 orang (total sampel) siswa Semaba Polwan di Ciputat Jakarta. Pre tes dilakukan sebelum menjalani latihan fisik, post tes I setelah responden menjalani latihan fisik tingkat berat dan post tes II setelah responden menjalani latihan fisik tingkat sedang. Berat badan dan tinggi badan diukur dengan alat timbang badan dan pengukur tinggi badan. Tingkat latihan fisik ditetapkan melalui perkalian antara berat badan responden dengan energy expenditure aktivitas tersebut dengan rujukan tabel energy expenditure during various activities. Derajat stresor kerja ditentukan dengan kuesioner survai diagnostik stres yang telah disesuaikan dengan keadaan di Sepolwan, kuesioner symptom check list 90 (SCL 90) digunakan untuk mengukur adanya psikopatologi dan gangguan daur haid diketahui dari kartu catatan daur haid. Teknik analisis yang digunakan : uji chi square, penghitungan relative risk dengan confidence interval 95 %, uji korelasi, paired z-test dan analisis regresi logistik dari program SPSS.Hasil :Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa insiden gangguan daur haid sebelum latihan fisik 8,4 %, setelah latihan fisik berat selama tiga bulan 87,8 % dan setelah dosis latihan fisik diturunkan menjadi tingkat sedang 44,0 %. Proporsi gangguan daur haid saat post tes f dibanding saat pre tes menunjukan hasil yang bermakna (p 0,000; RR = 591,47 CI95 %174,43-2005,52) dan proporsi gangguan daur haid saat post tes I dibanding post tes II menunjukan hasil yang bermakna (p=0,000; RR = 4,54 C195 %2,18-9,53).Insiden gangguan daur haid yang terjadi berkurang dengan menurunnya tingkat latihan fisik. Analisis lebih lanjut menunjukkan bahwa risiko untuk timbulnya gangguan daur haid pada siswa yang menjalani latihan fisik berat 18,12 kali dibandingkan siswa yang menjalani latihan fisik ringan. Stresor kerja dan perubahan berat badan tidak berhubungan dengan terjadinya gangguan daur haid.Kesimpulan :Secara umum dapat disimpulkan bahwa timbulnya gangguan daur haid pada siswa Semaba Polwan terutama berhubungan dengan latihan fisik. Gangguan daur haid ini tidak berhubungan dengan stresor kerja dan perubahan berat badan. Dari insiden gangguan daur haid tersebut berkurang dengan menurunnya tingkat latihan fisik.

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Scope & Methodology :

Heavy physical exercise has been recognized to cause menstrual dysfunction due to disturbance on the hypothalamic - pituitary axis. The incidence of menstrual dysfunction will decrease, if the burden of physical exercise is decreased or stopped. To study the relationship between physical exercise and menstrual dysfunction among female police cadets in Jakarta; a one group pre & post test design experiment study was conducted on 82 subjects (total sample) female police cadets from Ciputat, Jakarta.

The pre test was conducted before the physical exercise program started, the first post test after 3 months heavy physical exercise and second post test after moderate physical exercise. The body weight and high was measured, physical exercise was classified by multiplying body weight energy expenditure in activity using was measured using Stress Diagnostic Questionnaire adjusted for this population, the Symptom Check List 90 (SCL 90), while menstrual dysfunction was diagnosed by using a menstrual recording chart. Statistical analyses used were Chi - square test, relative risk with 95%, test of association, paired z-test and logistic regression functions.

Result & Conclusions :

The incidence of menstrual dysfunction before a physical exercise program was 8,4 %, after 3 months exposed to a heavy physical exercise it was 87,8 % and after a moderate physical exercise it decreased to 44,0 %. Also were reported that significant differences found between the pre test and first post test (p=0,000; RR= 591,47 CI 95 % 174,43 - 2005,52) and also between the first and the second post test (p=0,000; RR=4,54 CI 95 % 2,18 - 9,53). Further analysis showed that the risk of heaving menstrual dysfunction among cadet during heavy physical exercise was 18,12 times compared to light physical exercise. Psychological stress and the changes in body weight showed no relation with menstrual dysfunction. Generally the study showed that the occurrence of menstrual dysfunction among the cadets was related to the physical exercise. The occurrence of menstrual dysfunction showed no relation with psychological stress and changes in body weight. The incidence of menstrual dysfunction decreased with the decrease of physical exercise."