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"Tesis ini membahas tentang implementasi kebijakan yang dituangkan dalam Sistem Penanggulangan Bencana pada penanganan bencana erupsi gunung Sinabung di Kabupaten Karo, provinsi Sumatera Utara. Banyaknya terjadi bencana dan khususnya jumlah gunung api aktif di Indonesia yang mencapai 122 gunung aktif, harus di sikapi dengan pembuatan kebijakan.Penelitian ini menggunakan model analisis implementasi George Edward III, yang terdiri dari faktor komunikasi, sumber daya, disposisi dan struktur birokrasi. Kebijakan penanggulangan bencana yakni Undang-Undang No. 24 Tahun 2007 yang di tuangkan dalam Sistem Penanggulangan Bencana harus dilakukan di semua daerah. Sistem penanggulangan bencana ini terdiri dari enam aspek, yaitu (1) aspek legislasi, (2) aspek kelembagaan, (3) aspek perencanaan, (4) aspek pendanaan/penganggaran, (5) aspek pengembangan kapasitas dan (6) aspek penyelenggaraan penanggulangan bencana. Sistem penanggulangan bencana yang akan dianalisis adalah (1) aspek legislasi, (2) aspek kelembagaan, (3) aspek perencanaan, (4) aspek pendanaan (5) aspek penyelenggaraan penanggulangan bencana. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data primernya menggunakan wawancara.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, implementasi kebijakan penanggulangan bencana melalui sistem penanggulangan bencana daerah masih buruk, aspek legislasi, aspek kelembagaan, aspek perencanaan, aspek pendanaan, dan aspek penyelenggaraan penanggulangan bencana belum bisa dilaksanakan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor disposisi pemerintah menjadi faktor paling dominan yang mempengaruhi faktor-faktor lainnya.

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This thesis discusses the implementation of the policies outlined in the Disaster Management System in the handling of the eruption of Mount Sinabung in Karo, North Sumatra province. The number of disasters and in particular the number of active volcanoes in Indonesia which reaches 122 active volcanoes, must be take action with policy making.

This study uses implementation analysis model of George Edward III, which consists of factors communication, resources, disposition and bureaucratic structure. Disaster management policies that Act No. 24 of 2007 which showcased the Disaster Management System should be made in all areas. The disaster management system consists of six aspects, namely (1) the aspect of legislation, (2) institutional aspects, (3) aspects of planning, (4) the aspect of funding / budgeting, (5) and capacity development aspects (6) aspects of disaster management , Disaster management system that will be analyzed are: (1) aspects of legislation, (2) institutional aspects, (3) aspects of planning, (4) financing aspect (5) aspects of disaster management. This study used a qualitative approach. The primary data collection techniques using interviews.

Based on the research results, the implementation of disaster management policies through local disaster management system is still bad, legislative aspects, institutional aspects, aspects of planning, financing aspects, and aspects of disaster management cannot be implemented. The results showed that the government dispositions factors become the most dominant factor that affecting other factors."

"Tooth eruption is a complex process that involves osteoclasts to form the eruption pathway. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a bacterial component that plays multifunctional roles in inflammatory reactions, and one of these roles is powerful stimulation of bone resoption. Osteopontin (OPN) is a phosphorylated glycoprotein the expression of which is associated with migration, attachment and signaling of osteoclast. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of LPS on rat alveolaris bone osteopontin during the period of tooth eruption. Fifty five Wistar male albino rats, five days of age were divided into three groups. The first group was not subjected to any treatment. The second group was inducted with LPS at five days of age. The third group was inducted with LPS at nine days of age. Expression of OPN was analyzed by immunohistochemical (IHC) approach. The results showed significant differences in OPN expression (p<0.05) within the treated subjects. It was concluded that LPS induction during tooth eruption increases the level of alveolar bone osteopontin."

