Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"This book describes a radical shift in the study of economic science, in which arguing with words was replaced by reasoning with mathematical models. During the last two centuries, the way economic science is done has changed radically: it has become a social science based on mathematical models in place of words. This book describes and analyses that change -- both historically and philosophically -- using a series of case studies to illuminate the nature and the implications of these changes. This book is for people who wants to understand how economics works from the inside out. It will be of interest to economists and science studies scholars. It also aims at a wider readership in the public intellectual sphere, building on the current interest in all things economic and on the recent failure of the so-called economic model, which has shaped our beliefs and the world we live in."

"his textbook concisely covers math knowledge and tools useful for business and economics studies, including matrix analysis, basic math concepts, general optimization, dynamic optimization, and ordinary differential equations. Basic math tools, particularly optimization tools, are essential for students in a business school, especially for students in economics, accounting, finance, management, and marketing."

"Menurut teori Keynes, fungsi konsumsi diasumsikan berbentuk konkaf. Penelitian lanjutan menemukan bahwa ketidakpastian pendapatan membuat fungsi konsumsi berbentuk konkaf. Ketidakpastian pendapatan membuat pendapatan perlu dibagi jadi dua, masalah pembagian ini dikenal dengan general consumption saving problem. Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan sifat konkaf fungsi konsumsi untuk fungsi utilitas kelas Hyperbolic Absolute Risk Aversion (HARA) dalam general consumption-saving problem. Namun untuk sifat konkaf fungsi konsumsi di luar kelas HARA masih belum ditunjukkan. Oleh karena itu dalam tugas akhir ini ingin ditunjukkan bahwa jika sebuah fungsi utilitas strictly increasing, strictly concave, dan memiliki turunan ketiga yang non negatif, tetapi bukan dari kelas HARA, maka akan ada satu periode waktu pada general consumption-saving problem dimana fungsi konsumsinya tidak konkaf. Pembuktian akan dilakukan dengan menunjukkan bahwa jika fungsi utilitas berbentuk konkaf, pastilah fungsi utilitas Constant Relative Risk Aversion (CRRA) yang merupakan bagian HARA dengan sembarang kombinasi distribusi faktor diskon, gross return, dan pendapatan. Tahapan pembuktian dilakukan dengan menunjukkan bahwa general consumption-saving problem memiliki solusi yaitu konsumsi, konsumsi berbentuk konkaf, lalu menunjukkan bentuk fungsi utilitas yang mungkin dengan sifat konkaf konsumsi, dan fungsi utilitas yang harus dimiliki dengan batasan penelitian yang ada. Sifat konkaf fungsi konsumsi juga akan ditunjukkan dengan menggunakan simulasi perhitungan data random. Berdasarkan pembuktian dan simulasi perhitungan, didapatkan bahwa jika fungsi utilitas tidak konkaf, akan ada kombinasi faktor diskon, gross return, dan pendapatan dimana fungsi konsumsi tidak konkaf.

---

According to Keynes’ theorem, the consumption function is assumed to be concave. Follow-up research finds that income uncertainty makes the consumption function concave. Income uncertainty makes income need to be divided into two, this problem is known as the general consumption-saving problem. Several studies have demonstrated the concavity of the consumption function for the utility function class Hyperbolic Absolute Risk Aversion (HARA) in the general consumption-saving problem. However, the concave nature of the consumption function outside of the HARA class has not yet been shown. Therefore, this final project wants to show that if a utility function is strictly increasing, strictly concave, and has a non-negative third derivative, but not from the HARA class, then there will be a period in the general consumption-saving problem where the consumption function is not concave. The statement will be proven by showing that if the consumption function is concave, the utility function must be CRRA, that is part of the HARA class for any combination of discount factor, gross return, and income. The final project proving steps will be as follow, prove that general consumption-saving problem has a solution, namely consumption, then showing that consumption is concave, then showing the form of the utility function that is possible to be formed with the concavity of consumption, and find the utility function form given the limitations of the research. The concave nature of the consumption function will also be demonstrated by using random data calculation simulations. As conclusion, it is found that if the utility function is not concave, there will be a combination of discount factors, gross returns, and income where the consumption function is not concave."