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"Amerika 5 negeri Paman Sam. Serial Doody si anak Dinosaurus, bercerita tentang dunia berwarna-warni dan penuh misteri ini membantu mengembangkan kemampuan berpikir dan berimajinasi anak menjadi tahu kebudayaan lain di seluruh penjuru dunia."

"Most people assume that climate change is recent news. A Temperate Empire: Making Climate Change in Early America shows that we have been debating the science and politics of climate change for a long time, since before the age of industrialization. Focusing on attempts to transform New Englands and Nova Scotias environments from the seventeenth through early nineteenth centuries, this book explores the ways that early Americans studied and tried to remake local climates according to their plans for colonial settlement and economic development. For officials, landowners, naturalists, and other local elites, the Northeasts frigid, long winters and short, muggy summers were persistent sources of anxiety. They became intensely interested in understanding the regions natural history and, ultimately, in reducing their vulnerability to it. In the short term, European migrants from other northern countries would welcome the cold or, as one Loyalist from New Hampshire argued, the cold would moderate the supposedly fiery temperaments of Jamaicans deported to colonial Nova Scotia. Over the long term, however, the expansion of colonial farms was increasingly tempering the climate itself. A naturalist in Vermont agreed with Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson when he insisted that every cultivated part of America was already more temperate, uniform, and equal than before colonization, an eighteenth-century forecast of permanent, global warming they wholeheartedly welcomed. By pointing to such ironies, A Temperate Empire emphasizes the necessarily historical nature of the climate and our knowledge about it."

"ABSTRAKProgram "Affirmative Action" merupakan suatu komitmen antara suatu perusahaan, sekolah, atau institusi lainnya untuk memberikan kesempatan yang lebih luas terhadap kaum wanita, orang kulit hitam, kaum Hispanics, dan kelompok minoritas lainnya, dengan tujuan untuk memperbaiki akibat-akibat dan perlakuan diskriminasi terhadap mereka dimasa lampau. Dalam pelaksanaanya program ini sering mendapatkan reaksi negatif terutama dari laki-laki kulit putih (WASPs Male). Mereka justru menganggap bahwa program tersebut hanya membuat ketidakadilan, dan memberikan keuntungan kepada kelompok minoritas belaka. Hal ini yang akhirnya menimbulkan "reverse discrimination" dimana dalam usaha memberantas diskriminasi terhadap kaum minoritas, justru akhirnya menimbulkan diskriminasi baru terhadap seseorang atau sekelompok orang lainnya.Penulisan tesis ini bertujuan untuk menunjukkan mengapa program "affirmative action" ini dapat menimbulkan "reverse discrimination" bagi masyarakat Amerika dan juga untuk menunjukkan mengapa "reverse discrimination" tersebut sulit dihilangkan.Timbulnya kasus-kasus "reverse discrimination" memperlihatkan bahwa telah terjadi pertentangan diantara nilai-nilai budaya baik pertentangan antara nilai "equalitiy" yang terkandung dalam program "affirmative action" itu sendiri, yaitu "equality of opportunity" dengan "equality of outcome", maupun antara nilai "equality of outcome" dengan nilai-nilai budaya masyarakat Amerika lainnya. Pemerintah Amerika telah menyadari bahwa kebijakan program "affirmative action" tidak selamanya sempurna, "review" terhadap program tersebut terus dilakukan dengan harapan suatu saat "reverse discrimination" bisa menghilang dan program "affirmative action" akan dihapuskan seiring dengan hilangnya praktek diskriminasi di Amerika. Namun hal ini berjalan cukup lamban, dikarenakan kesadaran masyarakat Amerika sendiri khususnya dari kelompok WASPs terhadap perlakuan diskriminasi masih sangat rendah.Tesis ini menggunakan sumber kepustakaan, dan dalam pengkajiannya menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Disamping itu kajian ilmu sosial dan budaya juga digunakan dalam memahami berbagai aspek yang terkaitdalam permasalahan yang dikaji.

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ABSTRACT

Affirmative action program is a commitment among enterprises, schools, other institutions to give greater opportunities to women, blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups in order to improve the effects of former discrimination. In its implementation, the program frequently got negative reaction especially from WASPs males. They suppose that the program has been done unfair which gives advantages to those minority groups only. Finally, this case creates reverse discrimination, a new discrimination which appears to a person or groups of people as an effect of the effort in order to fight other discrimination.

The objectives of this thesis are focused on why the program of affirmative action can cause reverse discrimination and also to indicate why it is hard to be abolished. The emerges of reverse discrimination cases show that there has been conflicts among the cultural values. Either the conflicts of equality values that implies in affirmative action program itself., the equality of opportunity and the equality of outcome, and also the value of equality of outcome with the other cultural values of American societies.

The United States has realized that the policy of affirmative action program is not fully perfect. The review-of the affirmative action program has been conducted in the hope that the reverse discrimination will be abolished in the future, and the affirmative action program will be abolished by the same time the practices of discrimination eliminated in United States. Nevertheless, the implementation works very slowly due to the positive consciousness of Americans especially the WASPs towards the discrimination is still weak.

This thesis uses the library resources and its research utilizes the qualitative approach. Besides the studies of social and culture are also utilized in order to interpret all related aspects in the case study."