"Eruption of Mount Merapi in 2010 caused a dense cover of Acacia decurrens Willd., which is an Invasive Alien Plant Species (IAPS). The dense cover happened in all areas of Mount Merapi National Park (MMNP) in Java, Indonesia. This study was aimed to describe the relationship between major natural disturbance from volcanic eruption in triggering the invasion of A.decurrens in Mount Merapi National Park. Vegetation data were collected using line transect in two different sites. The first site was Cangkringan which was affected by pyroclastic flow and the second site was Selo which was not affected by pyroclastic flow. Distribution patterns and association of A.decurrens with other species in each location was analyzed using ordination analysis of the Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS). Microclimate such as temperature, humidity, light density and soil humidity was recorded in each location. Correlation between species abundance and microclimate data was assessed using Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). The results showed that the population of A. decurrens was more dominant in Cangkringan than in Selo site. Cangkringan site was impacted with pyroclastic flow during Mount Merapi eruption in 2010, while Selo site was not affected. In Cangkringan, A.decurrens was distributed in clump, while in Selo the plant was randomly distributed. Ordination analysis using NMDS showed that there was positive association between A.decurrens and herbaceous plant. Negative association was observed between A.decurrens and other tree species. CCA analysis showed that temperature and light density was positively correlated with A. decurrens abundance. This study showed that the IAPS invasion in MMNP was correlated with the eruption of Mount Merapi."

"Pendahuluan: Pola, variasi dan waktu erupsi gigi sulung dari setiap individu berbeda dan dipengaruhi oleh faktor lingkungan. Aktivitas oromotor merupakan faktor lingkungan lokal yang terdeteksi saat janin berusia lebih dari 6 bulan, dan berlanjut segera setelah dilahirkan. Pengaruh feeding practice yang merupakan salah satu faktor lingkungan lokal yang merangsang aktivitas oromotor terhadap erupsi gigi sulung belum diketahui pasti. Dalam literatur disampaikan bahwa perbedaan metode pemberian ASI menunjukkan karakteristik aktivitas motorik oral yang berbeda. Bahan dan Metode: Penelitian cross sectional dengan responden 50 pasang ibu dan bayi usia ≥6-12 bulan yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Data kuesioner meliputi gambaran karakteristik demografi, riwayat kehamilan, riwayat kelahiran, riwayat menyusu, usia bayi dan fotometri erupsi gigi sulung intra-oral Hasil dan Pembahasan: Aktivitas motorik dianalisis melalui variabel usia bayi, metode kelahiran, berat lahir, cara menyusu ASI dan erupsi gigi 51-61 serta 71-81. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p<0,05) antara usia dan metode kelahiran terhadap erupsi gigi 51-61. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p<0,05) antara berat lahir, metode kelahiran, dan cara menyusu ASI terhadap erupsi gigi 71-81. 

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Introduction: Patterns, variations and time eruption of primary tooth of each individual are different and influenced by environmental factors. Oromotor activity is a local environment factor detected when the fetus is more than 6 months old, and continues immediately after being born. The effect of feeding practice, which is one of the local environmental factors that stimulates oromotor activity on the eruption of the eldest tooth is not yet certain. In the literature it is conveyed that the difference in method of breastfeeding shows the characteristics of different oral motor activities.

Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study with 50 pairs of mothers and babies aged 6-12 months who met the inclusion criteria. The questionnaire data includes a description of demographic characteristics, pregnancy history, birth history, breastfeeding history, infant age and intra-oral photometry of the eruption of primary teeth.

Results and Discussion: Oral motor activity was analyzed through the variables of the baby's age, birth method, birth weight, breastfeeding method and the eruption of teeth 51-61 and 71-81. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) between age and method of birth on the eruption of teeth 51-61. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) between birth weight, birth method, and breastfeeding method on the eruption of teeth 71-81."

"Many factors have been found to be related to the timing of the eruption of permanent teeth in a population, e.g. racial composition, sex, climate and socio economic condition. The aim of the study is to compare the ages of eruption of permanent teeth in children with and without undernutrition problems. A number of 1216 school children aged 5-14 years selected from 5 underdeveloped villages in Kabupaten Serang and Pandeglang were taken as subjects. A tooth was considered to have erupted if any part of the crown had penetrated the gingiva. Undernutrition was assessed as such if the score of height-for-aged was less than 70% of median WHO-NCHS standard. The study found that 34,4% of the subjects had under nutrition problems and the average time of eruption of all upper and lower teeth of the boys and girls without undernutrition (normal) were significantly faster compare to that of boys and girls having undernutrition (p<0.001). Teeth eruption in boys with undernutrition problem were slower than that of the girls. Conclusion: Further study is recommended since undernutrition problems were important factors which may influence the time of tooth eruption in Indonesian children."

