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"This volume examines diverse meanings and practices of risk management ranging from austerity to climate change to housing and debt. The authors investigate the relationship between shifts in contemporary capitalism and the ways in which neoliberal forms of risk management have emerged, been reproduced and normalized, and, transformed historically. "

"The book offers a radical departure from the conventional wisdom of economists and economic historians by showing that factor markets and the economies dominated by them, the market economies, are not modern, but existed at various times in the past. They are not always rising, but after some time they stagnate and decline again. They are not uniform, but consist of very different combinations of institutions embedded in very different societies. They create flexibility and high mobility in the exchange of land, labour, and capital, and initially they generate economic growth, although they also build on the growth already generated by these societies in the previous period using other exchange and allocation systems. The dynamism that results from the rise of factor markets leads to the rise of new market elites who accumulate land and capital and use wage labour extensively to make their wealth profitable. In the long run this creates social polarization and a decline of average welfare. As these new elites gradually translate their economic wealth into political leverage, it also creates institutional sclerosis, and makes these markets stagnate or decline again. This process is analysed for the three major, pre-industrial examples of successful market economies in western Eurasia: Iraq in the early Middle Ages, Italy in the high Middle Ages, and the Low Countries in the late Middle Ages and the early modern period, and more succinctly for England and the United States in the modern period."

"Pajak merupakan salah satu instrumen kebijakan pemerintah yang sangat penting. Pajakmenjadi salah satu sumber penting penerimaan negara untuk membiayai kegiatan negaradalam menjalankan tugasnya. Secara historis, pajak mulanya dipungut pemerintah untukmenjalankan tugas negara yang bersifat sederhana, penegakan keamanan dan pembiayaanperang. Namun dalam perkembangannya, pajak kini telah menjadi salah satu instrumentpemerintah untuk melakukan intervensi dan menciptakan keadilan, melalui kesetaraanekonomi. Skema pajak yang sering digunakan dan dipandang sebagai instrumen penciptaankeadilan adalah pajak progresif, dengan menetapkan beban atau porsi pajak lebih besarkepada individu atau kelompok yang memiliki kekayaan atau penghasilan lebih tinggi.Secara sederhana, pajak progresif dibangun dari asumsi bahwa dibutuhkan intervensipemerintah yang lebih besar untuk menciptakan kesejahteraan, keadilan, dan redistribusikekayaan. artikel ini bertujuan untuk membantah asumsi keadilan, redistribusi dan perlunyaintervensi negara dalam mencapai kesejahteraan melalui pajak progresif dan menunjukkanbahwa terdapat permasalahan kepentingan diri manusia yang menyebabkan kapitalismetidak cocok dengan pajak progresif. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, artikel ini d isusunmenggunakan metode refutasi, dengan cara mendekomposisi pajak progresif, kemudianmelakukan refutasi (membantah) terhadap asumsi-asumsi tersebut. Sehingga, dapat dilihatbahwa pajak progresif pada dasarnya tidak sesuai dengan asumsi-asumsi yangmembangunnya dan tidak cocok untuk dalam kondisi kapitalisme dan dunia saat ini yangsudah semakin terbuka antara satu sama lain.Tax is a very important government policy instrument. Tax is an important source of staterevenue to finance state activities in carrying out their duties. Historically, tax were initiallylevied by the government to carry out simple state tasks, security enforcement and warfinancing. But in its development, tax has now become one of the government instrumentsto intervene and create justice, through economic equality. Tax scheme often used and seenas instruments of creating justice are progressive taxes, by assigning a greater tax burden orportion to individuals or groups who have higher wealth or income. Put simply, progressivetax is built on the assumption that greater government intervention is needed to createwealth, justice and redistribution of wealth. This article aims to refute the assumptions ofjustice, redistribution and the need for state intervention in achieving prosperity throughprogressive tax and shows that there are problems of human self-interest that causecapitalism to be incompatible with progressive tax. To achieve this goal, this article hasbeen prepared using a refutation method, by decomposing progressive tax, then refute thoseassumptions. So, it can be seen that progressive taxation is fundamentally incompatiblewith the assumptions that built it and is not suitable for the current condition of capitalismand the world that are increasingly open to each other."

