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"PT Pertamina Persero adalah perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang energi yang menjalankan bisnisnya dari hulu hingga hilir. Pada tahun 2015, Pertamina menuntut dirinya untuk melakukan efisiensi di segala lini. Sebagai fungsi yang bertanggung jawab terhadap layanan teknologi informasi TI di Pertamina, Corporate Shared Service CSS mengambil langkah efisiensi dengan menyediakan infrastruktur video conference vicon sebagai alternatif rapat yang membutuhkan biaya perjalanan dinas. Permasalahan yang terjadi menurut VP IT Operation adalah penyediaan layanan vicon masih perlu ditingkatkan. Dari analisis akar permasalahan, dapat diambil pertanyaan penelitian yaitu, bagaimana rancangan kebijakan dan prosedur pada penyediaan layanan vicon agar dapat meningkatkan layanan vicon Pertamina? Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyusun kebijakan dan prosedur penyediaan layanan vicon. Penyusunan kebijakan dan prosedur dilakukan dengan Soft System Methodology SSM two strands model. Tahapan penelitian dilakukan sesuai dengan tahap-tahap pada SSM. Kebijakan dan prosedur juga disusun berdasarkan ITIL- Service Strategy dan hasil wawancara dengan tim vicon serta tim Manajemen IT Operation. Kebijakan dan prosedur yang disusun dapat mendukung beberapa klausul pada ISO/IEC 20000. Dari tahap penyusunan kebijakan dan prosedur tersebut, dihasilkan dokumen Pedoman sebagai dokumen kebijakan, dokumen Tata Kerja Organisasi TKO dan Tata Kerja Penggunaan Alat TKPA sebagai dokumen prosedurnya. Selain ketiga dokumen tersebut, dihasilkan juga strategi implementasi dan manajemen perubahan yang mendukung pelaksanaan ketiga dokumen tersebut. Dokumen-dokumen ini berisi aturan serta panduan kepada tim vicon dan juga pelanggan terkait penyediaan layanan vicon, sehingga meningkatkan layanan vicon Pertamina.

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PT Pertamina Persero is a company engaged in the field of energy that runs its business from upstream to downstream. In 2015, Pertamina demands itself to make efficiency on all fronts. As a responsible function of Information Technology IT services in Pertamina, Corporate Shared Service CSS takes efficiency by providing video conference vicon infrastructure as an alternative to meetings that require official travel expenses. Problems that occur according to VP IT Operation is, the provision of vicon service still need to be improved. From root cause analysis, the research question is, how is the design of policy and procedure on vicon service provision in order to improve Pertamina vicon service.

This study aims to develop policies and procedures the provision of vicon services. The design of policies and procedures is done with Soft System Methodology SSM two strands model. The stages of the study were conducted in accordance with the stages of the SSM. Policies and procedures are also developed on the basis of the ITIL Service Strategy and interviews with the vicon team and the IT Operation Management team. The policies and procedures prepared may support some clauses in ISO IEC 20000.

From the preparation stage of such policies and procedures, Pedoman areproduced as a policy document, Tata Kerja Organisasi TKO and Tata Kerja Penggunaan Alat TKPA as the procedure documents. In addition to these three documents, also generated implementation and change management strategies that support the implementation of the three documents. These documents contain rules and guidelines to vicon teams as well as customers related to the provision of vicon services, thereby enhancing Pertamina vicon services."

"This book presents a shared history of Asian involvement in the Great War from non-national and transnational perspectives. Asian involvements make the Great War not only a true world war but also a great war. The war generated forces that would transform Asia both internally and externally. Asian participation transformed the meaning and implications of the broader conflict. The First World War was in fact a defining moment that shaped worldviews and developments across Asia. This book is also meant to be a step in recovering memories of the war and re-evaluating the war in its Asian contexts. The Asians part in the war and the part the war played in the collective development of Asia represent the first steps of the long journey to full national independence and international recognition. This book aims to bring the Great War more fully into Asian history and Asians into the international history of the war with hope that this book helps the people of Asia develop a better understanding of their shared history through the Great War in order to lay the groundwork for a healthy and peaceful journey into a future that will only be shared, not lived separately."

