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"The maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD), which is the gold standard for anaerobic energy metabolism capacity, requires multiple tests for evaluation that impose a heavy load on subjects. The maximal accumulated blood lactate (AbLa) concentration is also a measure of anaerobic energy metabolism capacity, and is related to the accumulated oxygen deficit (AOD). Thus, AOD has been estimated by using AbLa (3.0 mL02 * kg-1 * mM"1), but it is unclear if this coefficient is suitable for measurement of supramaximal running of athletes. The purpose of this study was to clarify the estimated expression of AOD by using AbLa from the relationship between MAOD and AbLa during supramaximal running in middle-distance run¬ners. Eleven male middle-distance runners (800m running velocity: 425.3 ± 7.3 m-min'1) took part in this study. They performed three running tests (maximal, submaximal and supramaximal running test) to evaluate MAOD and AbLa. MAOD and AbLa were 56.6 ± 6.0 mL02 * kg'1 and 9.9 ± 1.1 mmolL'1, respectively. We observed a significant positive relationship between MAOD and AbLa (r = 0.73); the regression line equation was y = 3.58x + 18.6. Results showed that the AOD per mM of the AbLa of athletes was 3.58 mL02*kg 1, which was 19% higher than the conventional coefficient value."

"Latar belakang: Semaphorin-3B (SEMA3B) sebagai faktor antiangiogenik dan Cullin-1 (CUL1) sebagai faktor proangiogenik merupakan contoh dua protein yang bekerja secara antagonis dalam invasi trofoblas, yang bila terjadi ketidakseimbangan akan menyebabkan preeklamsia (PE). VEGF, MMP9, E-cadherin, p21, dan CASP3 merupakan kandidat protein terkait kaskade hantaran sinyal SEMA3B dan CUL1. Tujuan umum penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kadar SEMA3B dan CUL1, serta kandidat protein terkait kaskade hantaran sinyalnya pada patologi PE berdasarkan perbedaan usia kehamilan saat persalinan. Metode: Penelitian diadakan di RS Cipto Mangunkusumo dan RS Budi Kemuliaan dari April 2017-April 2018. Studi potong lintang dengan observasi analitik dilakukan untuk mengukur kadar SEMA3B dan CUL1 dan kandidat protein terkait kaskade hantaran sinyalnya dalam plasenta, serta kadar SEMA3B dan CUL1 dalam serum ibu pada 70 pasien PE berdasarkan dua kelompok usia kehamilan saat persalinan: <34 minggu dan ≥34 minggu. Pemeriksaan dilakukan di Laboratorium Terpadu Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia. Hasil: Kadar SEMA3B, CUL1, VEGF, dan E-cadherin secara bermakna lebih rendah pada kelompok usia kehamilan <34 minggu. Pada kelompok usia kehamilan <34 minggu: terdapat korelasi positif antara usia kehamilan dengan SEMA3B, CUL1, dan protein terkait kaskade hantaran sinyalnya; terdapat korelasi positif antara SEMA3B dengan VEGF dan p21; terdapat korelasi positif antara CUL1 dengan VEGF, MMP9, E-cadherin, p21, dan CASP3; dan korelasi negatif antara rasio p21/CUL1 dengan usia kehamilan. Pada kelompok usia kehamilan ≥34 minggu: terdapat korelasi positif antara SEMA3B dalam plasenta dengan SEMA3B dalam serum ibu; tidak ada korelasi SEMA3B dengan kandidat protein terkait kaskade hantaran sinyalnya; terdapat korelasi positif antara CUL1 dengan MMP9, E-cadherin, p21, dan CASP3. Kadar proangiogenik CUL1 dan VEGF yang rendah rendah dan ratio p21/CUL1 yang tinggi secara bermakna berhubungan dengan usia kehamilan <34 minggu saat persalinan. Analisis multivariat menunjukkan kadar CUL1 yang rendah meningkatkan risiko melahirkan sebesar empat kali lebih besar pada usia kehamilan <34 minggu dibandingkan usia kehamilan ≥34 minggu. Kesimpulan: Pada PE usia kehamilan <34 minggu saat persalinan, gambaran patologi PE lebih berat, kadar SEMA3B yang lebih rendah, serta kadar CUL1 yang lebih rendah memiliki risiko empat kali lebih besar terjadi persalinan dibandingkan usia kehamilan ≥34 minggu saat persalinan.

