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"La recente e crescente attenzione da parte della letteratura scientifica e dei mezzi di comunicazione di massa sui possibili rischi correlati ad un aumento della dose richiede un aumento delle conoscenze relative alla radioprotezione. Obiettivo del presente testo è illustrare la problematica della dose erogata al paziente nei vari campi dell'imaging radiologico, ponendo attenzione sia agli aspetti fisico-tecnologici sia agli aspetti etico-sociali."

"Hamartoma: Prosedur diagnosis pada kasus dengan tampilan klinis yang tidak spesifik. Hamartoma merupakan lesi dengan disorganisasi pertumbuhan sel matur dan jaringan yang berlebihan, dapat terjadi di rongga mulut dengan gambaran tidak khas dan menyerupai neoplasma. Laporan kasus ini memaparkan gambaran klinis hamartoma besertapenegakan diagnosisnya pada pasien pria 37 tahun. Pasien tersebut memiliki riwayat lesi kulit berupa plak merah pada pipi kiri yang telah terlihat sejak lahir. Lesi tersebut dirasakan membesar dan mengganggu pada usia 22 tahun. Setahun kemudian dilakukan operasi pengurangan massa lesi, namun tetap meninggalkan gambaran kemerahan. Tiga belas tahun setelah operasi, timbul lesi putih di pipi kiri bagian dalam yang dalam waktu setengah tahun membesar hingga berukuran10 x 8,5 x 6 cm dan meluas sampai bibir bawah. Prosedur diagnosis dilakukan berupa pemeriksaan klinis dan penunjang yakni biopsi, CT scan, dan radiograf dengan kesimpulan awal neuroma. Selanjutnya dilakukan biopsi ulang dengan kesimpulan diagnosis hamartoma. Disimpulkan bahwa biopsi yang adekuat dan representatif, serta penyertaan informasi klinis yang memadai diperlukan untuk membedakan hamartoma dengan lesi oral lainya.

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Hamartoma is a benign tumor-like lesion composed of overgrowth of mature cells and tissues. Along with its unspecific appearance, it may occur in the oral cavity and bear resemblance to the other lesions. In this report we describes the clinical appearance of hamartoma as well as the diagnosis method in the case of a 37-year-old-man. The patient explained that he already has redness plaque lesion on his skin left cheek region since he was born. The lesion was sensed to grow anddiscomfort at the age of 22. A surgical therapy had been performed to reduce the size of lesion one year after, but the redness plaque still existed. Thirteen years following the operation, white lesion appeared on the inner left cheek 10 x 8.5 x 6cm of size and extended onto lower lips within half a year. Diagnostic procedure was carried out such as biopsy, CT-scan and radiography with neuroma as an initial conclusion. New histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of hamartoma. It is concluded that adequate and appropriate biopsy procedure along with sufficient clinical information are needed to develop a proper diagnosis to distinguish hamartoma from other oral lesions."

"Hasrat manusia dalam berkreasi mendorong inovasi secara kontinum untuk menemukan dan mengembangkan temuan-temuan termutakhir, terkhususnya pada bidang teknologi. Penemuan fenomenal yang intensif digunakan dan dikembangkan saat ini adalah kecerdasan buatan (artificial intelligence). Realisasi desain kecerdasan buatan yang telah diluncurkan, marak dipergunakan, dan diperbarui kemampuannya secara berkala adalah model bahasa generatif berbasis model berbahasa besar bernama Chat GPT. Kemunculan dan perkembangannya memantik refleksi filosofis mengenai status ontologis dan proses epistemologis dari ChatGPT dan kecerdasan buatan secara prinsipil. Melalui penelitian ini, peneliti melakukan penelusuran filosofis berlandaskan pada teori kesadaran dan kapabilitas pemahaman (understanding) John Searle. Pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini dihimpun melalui observasi fenomena dan telaah kajian literatur. Penelitian ini akan mengurai secara sistematis dan filosofis mengenai entitas berkesadaran, mode eksistensinya, dan pengimplentasiannya pada studi kasus ChatGPT menggunakan metode analisis kritis- filosofis untuk menguji prinsip-prinsip fundamental dari kecerdasan buatan dengan kaitannya terhadap spekulasi bahwa kecerdasan buatan bagian dari entitas berkesadaran.

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The human desire to create encourages continual innovation to discover and develop the latest findings, particularly in the field of technology. A phenomenon that is intensively used and developed today is artificial intelligence. The actualization of artificial intelligence design that has been launched, widely used, and regularly updated is a generative language model based on a large language model called Chat GPT. Its occurrence and development sparked a philosophical reflection on the ontological status and epistemological process of ChatGPT and artificial intelligence in principle. Through this study, the researcher conducted a philosophical exploration based on John Searle's theory of consciousness and understanding capabilities. Data collection in this research is gathered through observation of phenomena and review of literature. This research will systematically and philosophically analyze the conscious entity, its mode of existence, and its implementation in the ChatGPT case study using a critical-philosophical analysis method to examine the fundamental principles of artificial intelligence in relation to the speculation that artificial intelligence is part of a conscious entity."

"Essential radiology, third edition , is an extensively revised and updated text that provides a highly engaging, integrated overview of the use of radiology in every specialty and subspecialty, covering all imaging modalities and organ systems. It gives medical students in radiology clerkships a solid understanding of how each imaging modality works and how a variety of pathologic conditions appear on different imaging modalities."