"Masyarakat kontrol telah menggantikan masyarakat disiplin sebagai tatanan yang mengglobal.Masyarakat kontrol tidak dapat terlepas dari teknologi yang hampir selalu berdampingan dalamkehidupan. Sementara itu, kemajuan teknologi dengan rasionalitasnya cenderung hadir sebagai alatpendukung bagaimana mendisiplinkan dan mengontrol individu atau masyarakat. Maka dari itu,bentuk-bentuk pengontrolan pada masa modern dapat ditemukan di pabrik-pabrik industri besar yangdi dalamnya terdapat mesin-mesin dengan teknologi canggih. Itu yang mengakibatkan individu ataumasyarakat semakin sulit untuk melepaskan diri karena sifat-sifat produktif yang melekat padateknologi yang dimiliki oleh para kapitalis, di mana tempat individu bekerja dan hanyaketidakbebasanlah yang akhirnya didapat. Zaman berganti secara historis dan kontemporer hadirdengan bentuk pengontrolan baru yang lebih fleksibel dan terbuka. Kapitalisme pada era industridigantikan dengan teknokapitalisme yang berfokus pada korporatismenya. Menurut saya,pengontrolan dengan rasionalitas teknologi akan tetap terjadi dikarenakan adanya suatu usahapengejaran produktivitas dan pemuasan konsumsi dengan penggunaan efisiensi. Efisiensi hampirselalu mengiringi penciptaan teknologi baru atau bentuk-bentuk organisasi teknis yang baru. Jadi,pada artikel ini efisiensi menjadi penting sekaligus masih jarang dijadikan titik untuk melihatbagaimana rasionalitas teknologi yang mengontrol dan dilakukan oleh teknokapitalisme, serta untukmengetahui alternatif apa yang dapat ditawarkan atas masalah tersebut.

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The control society has replaced the discipline society as a globalized order. Control society cannotbe separated from technology that almost always coexists in life. Meanwhile, technological progresswith its rationality tends to be present as a supporting tool for how to discipline and controlindividuals or society. Therefore, forms of control in modern times can be found in large industrialfactories in which there are machines with advanced technology. That is what makes it more difficultfor individuals or communities to escape because of the productive traits inherent in the technologypossessed by the capitalists, where the individual works and only freedom is ultimately obtained.Times change historically and contemporary comes with a new form of control that is more flexibleand open. Capitalism in the industrial era was replaced by technocapitalism which focused oncorporatism. According to the authors, the control of technological rationality will still occur becauseof an effort to pursue productivity and satisfaction of consumption with the use of efficiency.Efficiency almost always accompanies the creation of new technology or new forms of technicalorganization. So, in this article efficiency is important and at the same time it is rarely used as a pointto see how the rationality of technology that controls and is carried out by technocapitalism and tofind out what alternatives can be offered to the problem."

"Sistem kapitalisme telah menyebabkan beragam kerusakan lingkungan di seluruh dunia. Aktor-aktor yang mulai sadar pentingnya upaya pelestarian kemudian mendorong dilakukannya perubahan pada tata kelola lingkungan dan bisnis yang lebih berkelanjutan. Melalui metode tipologi, tulisan ini berargumen bahwa kapitalisme – yang meliputi negara dan korporasi menawarkan ‘solusi’ untuk menerapkan ekonomi yang berkelanjutan, yaitu melalui Pembangunan Berkelanjutan dan corporate environmentalism. Adapun faktor kapitalisme bertahan di tengah tekanan lingkungan global yaitu: kapitalisme disokong oleh negara, kapitalisme merespon balik tekanan lingkungan, kapitalisme melalui peran sektor swasta merupakan penyedia dana terbesar bagi upaya restorasi lingkungan, kapitalisme dianggap sebagai sistem yang bersifat given dan tidak dapat diubah.

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The capitalist system has caused various environmental degradations around the world. Actors who have started to realize the importance of conserving then ask for changes in environmental governance and a more sustainable business. By using typology method, this literature review argued that capitalism – which includes countries and corporations offer ‘solutions’ to implement a sustainable economy, namely through Sustainable Development and Corporate Environmentalism.  In addition to that, the factors of capitalism to survive amongst global environmental pressures are following: capitalism is supported by the state, capitalism respond to the global environmental pressure, capitalism through the role of private sector is the largest source of fund for environmental restoration, capitalism is considered as a system that is given and cannot be changed"