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Background: Semaphorin-3B (SEMA3B) as an antiangiogenic factor and Cullin-1 (CUL1) as a proangiogenic factor are examples of two proteins that work antagonistically in trophoblast invasion, which will cause preeclampsia (PE) if an imbalance occurs. VEGF, MMP9, E-cadherin, p21, and CASP3 are protein candidates related to the signal transduction cascade of SEMA3B and CUL1. The aim of this study was to analyze SEMA3B and CUL1 levels, as well as protein candidates related to the signal transduction cascade in pathology of PE based on differences in gestational age at delivery.

Methods: The study was conducted at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital and Budi Kemuliaan Hospital during April 2017 until April 2018. In this cross-sectional study SEMA3B, CUL1, and protein candidates related to the signal transduction cascade (VEGF, MMP9, E-cadherin, p21, CASP3) were measured in the placenta, as well as SEMA3B and CUL1 levels in maternal serum in 70 PE patients in two gestational age at delivery groups: <34 weeks and ≥34 weeks. Measurements were conducted at Integrated Laboratory of Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia.

Results: Levels of SEMA3B, CUL1, VEGF, and E-cadherin were significantly lower in the gestational age group of <34 weeks compared to ≥34 weeks. In the gestational age group of <34 weeks: there were positive correlation between age gestational age and SEMA3B, CUL1, protein candidates related to their signal transduction cascade; there were positive correlations between SEMA3B and VEGF, p21; there were positive correlations between CUL1 and MMP9, E-cadherin, p21, CASP3; there were negative correlation between p21/CUL1 ratio and gestational age. In the gestational age group of ≥34 weeks: there were positive correlation between SEMA3B in placenta and SEMA3B in maternal serum; there were positive correlations between CUL1 and MMP9, Ecadherin, p21, CASP3; there were no correlation between SEMA3B and candidate protein related to the signal transduction cascade. Significantly, low level of proangiogenic CUL1 and VEGF, and high ratio p21/CUL1 were associated with <34 weeks of gestational age at delivery. Multivariate analysis showed that at <34 weeks of gestational age, low levels of CUL1 increased the risk of giving birth by four times greater than at ≥34 weeks of gestational age.

Conclusions: In PE at <34 weeks of gestation age at delivery, pathology of PE was worse, level of SEMA3B was lower, and lower level of CUL1 had four times greater risk of labor than at ≥34 weeks of gestational age at delivery. "

"ABSTRAKKitosan merupakan polimer alam yang bersifat kationik, sehingga kitosan dapat berinteraksi dengan gugus anionik membentuk ikatan taut silang ionik. Dalam penelitian ini, natrium tripolifosfat digunakan sebagai agen penaut silang yang berinteraksi secara ionik dengan kitosan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah preparasi kitosan-tripolifosfat yang akan digunakan sebagai eksipien dalam sediaan tablet enterik. Larutan kitosan 3% (v/v) dan natrium tripolifosfat 0,145% (b/v) direaksikan dengan perbandingan 5:1. Selanjutnya kitosan-tripolifosfat digunakan sebagai eksipien dalam sediaan tablet enterik dengan natrium diklofenak sebagai model obat. Hasil uji disolusi menunjukkan bahwa kitosantripolifosfat dengan derajat substitusi 0,587% P kurang mampu menunda pelepasan natrium diklofenak selama dua jam dalam suasana asam, namun kitosan-tripolifosfat menunjukkan kemampuan yang baik dalam melepaskan zat aktif selama 45 menit dalam suasana basa. Tablet yang mengandung kitosantripolifosfat sebanyak 25%, 37,5%, dan 50% berturut-turut melepaskan obat sebesar 64,29%, 50,40%, dan 36,97% selama dua jam dalam suasana asam, sedangkan tablet dengan kombinasi kitosan-tripolifosfat dan hidroksipropil metilselulosa ftalat (HPMCP) dengan perbandingan 20% : 5% dan 16,65% : 8,35% melepaskan obat sebesar 19,54% dan 8,9% selama dua jam dalam suasana asam. Kombinasi kitosan-tripolifosfat dengan HPMCP dapat membantu menahan pelepasan natrium diklofenak dalam medium asam sehingga memenuhi persyaratan sebagai tablet enterik.