"Latar Belakang: Erupsi gigi adalah pergerakan gigi dalam arah aksial dari lokasi pertumbuhan dan perkembangan gigi di dalam tulang rahang menuju ke posisi fungsional gigi di dalam rongga mulut. Proses erupsi gigi ini dipengaruhi oleh faktor genetik dan lingkungan, salah satunya adalah praktik pemberian makan pada anak, terutama selama satu tahun pertama pascalahir. Adanya perubahan konsistensi makanan yang diberikan dari susu yang bersifat cair saat lahir, lunak, semi padat, hingga padat di usia dua belas bulan, melibatkan perubahan aktifitas komponen kompleks kraniofasial yang dihubungkan dengan proses erupsi gigi sulung. Hasil yang beragam ditemukan pada penelitian terdahulu mengenai hubungan praktik pemberian makan terhadap erupsi gigi sulung di berbagai negara. Tujuan: menganalisis hubungan antara praktik pemberian makan dengan jumlah gigi sulung yang sudah erupsi pada anak usia 12 bulan ras Deutro-Melayu. Metode: Penelitian potong lintang dengan total subjek penelitian 60 pasang ibu dan anak usia 12 bulan yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Data praktik pemberian makan diperoleh melalui wawancara dengan ibu termasuk riwayat kehamilan, kesehatan anak saat lahir dan 6 bulan pascalahir. Jumlah gigi sulung yang sudah erupsi dihitung melalui foto intraoral. Hasil: Adanya hubungan yang signifikan antara aktivitas makan saat praktik pemberian makan semi padat (uji korelasi Spearman Rank; r=0,279; p=0,031) dan padat (uji korelasi Spearman Rank; r=0,272; p=0,003) dengan jumlah gigi sulung yang sudah erupsi pada usia 12 bulan. Kesimpulan: Perubahan tekstur makanan saat pemberian makan semi padat dan padat menyebabkan perubahan aktivitas makan yang berpotensi mempengaruhi jumlah gigi sulung yang sudah erupsi pada anak usia 12 bulan.

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Background: Tooth eruption is defined as the movement of a tooth, primarily in the axial direction, from its site of development in the jaw bone to its functional position in the oral cavity. The process of tooth eruption is influenced by genetic and environmental factors, one of which is feeding practices, especially during the first year postnatal. The change in the food consistency given at birth from liquid, soft, semi-solid, to solid at the age of twelve months, involves changes in the activity of the craniofacial complex components that are associated with the process of eruption of primary teeth. Various results were found in previous studies on the relationship between feeding practices and primary tooth eruption in various countries.

Objective: To analyze the correlation between feeding practice and the number of primary teeth in 12-month-old Deutro-Melayu race children.

Methods: A cross-sectional study with a total of 60 pairs of mothers and 12-month-old children who met the inclusion criteria. Data on feeding practices were obtained through interview with mothers including pregnancy history, child health at birth and 6 months postnatal. The number of primary teeth was determined through intraoral photographs.

Result: There was a significant correlation between feeding activity during semi-solid (Spearman Rank correlation test; r=0.279; p=0.031) and solid (Spearman Rank correlation test; r=0.272; p=0.003) and the number of primary teeth at 12 months of age.

Conclusion: Changes in food texture during semi-solid and solid feeding lead to changes in feeding activity that could potentially affect the number of primary teeth at 12 months of age."