"Penelitian ini membahas keterlibatan masyarakat sipil dalam regionalisme ASEAN melalui platform ASEAN Civil Society Conference (ACSC). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memahami dinamika isu dalam ACSC (2005-2018) dan pengaruh ACSC terhadap regionalisme partisipatif ASEAN. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisa konten dalam pendekatan kualitatif. Adapun kerangka analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah 'issue selection' (Jonathan S. Coley, 2013) dan 'participatory regionalism' (Amitav Acharya, 2003). Penelitian ini menemukan dinamika isu pada pilar socio-cultural menjadi yang paling banyak mewarnai pernyataan ACSC. Hal tersebut dipengaruhi oleh pembingkaian isu, kesempatan politik dan sumber daya ACSC. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa meskipun ACSC telah aktif berpartisipasi dalam regionalisme ASEAN dengan mengajukan agenda alternatif dalam pernyataannya sejak tahun 2005-2018, Namun ACSC tidak cukup memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap kemajuan regionalisme partisipatif di ASEAN, karena belum ada perubahan sikap ASEAN di level formal dan interaksi antara masyarakat sipil dan ASEAN yang masih berjarak.

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This research discusses the involvement of civil society in ASEAN regionalism through the platform of the ASEAN Civil Society Conference (ACSC). The research attempts to understand the dynamics of issues in ACSC (2005-2018) and the influence of ACSC on ASEAN participatory regionalism. This study is using content analysis for a qualitative approach. The analytical framework using in this study is 'issue selection' (Jonathan S. Coley, 2013) and 'participatory regionalism' (Amitav Acharya, 2003).

This research finds that the dynamics of the issue on the socio-cultural pillar are the ones that dominating the ACSC statements. This is influenced by framing issues, political opportunities, and resources of ACSC.

This study concluded that although the ACSC had actively participated in ASEAN regionalism by proposing alternative agendas in its statements from 2005-2018, the ACSC did not have a significant influence on the progress of participatory regionalism in ASEAN, because there had been no change in ASEAN attitudes at the formal level and interactions between civil society and ASEAN are still distant."

"Dalam menghadapi abad ke-21, peserta didik diharapkan memiliki skill dalam critical thinking and problem solving, communication, collaboration, dan creativity. Pengembangan skill tersebut dapat dilakukan melalui penerapan metode pembelajaran Cooperative Problem Based Learning (CPBL) yang banyak dilakukan menggunakan aplikasi video conference pada masa pandemi COVID-19. Dalam praktiknya, beberapa aspek CPBL belum dipenuhi oleh aplikasi video conference yang marak digunakan saat ini, khususnya pemberian evaluasi kinerja peserta didik, interaksi fasilitator dengan peserta didik, dan aksesibilitas informasi diskusi. Penelitian ini melibatkan empat dosen dan enam belas peserta didik dari Fakultas Ilmu Komputer Universitas Indonesia sebagai responden wawancara. Pertanyaan wawancara disusun berdasarkan kerangka kerja PBL dan hasilnya digunakan untuk pemetaan usulan solusi pengembangan aplikasi video conference bernama Wiyata. Usulan solusi diterapkan dalam rancangan desain yang dimulai dengan pembuatan user journey, benchmarking, serta pembuatan desain antarmuka. Sementara pengembangan sistem berdasarkan usulan solusi dimulai dengan perancangan implementasi sistem menggunakan diagram UML, pemilihan teknologi, perancangan arsitektur aplikasi, pengembangan bagian backend dan frontend, hingga deployment. Setelah perancangan desain dan pengembangan sistem, pengujian dan evaluasi dilakukan. Pengujian rancangan desain menggunakan metode Usability Testing dan SUS dan menghasilkan skor rata-rata sebesar 78.75 atau nilai B. Sementara pengujian implementasi sistem dilakukan dengan functional testing. Hasil functional testing menunjukkan keberhasilan implementasi aplikasi dari sisi fasilitator dan peserta didik berturut-turut adalah 92% dan 93%.