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ABSTRACTChitosan is a natural cationic polymer, so that it can interact with anionic site in order to form ionic crosslink reaction. In this research, sodium tripolyphosphate was used as crosslinker that interact ionically with chitosan. The aim of this research was to synthesize chitosan-tripolyphosphate which would be used as excipient in enteric tablet dosage form. Solutions of chitosan 3% (v/v) and sodium tripolyphosphate 0.145% (w/v) were mixed in ratio 5:1. Chitosantripolyphosphate was then used as excipient in enteric tablet with diclofenac sodium as drug model. Results of dissolution study showed that chitosantripoliphosphate with degree of substitution 0.587% P could not retard the release of sodium diclofenac for two hours in acid medium, but chitosan-tripolyphosphate showed good capability in release sodium diclofenac for 45 minutes in base medium. Tablet that only contains chitosan-tripolyphosphate 25%, 37.5%, 50% released the drug 64.29%, 50.40%, and 36.97% for two hours in acid medium, while tablet that contain combination of chitosan-tripolyphosphate and HPMCP with ratio 5% : 20% and 16.7% : 33.3% release the drug 19.54% and 8.9% for two hours in acid medium. Chitosan-tripolyphosphate in combination with HPMCP could help retard the released of diclofenac sodium in acid medium, so it completed the requirement as enteric tablet."

"Biomachining merupakan proses alternatif dalam fabrikasi mikro yang tergolong ramah lingkungan karena menggunakan bakteri sebagai cutting tool. Proses biomachining menghasilkan kualitas permukaan yang lebih baik karena tidak menghasilkan panas pada permukaan benda kerja dan berpotensi menghasilkan produk dengan skala mikro yang lebih kompleks. Dalam penelitian ini, proses biomachining mulai dikembangkan menjadi lebih fleksibel sesuai dengan arah multi-axis. Proses biomachining bergantung pada kadar oksigen yang terkandung dalam larutan medium kultur, karena oksigen merupakan komponen utama proses metabolisme bakteri dalam melakukan material removal. Pengujian dilakukan terhadap 5 buah sampel material tembaga (Cu) yang diletakkan dengan kedalaman berbeda-beda terhadap permukaan cairan medium kultur bakteri Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans NBRC 14262. Hasil pengujian menunjukan bahwa material sampel yang ditempatkan pada kedalaman 40 mm memiliki tingkat material removal rate (MRR) 50% lebih besar dibandingkan dengan yang diletakkan pada kedalaman 120 mm.

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Biomachining is an alternative process in the micro-fabrication categorized as environmental friendly because it uses bacteria as a cutting tool. Biomachining process produces a better surface quality because it does not generate heat on the surface of the workpiece that potentially developed to produce more complex microproducts. In this reasearch, biomachining process was developed to be more flexible in multi-axis direction. Biomachining process depends on the level of oxygen contained in the cultured medium, because oxygen is a main component of the metabolic processes of bacteria to conduct of material removal. The experiments were carried out on 5 pieces of material from copper (Cu) and placed in different depths to the surface of the liquid culture medium of bacteria Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans NBRC 14262. The results showed that sample material that placed 40 mm below the top surface of media has material removal rate (MRR) 50% larger than the one placed 120 mm below."

"ABSTRAKC. Vulgaris dikenal sebagai makhluk hidup yang kaya kandungan lipid yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagi sumber energi baru. Besarnya kandungan lipid pada C. vulgaris dipengaruhi oleh nutrien yang terdapat di dalam medium dan salah satunya adalah konsentrasi nitrogen dalam kultur media. Pada penelitian ini, akan digunakan medium Walne sebagai kultur media C. vulgaris dengan variasi konsentrasi nitrat sebesar 0,100 g/L, 0,075 g/L, dan 0,050 g/L. Setelah sampai pada masa pemanenan, dilakukan pengambilan biomassa dan dilakukan uji kandungan dan kadar kandungan essensial, lipid, protein, klorofil, serta beta karoten. Dalam konsentrasi nitrogen 0,100 g/L kepadatan sel mencapai 1,251 g/L, konsentrasi 0,075 g/L sebesar 0,642 g/L, dan konsentrasi 0,050 g/L sebesar 0,636 g/L. Adapun kandungan lipid C. vulgaris dari konsentrasi nitrat0,100 g/L sebesar 14,08%, dalam konsentrasi 0,075 g/L sebesar 46,92% dan dalam konsentrasi 0,050 g/L mencapai 68,08%.