"Penelitian ini mengulas investasi Amerika Serikat di Hindia Belanda, khususnya dalam industri karet di Sumatra Timur, melalui United States Rubber Company (USRC) dan anak perusahaannya, Hollandsch-Amerikaansche Plantage Maatschappij. USRC memperkenalkan konsep welfare capitalism dalam operasinya di perkebunan karet, menyediakan fasilitas seperti perumahan, perawatan kesehatan, dan rekreasi bagi pekerjanya. Penelitian sebelumnya mengenai USRC kurang menekankan operasinya di Hindia Belanda dan tidak menyoroti sisi lain dari penggunaan etos manajemen tersebut. Dengan metode penelitian sejarah yang melibatkan heuristik, kritik sumber, interpretasi, dan historiografi, serta mempertimbangkan tiga sudut pandang—Amerika Serikat, Pemerintah Kolonial Hindia Belanda, dan masyarakat lokal—penelitian ini menganalisis dasar penerapan welfare capitalism dan awal investasi USRC, implementasi konsep, dan dampaknya pada berbagai aspek sosial, ekonomi, dan lingkungan. Kedatangan dan inovasi bisnis karet di wilayah ini, bersama perkembangan menarik pada periode kemakmuran 1920-an, memberikan dampak signifikan pada berbagai aspek kehidupan masyarakat Sumatra Timur. Meskipun investasinya sukses, program welfare capitalism yang diterapkan tidak berhasil karena USRC lebih berfokus pada pencapaian keuntungan, ketidakcocokan antara konsep dengan budaya lokal, juga diwarnai kekurangan seperti kasus-kasus kekerasan dan kelalaian terhadap kebutuhan dasar pekerja sebagai manusia seutuhnya. Diharapkan penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi penting untuk pemahaman sejarah investasi dan kondisi buruh di Indonesia.

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This research examines United States investments in the Dutch East Indies, particularly in the rubber industry in East Sumatra, through the United States Rubber Company (USRC) and its subsidiary, Hollandsch-Amerikaansche Plantage Maatschappij. USRC introduced the concept of welfare capitalism in its rubber plantations, providing facilities such as housing, healthcare, and recreational amenities for its workers. Previous research on USRC did not emphasize its operations in the Dutch East Indies and neglected other aspects of the application of this management ethos. Using a historical research method involving heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography, and considering three perspectives—United States, Dutch Colonial Government, and local communities—this study analyzes the basis for implementing welfare capitalism and the initial investments of USRC, the implementation of the concept, and its impact on various social, economic, and environmental aspects. The arrival and innovations in the rubber business in this region, along with its intriguing development during the prosperity of the 1920s, have significantly affected various aspects of life in East Sumatra. Despite its successful investments, the welfare capitalism program applied by USRC failed due to the company's focus on profit achievement, cultural mismatch, and shortcomings such as cases of violence and neglect of the basic needs of workers as human beings. It is hoped that this research will make a significant contribution to understanding the history of investments and labor conditions in Indonesia."

"Konstruksi patriarki memandang menstruasi sebagai hal yang kotor dengan berlandas pada suatu prasangka yang keliru terhadap darah yang merupakan lambang kematian. Implikasi dari hal ini adalah adanya anggapan bahwa rahim membawa penyakit yang disebut dengan “penyakit perempuan”. Bias yang terjadi menyebabkan perempuan merasa malu dengan adanya menstruasi melanggengkan narasi patriarkal mitos menstruasi. Nilai-nilai yang tertanam secara mengakar dan kontinu berdampak pada perempuan yang kehilangan otoritas atas tubuhnya. Ilmu pengetahuan dan kapitalisme yang berkembang pesat membuat opresi terhadap perempuan makin kuat, bahkan produk menstruasi kini dikapitalisasikan. Kapitalisme yang berfokus pada profit mengabaikan kerusakan alam yang diakibatkan dengan banyaknya limbah pembalut. Ekofeminisme menunjukkan adanya opresi terhadap alam dan perempuan yang masih berlanjut hingga saat ini dan tidak mungkin untuk membebaskan salah satunya tanpa mengorbankan yang lain.

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The patriarchal construction views menstruation as a dirty thing based on the mistaken prejudice of blood which is a symbol of death. The implication of this is the assumption that the uterus carries a disease called "women's disease". The bias that occurs causes women to feel ashamed about menstruation, perpetuating the patriarchal narrative of the menstrual myth. Values that are deeply rooted and continuous have an impact on women who lose authority over their bodies. Science and capitalism that are developing rapidly make the oppression of women stronger, even menstrual products are now capitalized. Profit-focused capitalism ignores the natural damage caused by the abundance of sanitary napkins. Ecofeminism shows that there is an oppression of nature and women is still ongoing today and it is impossible to liberate one of them without sacrificing the other."