"This book is a compendium of the ICCMIA 2018 proceedings, which provides an ideal reference for all medical imaging researchers and professionals to explore innovative methods and analyses on imaging technologies for better prospective patient care. This work serves as an exclusive source for new computer assisted clinical and medical developments in imaging diagnosis, intervention and analysis. It includes articles on computer assisted medical scanning techniques, computer-aided diagnosis, robotic surgery and imaging, imaging genomics, clinically-oriented imaging physics and informatics, augmented-reality medical visualization, imaging modalities, computerized radiology, oncology, and surgery. Moreover, information on non-medical imaging that has medical applications such as multi-photon microscopy and confocal, photoacoustic imaging, optical microendoscope, infra-red radiation, and other imaging modalities is also represented."

"This book presents a comprehensive overview of medical image analysis. Practical in approach, the text is uniquely structured by potential applications. Features : presents learning objectives, exercises and concluding remarks in each chapter, in addition to a glossary of abbreviations; describes a range of common imaging techniques, reconstruction techniques and image artefacts, discusses the archival and transfer of images, including the HL7 and DICOM standards, presents a selection of techniques for the enhancement of contrast and edges, for noise reduction and for edge-preserving smoothing, examines various feature detection and segmentation techniques, together with methods for computing a registration or normalisation transformation, explores object detection, as well as classification based on segment attributes such as shape and appearance, reviews the validation of an analysis method, includes appendices on Markov random field optimization, variational calculus and principal component analysis."

"ABSTRAKDalam beberapa dekade terakhir, pencitraan sinar-X menggunakan film-screen mulaidigantikan oleh digital radiography. Sistem pencitraan digital salah satunya adalahcomputed radiography (CR). Sejauh ini di Indonesia, perkembangan yang pesat dari CRbelum dibarengi dengan penelitian untuk memperoleh kondisi optimum dalamaplikasinya.Telah dilakukan penelitian di RS X menggunakan CR Agfa tipe PSP MD 4.0 danfantom Rando Man untuk menentukan optimasi pembentukan citra. Juga dilakukanpengukuran Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) menggunakan thermoluminescent dosimeter(TLD) dengan berbagai variasi nilai kV. Pemeriksaan yang dipilih adalah kepala PA,thorax PA, dan abdomen AP. Citra fantom dievaluasi berdasarkan panduan dariEuropean Commission dibantu oleh dokter spesialis radiologi. Optimasi citra didasarkanpada nilai kV dengan nilai ESD yang rendah dan hasil evaluasi citra.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa untuk pemeriksaan kepala PA optimasi terjadipada ESD 3,580 mGy dan 3,834 mGy untuk kondisi 80 kV dan 83 kV dengan 0,224 ?0,274 mGy/mAs. Untuk pemeriksaan thorax PA teknik kV standar optimasi terjadi padaESD 1,341 mGy dan 2,378 mGy untuk kondisi 50 kV dan 55 kV dengan 0,134 ? 0,297mGy/mAs. Sedangkan untuk teknik kV tinggi yang menggunakan 100 kV, optimasiterjadi pada ESD 2,960 mGy dengan 0,947 mGy/mAs. Dan untuk pemeriksaanabdomen AP optimasi terjadi pada ESD 4,090 mGy dan 4,268 mGy untuk kondisi 70kV dan 80 kV dengan 0,204 ? 0,267 mGy/mAs. Selain nilai kV, optimasi jugamengikutsertakan nilai kontras tinggi dan rendah, serta karakter CR Agfa yang diwakilioleh nilai lgM (log Median).

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AbstractFor the last few decades, X-ray imaging using film screen has been replaced by digitalradiography. One of digital imaging systems is computed radiography (CR). So far inIndonesia, the rapid development of CR is not ensued with research to obtain optimumcondition in its application.Has been performed a research in hospital X using Agfa CR Type PSP MD 4.0 andRando Man phantom to determine optimization of image development. Also conductedmeasurement of Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) using thermoluminescent dosimeter(TLD) for various kV values. The examinations were selected for skull PA, thorax PA,and abdomen AP. Image phantom assessment was carried out using guideliness fromEuropean Commission with assistance of radiologist. Optimization of image was donebased on kV value with low ESD value and image assessment.The results showed that for skull PA examination, optimization occured on ESD 3.580mGy and 3.834 mGy for exposure condition of 80 kV and 83 kV with 0.224 to 0.274mGy/mAs. For standard kV technique thorax PA examination, optimization occured onESD 1.341 mGy and 2.378 mGy at 50 kV and 55 kV with 0.134 to 0.297 mGy/mAs. Asfor the high kV technique of which used a 100 kV, ESD optimization occured at 2.960mGy with 0.947 mGy/mAs. While for abdomen AP examination, optimization occuredon ESD 4.090 mGy and 4.268 mGy for 70 kV and 80 kV with 0.204 to 0.267mGy/mAs. In addition to values of kV, optimization also included high and low contrastvalues as consideration and Agfa CR character that was represented by the lgM (logMedian) value."

"This text is designed for courses in medical imaging systems. It is also suitable for professionals seeking an overview of medical imaging systems.With signal processing as its foundation, Medical Imaging Signals and Systems , Second Edition covers the most important imaging modalities in radiology: projection radiography, x-ray computed tomography, nuclear medicine, ultrasound imaging, and magnetic resonance imaging. "