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Abstract

C. Vulgaris is known as a living creature that is rich in lipid content in which can be used as new energy sources. The amount of lipid content in C. vulgaris is affected by nutrients contained in the medium and one of them is the concentration of nitrogen in the culture media. In this study, will be used as culture Walne media as a culture media for C. vulgaris with the variation of nitrogen concentration of 0,100 g/L, 0,075 g/L, and 0,050 g/L. After arriving in the harvesting, done and done test shooting biomass content and levels of essential content, lipid, protein, chlorophyll and beta carotene. Nitrogen concentration in the 0,100 g/L, cell density reached 1,251 g/L, at concentration 0,075 g/L cell density reached 0,642 g/L, and at concentration 0,050 g/L cell density reached 0,636 g/L. The lipid content of C. vulgaris of the nitrogen concentration of 0,100 g/L at 14,08%, at concentration 0,075 g/L by 46,92% and at concentration of 0,050 g/L reached 68,08%."

"Latar Belakang : Perempuan pascamenopause memiliki risiko tinggi mengalami penurunan massa tulang akibat bekurangnya hormon estrogen dan asupan kalsium. Penting bagi perempuan pascamenopause untuk menjaga residual ridge dari resorpsi yang berlebihan. Tujuan : Mengetahui hubungan asupan kalsium terhadap derajat resorpsi residual ridge pada perempuan pascamenopause. Material dan Metode : Penelitian dengan metode potong lintang dilakukan di Pos Binaan Terpadu Lanjut Usia Perhimpunan Gerontologi Indonesia, Depok RW 02 yang melibatkan 99 perempuan pascamenopause. Subjek diwawancara menggunakan kuesioner asupan kalsium beserta model makanan dan porsinya dengan metode semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire selanjutnya dilakukan pemeriksaan derajat resorpsi residual ridge dengan mengukur tinggi residual ridge. Data dihitung dan dianalisis menggunakan piranti lunak statistik. Hasil : Hasil analisis chi square menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang bermakna secara statistik antara jumlah asupan kalsium terhadap derajat resorpsi residual ridge (p=0,035) pada perempuan pascamenopause. Kesimpulan : Perempuan pascamenopause berasupan kalsium tercukupi memiliki derajat resorpsi residual ridge rendah.

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Background : Postmenopausal women have a high risk to decreasing bone mass because of estrogen and calcium intake deficiency. It is important for postmenopausal women to keep the residual ridge from excessive resorption.

Objective : Determine the relationship calcium intake and degree of residual ridge resorption in postmenopausal women.

Material and Method : the cross sectional study was performed at Pos Binaan Terpadu Lanjut Usia Perhimpunan Gerontologi Indonesia, Depok RW 02 involving 99 postmenopausal women. Subjects were submitted to interview using calcium intake questionnaire (semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire method ) with food model and the size and then examining the degree of residual ridge resorption through measuring residual ridge height. Data obtained was tabulated and analyzed using statistical software.

Result : The results of chi square analysis showed a statistically significant relationship between the amount of calcium intake and the degree of residual ridge resorption (p = 0.035) in postmenopausal women.

Conclusion : Postmenopausal women that have adequate calcium intake show the low degree of residual ridge resorption."