"ABSTRAKSalah satu bahaya erupsi Gunung Merapi 2010 adalah banjir lahar hujan yang memberikan pengaruh terhadap Kali Woro sebagai salah satu sungai yang bersifat ephemeral dan rawan ditutupi oleh endapan lahar hujan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti morfodinamika badan Kali Woro sebelum dan sesudah erupsi Gunung Merapi 2010. Variabel bebas penelitian ini adalah kejadian banjir lahar hujan, topografi ketinggian dan kemiringan lereng , dan aktivitas tambang galian C yang diduga dapat mempengaruhi morfodinamika Kali Woro. Variabel terikat penelitian ini adalah morfodinamika Kali Woro yang terdiri atas perubahan indeks kelengkungan SRI , perubahan luas sungai dan perubahan lebar sungai. Penelitian ini menggunakan citra resolusi tinggi yang diperoleh dari aplikasi Google Earth. Hasil perhitungan morfodinamika diuji regresi untuk mengetahui pengaruh dengan kondisi topografi daerah aliran Kali Woro. Selain analisis dengan uji regresi, analisis yang digunakan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kejadian lahar hujan dan aktivitas tambang dengan morfodinamika alur badan Kali Woro dilakukan secara deskriptif berdasarkan perbandingan antara data hasil perhitungan morfodinamika dengan fakta yang ada di lapangan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, maka diperolah kesimpulan bahwa Kali Woro mengalami peningkatan rata-rata SRI setiap tahunnya adalah 1,08; 1,15 dan 1,14. Luas Kali Woro juga semakin bertambah pasca erupsi Gunung Merapi 2010 dengan rata-rata luas setiap tahunnya adalah 34.026,58 m2, 43.001,24 m2 dan 62.696,23 m2. Berbanding lurus dengan kondisi luas sungai yang semakin meluas, Kali Woro juga mengalami pelebaran dengan nilai rata-rata lebar setiap tahunnya yaitu 42,91 m; 61,54 m dan 79,54 m. Lokasi yang mengalami perubahan bentuk adalah bagian hulu yang mencakup segmen 1 dan bagian tengah yang mencakup segmen 2 ndash; segmen 8. Berbeda dengan bagian hulu dan tengah, bagian hilir segmen 9 ndash; segmen 11 cenderung lebih tetap. Morfodinamika Kali Woro memiliki hubungan dengan seluruh variabel bebas, namun tidak semua variabel memiliki pengaruh. Luapan dan arah aliran lahar hujan juga dipengaruhi oleh kondisi topografi Kali Woro yang cenderung curam dan terjal serta rawan terhadap erosi permukaan, erosi alur dan longsor. Selain itu, peristiwa banjir lahar hujan menyebabkan potensi bahan tambang galian C di Kali Woro meningkat sehingga aktivitas tambang di bagian dasar maupun di bagian tebing Kali Woro juga bertambah.

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ABSTRACT<>br>One of the dangers of the 2010 Mount Merapi eruption is the lava flood that gives effect to the Woro River as one of the ephemeral river and is prone to be covered by rain lava sediment. This study aims to examine the morphodynamics of Woro River before and after the eruption of Mount Merapi in 2010. The independent variables of this research are the incidence of rain lava flood, topography height and slope , and mining activity suspected to affect Woro Kali morphodynamics. The dependent variable of this research is Woro River morphodynamics consisting of changes in curvature index SRI , changes in river area and changes in river width. This study uses high resolution imagery obtained from the Google Earth application. The results of morphodynamic calculations were tested by regression to determine the effect with topographic condition of Woro River area. In addition to the analysis with regression test, the analysis used to determine the relationship between the event of rain lava and mining activities with morphodynamic of Woro River is descriptively based on the comparison between the data of morphodynamic calculation with the facts in the field. Based on the results of the study, it is concluded that the Woro River has an average increase of SRI every year is 1.08 1.15 and 1.14. The area of Woro River is also increasing after the eruption of Mount Merapi 2010 with the average area of Woro River each year is 34,026,58 m2, 43,001,24 m2 and 62,696,23 m2. Directly proportional to the widespread condition of the river, Woro River also experiences widening with an average annual width of 42.91 m 61.54 m and 79.54 m. The deformed location is the upstream segment covering segments 1 and the middle segment covering the 2 segment segments 8. Unlike the upstream and middle sections, the downstream segment segment 9 segment 11 tends to be more fixed. Morphodynamics Woro times have a relationship with all independent variables, but not all variables have an influence. The outflow and direction of rain lava flow is also influenced by topographic condition of Woro River which tend to be steep and steep and prone to surface erosion, erosion of flow and landslide. In addition, the event of rain lava floods caused the potential of mining in Woro Kali increased so that mining activities at the bottom and in the cliffs Woro also increased."