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"[ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Penelitian mengenai dampak kesehatan dari pajanan asap rokok lingkungan dengan menggunakan kotinin, yaitu suatu hasil metabolisme nikotin yang terdeteksi dalam urin, telah direkomendasikan sebagai pengukuran kuantitatif nikotin dalam tubuh dan biomarker pajanan asap rokok lingkungan. Tujuan: Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melihat hubungan pajanan asap rokok di rumah pada perempuan dewasa bukan perokok, dengan mengukur kadar kotinin urin, CO ekspirasi dan melihat dampak kesehatannya.Metode: Penelitian ini berjenis potong lintang terhadap 60 orang perempuan dewasa bukan perokok terpajan dan 58 orang tidak terpajan asap rokok di rumahnya dalam wilayah Pasar Rebo, Jakarta. Kadar kotinin urin diukur menggunakan metode pemeriksaan ELISA. Sebagai informasi tambahan, kami mengumpulkan data kadar CO ekspirasi, kuesioner kebiasaan merokok anggota keluarga di rumah dan dampak kesehatan respirasi subyek penelitian.Hasil: Nilai median kadar kotinin urin yang didapat adalah 24,65 ng/ml pada kelompok terpajan dan 7,30 ng/ml pada kelompok tidak terpajan (p=0.000). Nilai median kadar CO ekspirasi adalah 5,00 ppm pada kelompok terpajan dan 3,00 ppm pada kelompok tidak terpajan (p=0.000). Durasi terpajan asap rokok (jumlah jam/hari) pada perempuan perokok pasif memiliki hubungan signifikan dengan tinggi rendahnya kadar kotinin urin(p=0.037). Gejala sesak napas yang muncul berhubungan signifikan dengan status pajanan asap rokok subjek (p=0.01). Faktor lama pajanan asap rokok terakhir memiliki hubungan signifikan dengan kadar CO ekspirasi (p=0,004). Nilai titik potong kotinin urin antara kelompok terpajan dan tidak terpajan asap rokok adalah 14,4 ng/ml (sensitifitas 75,0 %, spesifisitas 74,0 %, p=0.000). Nilai titik potong CO ekspirasi adalah 3,5 ppm (sensitifitas 75,0 %, spesifisitas 81,0 %, p=0.000).Terdapat korelasi yang cukup kuat dan signifikan antara kadar CO ekspirasi dan kotinin urin (r=0,641, p=0,000).Kesimpulan: Kadar kotinin urin dan CO ekspirasi pada perempuan dewasa yang terpajan asap rokok lebih tinggi dibandingkan perempuan yang tidak terpajan asap rokok di rumah. Pengukuran kotinin urin adalah metode pengukuran pajanan asap rokok lingkungan dalam tubuh yang sensitif, non-invasif dan efektif.;Introduction :Studies of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) health effects using cotinine, a nicotine metabolite detected in urine, has been recommended as a quantitative measurement of nicotine intake and as biomarker for ETS exposure in humans.