"Osteoporosis adalah penyakit tulang yang ditandai oleh penurunan densisitas massa tulang sehingga tulang menjadi rapuh dan mudah patah, disebabkan oleh kurangnya asupan kalsium pada usia muda. Secara tidak langsung, pengetahuan, sikap dan perilaku seorang individu berperan terhadap kebiasaan dalam mengkonsumsi kalsium.Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti ingin mengetahui hubungan antara pengetahuan, sikap dan perilaku tentang asupan kalsium serta faktor-faktor yang berhubungan. Penelitian dilakukan di Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia dengan desain Cross-sectional. Sebanyak 108 subyek telah di pilih secara random. Pada awal penelitian, subyek diminta mengisi identitas umum berupa nama, usia, asal pulau, pendidikan & pekerjaan orangtua, dan dilakukan pengukuran TB, BB, dan lingkar badan, kemudian subyek harus mengisi kuisioner pengetahuan, sikap dan perilaku tentang asupan kalsium.Di akhir penelitian, peneliti menganalisis seluruh data yang didapatkan dan mencari hubungan diantaranya. Sebanyak 76,9% responden memiliki pengetahuan baik, 84,3 % memiliki sikap positif dan 82,4% memiliki perilaku kurang. Tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara pengetahuan dengan sikap tentang asupan kalsium (p > 0,05; fisher2 sided), dan antara pengetahuan dengan perilaku tentang asupan kalsium (p > 0,05; fisher2 sided). Namun untuk pengujian kategori sikap terhadap perilaku tentang asupan kalsium didapatkan hubungan bermakna (p < 0,05; fisher2 sided). Tidak terdapat hubungan antara usia, jenis kelamin, dan asal daerah dengan pengetahuan tentang asupan kalsium (p>0,05; Chi Square), dan antara tingkat pendidikan orangtua dengan pengetahuan subyek tentang asupan kalsium (p>0,05; kolmogorov-Smirnov). Pengetahuan tentang asupan kalsium tidak memiliki hubungan bermakna dengan sikap dan perilaku terhadap asupan kalsium, sedangkan sikap tentang asupan kalsium memiliki hubungan bermakna dengan perilaku tentang asupan kalsium.

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Osteoporosis is a bone disease which is characterized by decreasing of bone mass density. It makes bones become brittle and easily broken. The reason behind this disease is because of inadequate calcium intake during adolescence. Indirectly, knowledge, attitude and behavior of an individual also can contribute into the habit of calcium consumption.

In this research, the researcher wanted to know the relationship between knowledge, attitudes and behaviors about calcium intake and other related factors. This research design is cross-sectional and has 108 subjects who were chosen randomly.

Subjects were asked to fill their identity form that consists of name, age, gender, origin, parental education &occupation, body weight and height, then filled the questionnaire of knowledge, attitude and behavior about calcium intake.

At the end, researcher analyzed the data and was looking for the relationship between them.The number of subjects that have good knowledge are 83 people (76,9%), positive attitude are 91 people (84,3%), poor behavior are 89 people (82,4%). There was no significant relationship between knowledge with attitude regard to calcium intake (p>0.05,Fisher test), and knowledge with behavior regard to calcium intake (p>0.05,Fisher test). But, there was a significant relationship between attitudes with behavior about calcium intake (p <0.05, Fisher test). Furthermore, there was no relationship between age, gender, and origin with the knowledge about calcium intake (p>0.05,Chi Square), and between parent’s education level with knowledge about calcium intake (p>0.05,Kolmogorov-Smirnov). Knowledge about calcium intake had no significant relationship with attitude and behavior of taking calcium, while attitude in consuming calsium has a meaningful relationship with consuming calcium’s behaviors."

"Pada keadaan hipoksia sel aksn berganti metabolisme dari tipe aerob Ire tipe yang lebih anaerob, yang lebih sedikit menghasilkan energi. Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan energi yang sama, set pada keadaan hipoksia meningkatkan konsurnsi glukosa. Penelitian ini bertuju.an untuk mengetahui gambaran adaptasi metabolisme otot pada tikus yang dibuat hipoksia dibandingkan dengan penyu hijau (Chelonia mydas). Penyu bijau merupakan hewan yang bernafas dtngan paru-paru namun dapat berakti.vitas lama di bawah air laut.Sejumiah tikus ditempatkan pada kandang hipoksia (tekanan l atm,dan kandungan o, 10%) selama I, 7 14, dan 21 hari. Pada akhir periode hipoksia setelah euthanasia. otot dianalisis untuk pengukuran konsumsi glaktivitas spesifik LDH dan etektroforesis isozim LDH. Analisis yang sarna juga di1akukan pada penyu yang ditempatkan pada kondisi nonnoksia.Konsumsi glukosa dan aktivitas LDH meningkat sejalan dengan lamanya hipoksia pada otot tikus, sedangkan isozim LDH tidak mengalami pcrubahan po1a.; kecuali peningka:tan LDH 4 dan LDH 5. Konsumsi glukosa dan aktivitas spesifik LDH otot penyu Iebih. tinggi dibanding otot tikus dan hanya terdapat satu tipe isozim LDH yaitu LDH 4 yang merupakan isozim LDH anaerob. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adaptasi sel otot terhadap hipoksia, dengan mengubah metabolisme aerob menjadi lebih anaerob.

