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"Penulisan makalah ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penerapan model pembelajaran matematika yang kooperatif di sekolah dasar dan sekolah lanjutan. Penulisan makalah ini menggunakan metode tinjauan literatur (library research). Dari pembahasan dapat disimpulkan bahwa fokus pembelajaran kooperatif tidak saja tertumpu pada apa yang dilakukan peserta didik tetapi juga pada apa yang dipikirkan peserta didik selama aktivitas belajar berlangsung. Informasi yang ada pada kurikulum tidak ditransfer begitu saja oleh guru kepada peserta didik, tetapi peserta didik difasilitasi dan dimotivasi untuk berinteraksi dengan peserta didik lain dalam kelompok, dengan guru dan dengan bahan ajar secara optimal agar ia mampu mengkonstruksi pengetahuannya sendiri. Dari berbagai pertimbangan dan bukti empirik menunjukkan bahwa model pembelajaran kooperatif perlu diterapkan dalam pembelajaran di sekolah di berbagai tingkatan dan berbagai bidang studi, termasuk bidang studi matematika dan sains."

"This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Analytical and Stochastic Modelling Techniques and Applications, ASMTA 2012, held in Grenoble, France, in June 2012. The 20 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on queueing systems; networking applications, Markov chains, stochastic modelling."

"This is the expanded second edition of a successful textbook that provides a broad introduction to important areas of stochastic modelling. The original text was developed from lecture notes for a one-semester course for third-year science and actuarial students at the University of Melbourne. It reviewed the basics of probability theory and then covered the following topics: Markov chains, Markov decision processes, jump Markov processes, elements of queueing theory, basic renewal theory, elements of time series and simulation. The present edition adds new chapters on elements of stochastic calculus and introductory mathematical finance that logically complement the topics chosen for the first edition. This makes the book suitable for a larger variety of university courses presenting the fundamentals of modern stochastic modelling. Instead of rigorous proofs we often give only sketches of the arguments, with indications as to why a particular result holds and also how it is related to other results, and illustrate them by examples. Wherever possible, the book includes references to more specialised texts on respective topics that contain both proofs and more advanced material.Readership: Advanced undergraduates, graduate students, lecturers and researchers in mathematics, statistics, actuarial sciences and economics."

"While there are several texts on how to solve and analyze stochastic programs, this is the first text to address basic questions about how to model uncertainty, and how to reformulate a deterministic model so that it can be analyzed in a stochastic setting. This text would be suitable as a stand-alone or supplement for a second course in OR/MS or in optimization-oriented engineering disciplines where the instructor wants to explain where models come from and what the fundamental issues are. "

"Since the early eighties, Ali Suleyman Ustunel has been one of the main contributors to the field of Malliavin calculus. In a workshop held in Paris, June 2010 several prominent researchers gave exciting talks in honor of his 60th birthday. The present volume includes scientific contributions from this workshop. Probability theory is first and foremost aimed at solving real-life problems containing randomness. Markov processes are one of the key tools for modeling that plays a vital part concerning such problems. Contributions on inventory control, mutation-selection in genetics and public-private partnerships illustrate several applications in this volume. Stochastic differential equations, be they partial or ordinary, also play a key role in stochastic modeling. Two of the contributions analyze examples that share a focus on probabilistic tools, namely stochastic analysis and stochastic calculus. Three other papers are devoted more to the theoretical development of these aspects. "