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ABSTRACTObjective: The aim of this study is to correlate dailyindoor ETS exposure in non-smokers (adult women) by measuring urinary cotinine levels, CO expiration and it`s health effects.Method: We performed a cross-sectional study to 60 ETS-exposed and 58 non ETS exposed adult women in Pasar Rebo area, Jakarta. The urinary cotinine concentrations were measured and analyzed using ELISA method. In addition, CO expiration data and other information were collected through questionnaire regarding smoking habits of the subjects family members at home and respiratory health effects occured to subjects.Results: Significant median urinary cotinine concentrations were found; 24,65 ng/ml in ETS-exposed group and 7,30 ng/ml in non-exposed to ETS group(p=0,000). Significant median CO expirationalso were found; 5,00 ppm in ETS exposed group and 3,00 ppm in non-exposed to ETS group (p=0.000). Total ammount of time (hours/day) women exposed to ETS in their house was significantly correlated to urinary cotinine concentrations result (p=0,037). The respiratory symptoms (dyspnea) occured to subjects showed significant relation with ETS exposure status (p=0,01). Time duration of last exposed to ETS had significant relation with CO expiration (p=0.004).The urinary cotinine concentrations cut-off point to differentiate ETS exposed and non-ETS exposed group in adult women was 14,4 ng/ml (sensitivity 75%,specificity 74%,p=0.000). The CO expiration cut-off point was 3,5 ppm (sensitivity 75%, specificity 81%, p=0.000). Strong and significant correlation was found between CO expiration and urinary cotinine value (r=0,641, p=0,000).Conclusion: The urinary cotinine concentration and CO expiration are significantly higher in women exposed to tobacco smoke at home group than the non-exposed group. Urinary cotinine measurement is a sensitive, noninvasive and effective method to correlate with ETS exposure.;Introduction :Studies of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) health effects using cotinine, a nicotine metabolite detected in urine, has been recommended as a quantitative measurement of nicotine intake and as biomarker for ETS exposure in humans.Objective:The aim of this study is to correlate dailyindoor ETS exposure in non-smokers (adult women) by measuring urinary cotinine levels, CO expiration and it`s health effects.Method :We performed a cross-sectional study to 60 ETS-exposed and 58 non ETS exposed adult women in Pasar Rebo area, Jakarta. The urinary cotinine concentrations were measured and analyzed using ELISA method. In addition, CO expiration data and other information were collected through questionnaire regarding smoking habits of the subjects family members at home and respiratory health effects occured to subjects.Results :. Significant median urinary cotinine concentrations were found; 24,65 ng/ml in ETS-exposed group and 7,30 ng/ml in non-exposed to ETS group(p=0,000). Significant median CO expirationalso were found; 5,00 ppm in ETS exposed group and 3,00 ppm in non-exposed to ETS group (p=0.000). Total ammount of time (hours/day) women exposed to ETS in their house was significantly correlated to urinary cotinine concentrations result (p=0,037). The respiratory symptoms (dyspnea) occured to subjects showed significant relation with ETS exposure status (p=0,01). Time duration of last exposed to ETS had significant relation with CO expiration (p=0.004).The urinary cotinine concentrations cut-off point to differentiate ETS exposed and non-ETS exposed group in adult women was 14,4 ng/ml (sensitivity 75%,specificity 74%,p=0.000). The CO expiration cut-off point was 3,5 ppm (sensitivity 75%, specificity 81%, p=0.000). Strong and significant correlation was found between CO expiration and urinary cotinine value (r=0,641, p=0,000)Conclusion :The urinary cotinine concentration and CO expiration are significantly higher in women exposed to tobacco smoke at home group than the non-exposed group. Urinary cotinine measurement is a sensitive, noninvasive and effective method to correlate with ETS exposure., Introduction :Studies of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) health effects using cotinine, a nicotine metabolite detected in urine, has been recommended as a quantitative measurement of nicotine intake and as biomarker for ETS exposure in humans.Objective:The aim of this study is to correlate dailyindoor ETS exposure in non-smokers (adult women) by measuring urinary cotinine levels, CO expiration and it`s health effects.Method :We performed a cross-sectional study to 60 ETS-exposed and 58 non ETS exposed adult women in Pasar Rebo area, Jakarta. The urinary cotinine concentrations were measured and analyzed using ELISA method. In addition, CO expiration data and other information were collected through questionnaire regarding smoking habits of the subjects family members at home and respiratory health effects occured to subjects.Results :. Significant median urinary cotinine concentrations were found; 24,65 ng/ml in ETS-exposed group and 7,30 ng/ml in non-exposed to ETS group(p=0,000). Significant median CO expirationalso were found; 5,00 ppm in ETS exposed group and 3,00 ppm in non-exposed to ETS group (p=0.000). Total ammount of time (hours/day) women exposed to ETS in their house was significantly correlated to urinary cotinine concentrations result (p=0,037). The respiratory symptoms (dyspnea) occured to subjects showed significant relation with ETS exposure status (p=0,01). Time duration of last exposed to ETS had significant relation with CO expiration (p=0.004).The urinary cotinine concentrations cut-off point to differentiate ETS exposed and non-ETS exposed group in adult women was 14,4 ng/ml (sensitivity 75%,specificity 74%,p=0.000). The CO expiration cut-off point was 3,5 ppm (sensitivity 75%, specificity 81%, p=0.000). Strong and significant correlation was found between CO expiration and urinary cotinine value (r=0,641, p=0,000)Conclusion :The urinary cotinine concentration and CO expiration are significantly higher in women exposed to tobacco smoke at home group than the non-exposed group. Urinary cotinine measurement is a sensitive, noninvasive and effective method to correlate with ETS exposure.]"