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In facing the 21st century, students are expected to have skills in critical thinking and problem solving, communication, collaboration, and creativity. These skills can be developed through the application of the Cooperative Problem Based Learning (CPBL) method which is frequently done using video conferencing applications during the COVID-19 pandemic. Several aspects of CPBL have not been supported by video conferencing applications that are widely used today, in particular providing evaluations of student performance, interaction of facilitators with students, and accessibility of discussion information. This research involved four lecturers and sixteen students from the Faculty of Computer Science, University of Indonesia as respondents. The interviews question were arranged based on PBL framework and the results were used to map the proposed video conference application development solution called Wiyata. The proposed solution was implemented in the design, starting with creating user journeys, benchmarking, and building the user interface. Meanwhile, the system development based on the proposed solution began with system design using UML diagrams, technology selection, application architecture design, backend and frontend development, and deployment. After designing the user interface and developing the application, testing and evaluation are carried out. The design was tested by using the Usability Testing and SUS methods and resulted in an average score of 78.75 or a B value. Meanwhile, the system implementation was tested by functional testing. The results of functional testing show that the success rate of the application from the facilitator's and student's point of view are 92% and 93%, respectively."

"Dalam menghadapi abad ke-21, peserta didik diharapkan memiliki skill dalam critical thinking and problem solving, communication, collaboration, dan creativity. Pengembangan skill tersebut dapat dilakukan melalui penerapan metode pembelajaran Cooperative Problem Based Learning (CPBL) yang banyak dilakukan menggunakan aplikasi video conference pada masa pandemi COVID-19. Dalam praktiknya, beberapa aspek CPBL belum dipenuhi oleh aplikasi video conference yang marak digunakan saat ini, khususnya pemberian evaluasi kinerja peserta didik, interaksi fasilitator dengan peserta didik, dan aksesibilitas informasi diskusi. Penelitian ini melibatkan empat dosen dan enam belas peserta didik dari Fakultas Ilmu Komputer Universitas Indonesia sebagai responden wawancara. Pertanyaan wawancara disusun berdasarkan kerangka kerja PBL dan hasilnya digunakan untuk pemetaan usulan solusi pengembangan aplikasi video conference bernama Wiyata. Usulan solusi diterapkan dalam rancangan desain yang dimulai dengan pembuatan user journey, benchmarking, serta pembuatan desain antarmuka. Sementara pengembangan sistem berdasarkan usulan solusi dimulai dengan perancangan implementasi sistem menggunakan diagram UML, pemilihan teknologi, perancangan arsitektur aplikasi, pengembangan bagian backend dan frontend, hingga deployment. Setelah perancangan desain dan pengembangan sistem, pengujian dan evaluasi dilakukan. Pengujian rancangan desain menggunakan metode Usability Testing dan SUS dan menghasilkan skor rata-rata sebesar 78.75 atau nilai B. Sementara pengujian implementasi sistem dilakukan dengan functional testing. Hasil functional testing menunjukkan keberhasilan implementasi aplikasi dari sisi fasilitator dan peserta didik berturut-turut adalah 92% dan 93%.

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In facing the 21st century, students are expected to have skills in critical thinking and problem solving, communication, collaboration, and creativity. These skills can be developed through the application of the Cooperative Problem Based Learning (CPBL) method which is frequently done using video conferencing applications during the COVID-19 pandemic. Several aspects of CPBL have not been supported by video conferencing applications that are widely used today, in particular providing evaluations of student performance, interaction of facilitators with students, and accessibility of discussion information. This research involved four lecturers and sixteen students from the Faculty of Computer Science, University of Indonesia as respondents. The interviews question were arranged based on PBL framework and the results were used to map the proposed video conference application development solution called Wiyata. The proposed solution was implemented in the design, starting with creating user journeys, benchmarking, and building the user interface. Meanwhile, the system development based on the proposed solution began with system design using UML diagrams, technology selection, application architecture design, backend and frontend development, and deployment. After designing the user interface and developing the application, testing and evaluation are carried out. The design was tested by using the Usability Testing and SUS methods and resulted in an average score of 78.75 or a B value. Meanwhile, the system implementation was tested by functional testing. The results of functional testing show that the success rate of the application from the facilitator's and student's point of view are 92% and 93%, respectively."