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During hyPOxia, there is a shift ftom aerobic to anaerobic metabolism which results in the production of less ATP. 1n order to meet the same energy needed, the hypoxic cells have to increase the glucose consumption rate. In this study, we described the muscle metabolic adaptation in globally hypoxic rats as wcU a<;. in sea turtles (Chelonia mydm), the latter animals are well known as lung breathing species which spend most of their time under sea water.Rats were placed in a hypoxic chamber (I atrn, 0, l 0 Va! %) for I, 7, 14 and 21 days. At the end of each period, after euthanasia their muscles were analyzed for glucose metabolism rate, total specific LDH activities and LDH isozymes electrQphoresis. The same a!lalysis was made in sea turtle muscles which were placed in normal condition.Glucose consumption rates and LDH activities increased proportionally with the duration of hypoxic state in rats, whereas for LDH isozymes. there were no any change in pattern except for LDH 4 and LDH 5, which was more prominent the course of hypoxia. On the other hand, even in normoxic condition, sea turtles muscles consumed higher amount·of glucose. showed much higher of total specific LDH activities and had only one type of LDH isoZ)'Ule, i.e. LDH 4, which is anaerobic isozyme of LDH.The results suggest that during adaptation to hypoxia, the metabolism of aerobic muscle of rat switch to more anaerobic pattern and that sea turtle was genetlcally set fur hypo-xia condition."

"Kebutuhan akan industri mikro semakin meningkat setiap tahunnya sehingga membutuhkan pengembangan dalam teknologi fabrikasinya,dengan biomachining menjadi salah satu alternatif yang low cost dan ramah lingkungan. Oksigen sangat berpengaruh terhadap metabolisme dari bakteri Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans sebagai cutting tool Biomachining. Pengaruhnya terlihat dari adanya perbedaan nilai material removal rate dalam setiap komposisi oksigen di setiap ketinggian penempatan sampel. Dengan demikian penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat signifikansi pengaruh tersebut dengan menyuplai udara dengan oksigen di dalamnya ke dalam proses dan melakukan karakterisasi terhadap proses biomachining dengan dan tanpa penambahan udara untuk melihat perbandingan pengaruhnya. Percobaan dilakukan dengan tiga ketinggian benda kerja yang berbeda dengan temperatur ruangan 23-25°C. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya pengaruh penambahan udara terhadap nilai MRR dengan kenaikan sebesar 350-400%. Selain itu ditemukan bahwa perbedaan ketinggian tidak memberikan pengaruh signifikan terhadap perbedaan nilai MRR. Nilai Ra yang terukur dalam percobaan dengan penambahan udara memiliki nilai yang lebih tinggi dari nilai Ra tanpa penambahan udara dengan kecenderungan yang menurun seiring bertambahnya waktu pemesinan.

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Needs of micro product industry is increasing every year so the fabrication technology will need to be increased too with biomachining is one of the alternative that is low cost and environtmentally friendly. Oxygen has a big effect for metabolism of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans as biomachining cutting tool. The effect is seen in the difference value of Material Removal Rate in the difference composition of oxygen within the height of work piece's placement.

So this research is done to see how significant that effect by supplying air, with oxygen as its composition, to the process and do the characterization of biomachining process with and without the added air to see the comparison of the effect. The experiment is done with three different heights of work piece's placement and in the room temperature of 23-25°C.

The result shows that there is an effect of adding air to the value of material removal rate with the rise of 350- 400%. The difference of the height of work piece's effect has shown unsignificant effect to the performance of the bacteria. The measured Ra number of added air biomachining has a higher value than the Ra number of non added air with the trend of decreasing along with the increasing of machining time."