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengestimasi dampak liberalisasi perdagangan terhadap probabilitas anak bekerja pada tingkat kabupaten/kota di Indonesia dalam kurun waktu tahun 2000-2008. Analisis dilakukan dengan menggunakan dua metode analisis yaitu metode yang dikembangkan oleh Kovak (2013) untuk menghitung nilai regional tariff exposure akibat liberalisasi perdagangan di tingkat kabupaten/kota dan metode probit model untuk melihat dampak liberalisasi perdagangan terhadap probabilitas anak bekerja. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa adanya liberalisasi perdagangan berkontribusi terhadap penurunan probabilitas anak bekerja di Indonesia. Adanya peningkatan pendapatan riil rumah tangga yang disebabkan oleh liberalisasi perdagangan dapat menguntungkan bagi kelompok rumah tangga sehingga dapat menurunkan probabilitas anak bekerja.

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ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of trade liberalization toward the probability of the children to enter to workplace at the distric level in Indonesia for the period of 2000 up to 2008. This study employs two analytical methods. They are the methods which is developed by Kovak (in 2013) to calculate the value of regionall tariff exposure due to trade liberalization in the distric level and Probit model which is to measure the impact of trade liberalization toward the probability of the extend of child work. This study reveal that the trade liberalization have contributed to the decrease in the probability of child work. Besides that, trade liberalization also enhances household real income which indirectly contributes to the decrease of the probability of the children to work."

"ABSTRAKTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah memetakan tingkat keterpaparan (exposure)wilayah pesisir Kabupaten dan Kota Pekalongan terhadap kenaikan muka air laut. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif berisi sistem informasi Geografi. Tingkat keterpaparan menggunakan variable ketinggian muka air laut, topologi, kepadatan penduduk, dan penggunaan lahan. Penentuan klasifikasi setiap variabel menggunakan metode logika fuzzy. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan variasi spasial tingkat keterpaparan mulai dari sangat rendah hingga sangat tinggi. Terdapat 8 Desa dari 21 Desa yang ada diketahui memiliki tingkat keterpaparan yang tinggi.

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ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to map the level of exposure of coastal areas in Pekalongan regency against sea level rise. This research is a quantitative research provides information systems Geography. Exposure levels using a variable height of sea level, topology, population density and land use. Determining the classification of each variable using fuzzy logic. The study shows the spatial variation exposure levels ranging from very low to very high. There are 8 Village of 21 Village that is known to have a high level of exposure."

"Impaction of the permanent maxillary canine is a relative common problem in orthodontic and paedodontic practice. The diagnostic of canine impaction depends upon through understanding of clinical and radiological examination. There are several approaches available for the treatment of these cases. Combination of surgical intervention and orthodontic treatment is one of the choices. The purpose of this case report is to present a case management of a maxillary permanent canine impaction located in the labial surface with vertical position in an 11 years old child. This impacted teeth was brought into the normal position by a combination of surgery and fixed orthodontic treatment."

"Kejadian ISPA  masih menjadi masalah yang sering terjadi pada anak balita.  Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan pengetahuan paparan asap kendaraan dan perilaku berkendara bermotor orang tua dengan kejadian ISPA pada balita. Desain penelitian ini adalah analitik korelatif cross sectional. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada 112 responden yang dipilih dengan teknik simple random sampling di 8 puskesmas Kecamatan Cakung, Jakarta Timur. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya hubungan bermakna antara pendidikan dan kejadian ISPA pada balita (p=0,002; p< 0,05). Namun demikian, pada penelitian ini tidak ditemukan hubungan yang bermakna antara pengetahuan paparan asap kendaraan dan perilaku berkendara bermotor dengan kejadian ISPA pada balita. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat bermanfaat bagi perawat, tenaga kesehatan, dan pengembangan penelitian berikutnya sebagai referensi, rekomendasi hasil penelitian ini adalah perlunya peningkatan edukasi dan penyuluhan kesehatan kepada masyarakat terkait faktor risiko yang dapat menyebabkan terjadinya ISPA pada balita.

