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"[ABSTRAKWilayah udara yang berada di atas sebuah negara merupakan hak negara tersebutsecara penuh dan eksklusif. Namun, ketentuan itu tidak selalu dapat diikuti. Halini ditunjukkan dengan adanya pengaturan wilayah penerbangan di atas negara ?negara di dunia, Flight Information Region (FIR), yang tidak selalu mengikutigaris batas negara. Kondisi tersebut dialami oleh Indonesia. Sebagian wilayahudara di kawasan Kepulauan Riau dan Natuna didelegasikan kepada Singapurakarena ketidakmampuan Indonesia konon dalam mengelola navigasi penerbangan.Melalui pendelegasian wilayah udara tersebut, terdapat berbagai kerugian yangdiderita oleh Indonesia. Namun, pemerintah Indonesia tetap meneruskan kerjasama pengelolaan wilayah udara tersebut walaupun perjanjian pendelegasian,yang dibuat pada tahun 1995, telah berakhir masa berlakunya, dan kondisiIndonesia telah memungkinkan untuk mengambil kembali kewenangannya. Halinilah yang menjadi anomali dari sikap negara berdaulat. Oleh sebab itu, tesis inimenggunakan teori politik birokratik (bureaucratic politics theory) dalampembedahan isu untuk melihat proses pemutusan kebijakan politik luar negeri diantara birokrasi ? birokrasi di dalam negeri. Pembedahan tesis dibagi sesuaidengan variabel dalam teori ini, yaitu aktor/birokrasi yang terlibat, faktor yangmenentukan masing ? masing aktor, dan sikap aktor dalam menyatukanpertimbangan untuk menghasilkan keputusan dan tindakan pemerintah. Setelahmendapatkan ketiga variabel penelitian, langkah selanjutnya adalah memetakanpolitik birokratik Indonesia terkait isu tersebut. Pada akhirnya, ditemukan adanyamasalah politik birokratik intranasional yang menyebabkan limitasi pilihan bagipemerintah dalam proses pemutusan kebijakan politik luar negeri menanggapi isupendelegasian wilayah udara nasional kepada Singapura. Masalah ini jugamerefleksikan persaingan antara Indonesia dan Singapura di beberapa aspek.

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ABSTRACTAir territory, located above a country, is exclusively and fully considered a rightowned by the subjacent state. However, this provision does not always succeed tofollow. This is indicated by the Flight Information Region (FIR) which mostunlikely follow the country demarcation line. That condition is experienced byIndonesia with most of the air territories in Riau Islands and Natuna are delegatedto Singapore due to the country?s inability in managing air navigation. Bydelegating the air territory, Indonesia suffers various losses. However, Indonesiangovernment still continues the air territory management cooperation although thedelegation agreement in 1995 has expired, and the condition of Indonesia hasmade it possible to take back the authority. This is considered an anomaly of thesovereign state?s attitude. Therefore, this thesis applies the bureaucratic politicstheory in dissecting issues to look at the foreign policy decision making processamong bureaucracies in the country. Thesis dissection is divided according to thevariables in this theory, the actor/bureaucracy involved, the factors that determineeach actor, and the attitude of each actor in aggregating to yield governmentaldecisions and actions. After obtaining three variables of the study, Indonesianbureaucratic politic, related to the issue, is mapped. In the end, the identifiedproblems of intra-national bureaucratic politics cause choices of limitation in thegovernmental foreign policy decision making process in response to the issue ofnational air territory delegation to Singapore. Furthermore, this issue also reflectsthe competition between Indonesia and Singapore in several aspects.;Air territory, located above a country, is exclusively and fully considered a rightowned by the subjacent state. However, this provision does not always succeed tofollow. This is indicated by the Flight Information Region (FIR) which mostunlikely follow the country demarcation line. That condition is experienced byIndonesia with most of the air territories in Riau Islands and Natuna are delegatedto Singapore due to the country?s inability in managing air navigation. Bydelegating the air territory, Indonesia suffers various losses. However, Indonesiangovernment still continues the air territory management cooperation although thedelegation agreement in 1995 has expired, and the condition of Indonesia hasmade it possible to take back the authority. This is considered an anomaly of thesovereign state?s attitude. Therefore, this thesis applies the bureaucratic politicstheory in dissecting issues to look at the foreign policy decision making processamong bureaucracies in the country. Thesis dissection is divided according to thevariables in this theory, the actor/bureaucracy involved, the factors that determineeach actor, and the attitude of each actor in aggregating to yield governmentaldecisions and actions. After obtaining three variables of the study, Indonesianbureaucratic politic, related to the issue, is mapped. In the end, the identifiedproblems of intra-national bureaucratic politics cause choices of limitation in thegovernmental foreign policy decision making process in response to the issue ofnational air territory delegation to Singapore. Furthermore, this issue also reflectsthe competition between Indonesia and Singapore in several aspects., Air territory, located above a country, is exclusively and fully considered a rightowned by the subjacent state. However, this provision does not always succeed tofollow. This is indicated by the Flight Information Region (FIR) which mostunlikely follow the country demarcation line. That condition is experienced byIndonesia with most of the air territories in Riau Islands and Natuna are delegatedto Singapore due to the country’s inability in managing air navigation. Bydelegating the air territory, Indonesia suffers various losses. However, Indonesiangovernment still continues the air territory management cooperation although thedelegation agreement in 1995 has expired, and the condition of Indonesia hasmade it possible to take back the authority. This is considered an anomaly of thesovereign state’s attitude. Therefore, this thesis applies the bureaucratic politicstheory in dissecting issues to look at the foreign policy decision making processamong bureaucracies in the country. Thesis dissection is divided according to thevariables in this theory, the actor/bureaucracy involved, the factors that determineeach actor, and the attitude of each actor in aggregating to yield governmentaldecisions and actions. After obtaining three variables of the study, Indonesianbureaucratic politic, related to the issue, is mapped. In the end, the identifiedproblems of intra-national bureaucratic politics cause choices of limitation in thegovernmental foreign policy decision making process in response to the issue ofnational air territory delegation to Singapore. Furthermore, this issue also reflectsthe competition between Indonesia and Singapore in several aspects.]"