"Tulisan ini mengkaji tahapan diplomasi ekonomi Indonesia terkait aktifnya ekspansi PT Wijaya Karya Tbk. (WIKA) sebagai Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN) ke Afrika. Dalam mengkaji fenomena tersebut, studi ini menggunakan konsep kapitalisme negara dan tipologi diplomasi ekonomi (traditional, niche-focused, evolving, inovatif) yang ditawarkan oleh Kishan Rana (2007). Adapun metodologi yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif melalui studi literatur dan wawancara. Keaktifan ekspansi WIKA dapat dikaji sebagai bagian dari praktik kapitalisme negara di Indonesia. Berdasarkan studi literatur yang dilakukan tulisan ini mengidentifikasi tiga praktik kapitalisme negara dibawah pemerintahan Presiden Joko Widodo. Pertama, perencanaan tersentral dalam menentukan tujuan dan lokasi ekspansi. Kedua, bantuan permodalan, mengingat posisi pemerintah sebagai pemegang saham terbesar. Ketiga, diplomasi ekonomi untuk membuka akses pasar dan menjaga hubungan dengan pemerintah di negara tujuan. Berdasarkan temuan tersebut, tulisan ini berargumen bahwa internasionalisasi WIKA tidaklah semata-mata dilakukan dalam upaya mencari keuntungan, namun juga dipengaruhi oleh faktor politik dan dorongan negara untuk memenuhi kepentingan nasional, termasuk perluasan pengaruh ke pasar baru dan kepentingan elektoral. WIKA menjadi ujung tombak bagi sektor konstruksi dan infrastruktur yang dianggap sebagai sektor unggulan bagi pemerintahan Presiden Joko Widodo. Lebih jauh, terkait tahapan diplomasi ekonomi sebagai bagian penting dari praktik kapitalisme negara, penulis menyimpulkan bahwa diplomasi ekonomi Indonesia dalam ekspansi WIKA ke Afrika berada dalam tahap transisi dari evolving menuju inovatif. Atas dasar tersebut, penulis mengusulkan terminologi departing atau tinggal landas untuk menyebut tahap transisi ini.

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This study analyses the state’s application of economic diplomacy phases in the active expansion of PT Wijaya Karya Tbk. (WIKA), a state-owned enterprise, to Africa as a part of Indonesia’s practice of state capitalism. Based on literature reviews, this study has identified the concept of state capitalism practiced by the Joko Widodo regime, i.e., (1) Centralized planning for the determination of expansion objectives and locations, (2) Economic diplomacy to open markets and maintain relations with destination countries, and (3) Capital assistance, considering the government’s status as the majority shareholder. Based on these findings, this thesis argues that the internationalization of WIKA is not driven exclusively by profit, but also influenced by political factors as well as the state’s push to meeting national interests, which includes influence expansion to new markets and electoral interests. WIKA has become the spearhead of the construction and infrastructure sectors, the champion sectors for the Widodo regime. Further, this thesis explores Indonesia’s economic diplomacy phases—a vital part of state capitalism—through qualitative method, utilizing the developing countries’ economic diplomacy typology offered by Kishan Rana (2007): traditional, niche-focused, evolving and innovative. Based on these case studies, this thesis has determined that Indonesia’s economic diplomacy in the WIKA expansion to Africa is a transition from the evolving to inovatif phases. This thesis recommends the use of the term ―departing‖ or ―taking off‖ to define this transition phase."

"Now is the time to redirect your focus from short-term gain to long-term growthAlfred Rappaport, who first introduced the principles and practical application of "shareholder value" in his groundbreaking 1986 classic Creating Shareholder Value, reiterated the basic message in his 2006 Harvard Business Review article: Focusing on Wall Street quarterly earnings expectations rather than on creating long-term value is an invitation to disaster. Rappaport shows how deeply flawed short-term performance incentives for corporate and investment managers were an essential cause of the recent global financial crisis. In Saving Capitalism from Short-Termism, Rappaport examines the causes and consequences of "short-termism" and offers specific recommendations for how publicly traded companies and the investment management community can overcome it. Whether you?re a corporate manager, money manager, public policymaker, business-school student, or simply concerned about your financial future, Saving Capitalism from Short-Termism provides valuable insights and practical ideas to change the course of your organization --and contribute to a healthier economy that benefits all."