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The occurrence of ARTI is still a common problem in under five children. This research aims to determine the relationship between knowledge of vehicle smoke exposure and motorized driving behavior of the parents with the incidence of ARTI in under-five children. The method used in this research is correlative analytic design with cross-sectional approach. The number of samples was conducted on 112 respondents who were selected by simple random sampling technique in 8 puskesmas in Cakung, East Jakarta.

The results of this study on parents' last education were found a significant relationship with the incident of ARTI (p = 0,002; p < 0.05). Nevertheless, this study indicates no significant correlation between knowledge of vehicle smoke exposure and motorized driving behavior with the incidence of ARTI in under-five children. The results of this research are expected to benefit for nurses, workers, and research development as a reference to further research. The recommendation of this research is the need to improve education and health counseling to the people who have risk factors that can cause ARTI in under five children."

"Gangguan pendengaran karena bising merupakan salah satu penyakit akibat kerja yang sering ditemui pada perusahaan manufaktur. Hazard yang bisa menyebabkan gangguan pendengaran meliputi bising, zat kimia dan getaran. Ruang lingkup penelitian tesis ini adalah melihat dampak pajanan bising terhadap fungsi pendengaran pekerja yang terpajan bising diatas 82 dBA. Jenis penelitian adalah cross sectional study yang meneliti hubungan faktor independen berupa dosisi pajanan dalam perhitungan leq, umur dan masa kerja serta faktor penggangu berupa pemakaian alat pelindung diri serta kebiasaan dengan fungsi pendengaran pekerja. Dari survei tingkat bising ditemukan departemen PVC, CDM, CDS dan CDB mempunyai tingkat kebisingan diatas nilai ambang batas yang diperbolehkan. Hasil pemeriksaan audiometri ditemukan dua orang responden yang mengalami gangguan pendengaran. Responden yang mengalami gangguan pendengaran satu orang berumur diatas 40 tahun, bekerja pada ruangan PVC dimana merupakan tingkat pajanan bising tertinggi di pabrik ini dan sudah bekerja selama lebih dari 5 tahun. Responden yang mengalami gangguan pendengaran lainnya merupakan pekerja yang berumur dibawah 40 tahun dan sudah bekerja selama lebih dari 5 tahun. Dari hasil analisis statistik tidak ditemukan hubungan yang signifikan antara Leq pajanan bising, faktor masa kerja, pemakaian alat pelindung diri dan kebiasaan merokok dengan gangguan pendengaran. Ditemukan hubungan yang signifikan antara umur dan gangguan pendengaran dengan OD ratio 7.99.

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Noise induced hearing loss is one of the occupational diseases are often found in manufacturing companies. Hazard that can cause hearing loss include noise, chemicals and vibration. The scope of this thesis research on the impact of noise exposure on hearing function of workers exposed to noise above 82 dBA. This type of research is a cross-sectional study examining the relationship be an independent factor in the noise dose exposure (leq), age and working period and disturbance factors such as the use of personal protective equipment, smoking with hearing function. From the survey found noise levels PVC department, CDM, CDS and CDB have noise levels above the permitted threshold value.

Audiometric examination found two participant who suffered from hearing loss. Respondents who suffered from hearing loss a person aged over 40 years, working on PVC indoor noise exposure level which is the highest in the plant and it has been working for more than 5 years. Other participant who suffered from hearing loss is under the age of 40 years and has been working for more than 5 years. From the analysis found no statistically significant relationship between Leq noise exposure, working period, the use of personal protective equipment and smoking with hearing loss. Found a significant relationship between age and hearing loss with OD ratio 7.99."