"Social distancing yang diterapkan untuk mitigasi penyebaran COVID-19 menyebabkan terjadinya pengurangan interaksi tatap muka antar individu. Hal ini menyebabkan beralihnya pertemuan langsung menjadi pertemuan virtual, sehingga terjadi peningkatan dalam penggunaan aplikasi video conference untuk berkomunikasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi kepuasan dan niat keberlanjutan penggunaan aplikasi video conference pada masa yang akan datang, termasuk saat era new normal maupun setelah pandemi COVID-19 berakhir. Penelitian ini merupakan modifikasi dari expectation confirmation model (ECM), model yang terbukti dapat menyelidiki niat berkelanjutan sistem informasi. Responden terdiri dari 556 pengguna aplikasi video conference dalam tiga bulan terakhir. Analisis dilakukan dengan metode partial least square SEM dengan SmartPLS 3. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa confirmation (konfirmasi ekspektasi), perceived ease of use (kemudahan), perceived usefulness (kebermanfaatan), service quality (kualitas layanan), way to express affection (mengekspresikan kedekatan), dan system quality (kualitas sistem) berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap satisfaction (kepuasan). Kemudian, perceived usefulness (kebermanfaatan) dan satisfaction (kepuasan) berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap continuance intention (keberlanjutan) penggunaan aplikasi video conference. Penelitian ini dapat membantu penelitian sebelumnya untuk menganalisis faktor yang memengaruhi kepuasan dan niat keberlanjutan penggunaan aplikasi video conference.

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A decrease in face-to-face encounters between people is caused by social distancing that is applied to reduce the spread of COVID-19. This has led to the switch from direct meetings to virtual meetings, leading to an increase in the use of applications for video conferencing to communicate. The goal of this study is to explore the factors affecting satisfaction and the decision to continue using video conferencing applications in the future, even after the COVID-19 pandemic ends during the new normal period. This research is a modification to the expectation confirmation model (ECM), a model that has been proven to analyze the sustainable intention of information systems. The respondents consisted of 556 users of video conferencing applications in the last three months. The analysis was performed using the partial least square SEM method with SmartPLS 3. The findings of this study show that confirmation, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, service quality, way to express affection, and system quality have a positive and significant effect on satisfaction. Then, perceived usefulness and satisfaction have a positive and significant effect on continuance intention of video conferencing applications. This study enriches previous researches to analyze the factors that influence satisfaction and intention to continue using video conferencing applications."

"Penulisan ini membahas mengenai kabsahan hukum penggunaan dokumen elektronik dan video conference pada pembuatan akta perjanjian pra nikah oleh Notaris dalam masa Pandemi Covid-19. Akta perjanjian pra nikah merupakan suatu akta yang berisikan suatu perjanjian yang diadakan oleh bakal/calon suami istri dalam mengatur harta benda atau kekayaan sebagai akibat dari perkawinan yang dilaksanakan. Akta perjanjian pra nikah yang dibuat oleh Notaris merupakan suatu akta autentik. Menurut Pasal 1868 KUHPerdata, suatu akta autentik adalah suatu akta yang dibuat dalam bentuk yang ditentukan undang-undang oleh atau dihadapan pejabat umum yang berwenang untuk itu di tempat akta itu dibuat. Hal tersebut memberikan indikasi bahwa suatu akta perjanjian pra nikah dapat dikatakan sebagai suatu akta autentik apabila memenuhi syarat sebagaimana dijelaskan dalam pasal tersebut. Adanya Pandemi Covid-19 yang memaksa setiap masyarakat untuk menjaga jarak guna mengurangi penyebaran Covid-19, menyebabkan diperlukannya suatu kunci permasalahan bagi Notaris dalam hal terhambatnya pembuatan akta autentik yang diakibatkan oleh pandemic yang sedang berlangsung. Pada awalnya penggunaan dokumen elektronik dan video conference dianggap sebagai jawaban bagi Notaris dalam hal pembuatan akta autentik khususnya akta perjanjian pra nikah pada saat Pandemi Covid-19. Namun demikian Pasal 1868 KUHPerdata menjadi penghalang bagi penggunaan dokumen elektronik dan video conference pada pembuatan akta perjanjian pra nikah oleh Notaris dalam masa Pandemi Covid-19. Hal tersebut dikarenakan konsep menghadap dengan menggunakan video conference dan dokumen elektronik tidak dapat disamakan dengan hadir secara fisik sebagaimana dijelaskan dalam pasal tersebut.