"Teritori berkaitan dengan bagaimana sebuah space dan place terdefinisi oleh boundary yang ada dan sangat berpengaruh pada aktivitas sehari-hari. Kehidupan bertetangga di area kampung kota sangat berbeda dibandingkan dengan kehidupan bertetangga pada jenis pemukiman lain karena terdapat intensitas interaksi yang lebih sering dikarenakan jarak rumah yang saling berdekatan, hubungan kekerabatan yang dekat dan seringnya melakukan aktivitas yang sama pada waktu yang sama. Fenomena tersebut akan berpengaruh pada pembentukan territorial masing-masing rumah dan hierarki teritori yang ada. Berdasarkan pengamatan yang telah dilakukan di Jalan Wadas Kramatjati, sebuah territorial terbentuk dari keberadaan boundary fisik yang membatasi dan membedakan territorial satu dan yang lainnya. Keberadaan boundary non fisik mempengaruhi territorial yang ada secara temporer berdasarkan aktivitas yang sedang terjadi, keberadaannya dapat memperluas atau mempersempit territorial. Hierarki yang tercipta sesuai dengan prinsip asimetri dan tercipta karena hubungan vertical yang terjadi antar teritori, yaitu seseorang harus rumah keluar menuju tingkatan teritori yang lebih rendah untuk masuk ke dalam teritori tetangganya yang berada.

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Territory associated with space and place defined by existing boundaries and daily activities. Kampong is very different from other types of settlements because there are more interaction between people and they do their activities together in the same time frequently, and also the minimum distances between their houses which is very close. This phenomenon will affects in how territorial and hierarchy of territory formed.

According to the observation result on Wadas Street Kramatjati, a territorial formed by the existence of physical boundaries. This boundaries mark off one territorial from another. The existence of non physical boundaries affect territorial temporary, these boundaries can expand or narrow the territorial. The existing territorial hierarchy based on asymmetry principle. Asymmetry principle occurs because of vertical relation between the territories. This relation makes people go down to the lower territory to enter another level of territory."

"Sanksi dari dunia internasional menjadi salah satu ancaman bagi stabilitas politik suatu negara, sehingga dapat memberikan dampak negatif terhadap legitimasi suatu rezim pemerintahan. Ancaman terhadap stabilitas rezim juga terjadi di Rusia khususnya pasca terjadinya aneksasi Krimea dan invasi Ukraina pada tahun 2014 dan 2022. Kedua invasi ini menyebabkan dunia internasional menjatuhkan sanksi terhadap Rusia yang menargetkan sektor-sektor seperti energi, perbankan, dan industri teknologi militer, sehingga berdampak terhadap performa perekonomiannya. Dampaknya Rusia mengalami krisis ekonomi, sehingga menimbulkan protes dari sebagian masyarakat, termasuk melakukan emigrasi dari negeri tersebut, terutama setelah kebijakan mobilisasi militer terbatas. Akan tetapi situasi politik domestik Rusia cenderung stabil setelah dua gelombang sanksi internasional tersebut. Dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif, tugas akhir ini mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi stabilitas politik Rusia di bawah kepemimpinan Presiden Vladimir Putin setelah dijatuhkannya sanksi dunia internasional pasca aneksasi Krimea dan invasi Ukraina pada tahun 2014 dan 2022.

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Sanctions from the international community can threaten the political stability of a country and have a negative impact on the legitimacy of a government regime. Threats to regime stability have also occurred in Russia, particularly after the annexation of Crimea and the invasion of Ukraine in 2014 and 2022. These two invasions caused the international community to impose sanctions on Russia, targeting sectors such as energy, banking, and the military technology industry, thus affecting its economic performance. As a result, Russia experienced an economic crisis, leading to protests from some citizens, including emigration from the country, especially after the policy of partial military mobilization. However, Russia's domestic political situation tends to stabilize after the two waves of international sanctions. By using qualitative methods, this final project identifies the factors that influenced Russia's political stability under the leadership of President Vladimir Putin after the imposition of international sanctions following the annexation of Crimea and the invasion of Ukraine in 2014 and 2022."