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This writing discusses the validity for the use of electronic documents and video conferencing on making a pre-marriage agreement deed by a notary during the Covid-19 pandemic. The pre-marriage agreement deed is a deed that contains an agreement made by a future husband/wife in regulating property or assets as a result of the marriage being carried out. The pre-marriage agreement deed made by a notary is an authentic deed. According to Article 1868 of the Civil Code, an authentic deed is a deed made in a form determined by law or before a public official who has the authority to do so at the place where the deed was made up. This gives an indication that a pre-marriage agreement deed can be said to be an authentic deed if it meets the requirements as described in the article. The existence of the Covid-19 Pandemic which forces every community to maintain a distance to reduce the spread of Covid-19, causes the need for a key problem for Notaries in terms of obstruction in making authentic deeds caused by the ongoing pandemic. Initially, the use of electronic documents and video conferencing was considered as an answer for the notary in terms of making authentic deeds, especially the pre-marriage agreement deed during the Covid-19 Pandemic. However, Article 1868 of the Civil Code is an obstacle to the use of electronic documents and video conferencing in making pre-marriage agreement deeds by notaries during the Covid-19 pandemic. This is because the concept of being present using video conferencing and electronic documents cannot be equated with being physically present as explained in the article."

"Pandemi Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19), yang masuk ke Indonesia di tahun 2020, menyebabkan pemerintah Indonesia memberlakukan program pembatasan sosial yang menyebabkan penerapan kebijakan pelaksanaan pekerjaan perusahaan, yaitu menjadi bekerja dari rumah atau work from home (WFH). Hal ini mengharuskan perusahaan untuk menggunakan aplikasi video conference guna menjaga keberlangsungan komunikasi antar pekerjanya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi niat keberlanjutan penggunaan aplikasi video conference di lingkungan pekerjaan pasca pandemi. Penelitian ini menggunakan mix-method yang terdiri dari pendekatan kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Pendekatan kualitatif dilakukan untuk merancang model dan mengeksplorasi technology affordance yang sesuai dengan aplikasi video conference. Pendekatan kuantitatif dilakukan untuk menguji hipotesis dengan menggunakan metode PLS-SEM. Data responden penelitian ini berjumlah 457 responden. Penelitian ini menggabungkan teori technology affordance, task-technology fit, dan expectation-confirmation model. Penulis menemukan technology affordance dari aplikasi video conference yaitu communication affordance, sharing resource affordance, collaborative working affordance, dan social presence affordance. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah task characteristic dan technology affordance memiliki pengaruh positif pada perceived task-technology fit (TTF). Kemudian, TTF memiliki pengaruh positif terhadap continuance intention secara langsung dan tidak langsung melalui perceived usefulness, confirmation, dan satisfaction. Dalam penelitian ini juga ditemukan bahwa semua post acceptance variable dalam ECM terbukti. Terakhir, penelitian ini juga membuktikan bahwa expected degree of working flexibility memiliki pengaruh positif pada continuance intention. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi acuan pengembangan fitur bagi penyedia aplikasi video conference dan menjadi acuan dalam memilih aplikasi video conference bagi perusahaan yang menggunakannya.

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The Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which entered Indonesia in 2020, caused the Indonesian government to impose a social restriction program that led to the implementation of a company policy implementation of work, namely to work from home (WFH). This requires companies to use video conferencing applications to maintain continuous communication between employees. This study aims to explain the factors that influence the post-pandemic continuance intention of video conference applications in the workplace. This study uses mix-method consisting of qualitative and quantitative approaches. A qualitative approach is used to build the research model and explore technology affordances of video conference applications. A quantitative approach is used to test the hypothesis using the PLS-SEM method. This study collected data from 457 employees in Indonesia. This study combines technology affordance theory, tasktechnology fit, and expectation-confirmation model. This study found 4 technology affordances of video conference applications, namely communication affordance, sharing resource affordance, collaborative working affordance, and social presence affordance. The results of this study show that task characteristic and technology affordance improve perceived task-technology fit (TTF). Then, TTF improves continuance intention directly and indirectly through perceived usefulness, confirmation, and satisfaction. This study also found that all post-acceptance variables in ECM were proven. Finally, this study proves that the expected degree of working flexibility has a positive influence on continuance intention. This study hopefully can be a reference for video conference application providers to decide which features to develop and for companies that use them to decide which application to use.

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"Zhou Enlai sebagai Perdana Menteri dan Menteri Luar Negeri RRC berkontribusi besar dalam peningkatan hubungan RI-RRC selama Perang Dingin berlangsung, khususnya sejak tahun 1951 hingga puncaknya di Konferensi Asia-Afrika (KAA) pada tahun 1955. Oleh karena itu, hubungan RI-RRC sebelum KAA, prinsip ‘koeksistensi damai’ dalam diplomasi Zhou Enlai, penerapan prinsip tersebut terhadap Indonesia melalui diplomasi Zhou Enlai di KAA, dan peranan Zhou Enlai dalam peningkatan hubungan RI-RRC menjadi permasalahan yang dibahas dalam penelitian ini. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan sejarah. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa peranan Zhou Enlai terletak pada penyesuaian kebijakan luar negeri Cina terhadap Indonesia, pembangunan citra Cina yang baru melalui KAA, penyelesaian masalah dwikewarganegaraan etnis Cina, dan penarikan Indonesia menjadi mitra Cina di masa Perang Dingin. Dalam konteks kepentingan nasional Cina, diplomasi Zhou Enlai terhadap Indonesia pada tahun 1951-1955 sejatinya mengandung agenda Cina untuk membebaskan diri dari politik pembendungan AS serta memperkuat propaganda ‘koeksistensi damai’ di mata dunia dalam rangka memperoleh lingkungan internasional yang kondusif bagi pembangunan dalam negeri Cina, yaitu Pembangunan Lima Tahun Pertama (Pelita I) yang berlangsung sejak tahun 1953 hingga tahun 1957.

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Zhou Enlai as the Prime Minister and Foreign Minister of the PRC contributed greatly to the improvement of Sino-Indonesian relations during the Cold War, particularly since 1951 to its peak at the Asian-African Conference (AAC) in 1955. Therefore, Sino-Indonesian relations before AAC, Zhou Enlai's principle of 'peaceful coexistence', its implementation on Indonesia through AAC, and the role of Zhou Enlai in improving Sino-Indonesian relations are the issues discussed in this study. This research is a qualitative research with a historical approach. The results indicate that Zhou Enlai's role lies in adjusting China's foreign policy towards Indonesia, building a brand new image of China through AAC, solving ethnic Chinese dual citizenship, and developing Sino-Indonesian partnership during the Cold War. In the context of China's national interests, Zhou Enlai's diplomacy towards Indonesia during 1951-1955 intrinsically embodied China's agenda to break free from US containment policy and to strengthen the propaganda of 'peaceful coexistence' internationally in order to provide a favourable international environment for China’s internal development, namely the First Five-Year Plan which took place since 1953 until 1957.

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"This study examines the territorial restructuring of Europe between 1917 and 1923, when a radically new and highly fragile peace order was established. In a first step, it explores the peace planning efforts of Great Britain, France, and the United States in the final phase of the first world war. It then provides an in-depth view on the practice of Allied border drawing at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. Special attention is given to a new factor in foreign policymaking, academic experts employed by the three Allied states for the tasks of peace planning and border drawing. Two case studies are presented of disputed regions where the newly drawn borders caused ethnic violence, albeit with different results: the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France in 1918-19 and the Greek-Turkish War between 1919 and 1922. A final chapter investigates the approach of the League of Nations to territorial revisionism and minority rights, thereby assessing the chances and dangers of the Paris peace order over the course of the 1920s and 1930s. The book argues that at both the international and the local levels, the temptation of violence drove key actors to simplify the acclaimed principle of national self-determination and use ethnic definitions of national identity. Local elites, administrations, and paramilitary leaders soon used ethnic notions of identity to mobilise popular support under the guise of international legitimacy. Henceforth, national self-determination ceased to be a tool of peace-making and instead became an ideology of violent resistance."