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"This book demonstrates that ordinary, often illiterate colonial subjects of the Spanish empire were among the Enlightenments most adept practitioners. Broadly situated within postcolonial debates about the Enlightenment and modernity, it employs approaches from comparative social science, intellectual history, and legal history to demonstrate that, at end of the 1700s, colonial Spanish Americans began to sue one another with a zeal unseen on the peninsula. Part I examines how and how many lawsuits were generated in the empire. It analyzes civil litigation rates in six areas of Mexico, Peru, and Spain, including Mexico City, Oaxaca, Lima, Trujillo, Peru, the Montes de Toledo, Spain, and the peninsular high court of Valladolid. With chapters on the process of suing, and on the intellectual transformations and absolutist royal policy reforms on law and its practice, it explores legal culture in diverse capital cities and rural districts. Part II zeroes in on three types of civil cases that increased even more rapidly than the general rise of civil suits. The cases that colonial women, Indian commoners, and slaves initiated against masters, native leaders, and husbands challenged an older model of justice aimed at extralegal outcomes and casuistic jurisprudence. As they produced new ideas about freedom, natural rights, history, and merit in court, these subordinate litigants ultimately created an Enlightened law-centered culture. The conclusion considers why Spain and its colonies have remained marginal to the story of the advent of the modern."

"Most people assume that climate change is recent news. A Temperate Empire: Making Climate Change in Early America shows that we have been debating the science and politics of climate change for a long time, since before the age of industrialization. Focusing on attempts to transform New Englands and Nova Scotias environments from the seventeenth through early nineteenth centuries, this book explores the ways that early Americans studied and tried to remake local climates according to their plans for colonial settlement and economic development. For officials, landowners, naturalists, and other local elites, the Northeasts frigid, long winters and short, muggy summers were persistent sources of anxiety. They became intensely interested in understanding the regions natural history and, ultimately, in reducing their vulnerability to it. In the short term, European migrants from other northern countries would welcome the cold or, as one Loyalist from New Hampshire argued, the cold would moderate the supposedly fiery temperaments of Jamaicans deported to colonial Nova Scotia. Over the long term, however, the expansion of colonial farms was increasingly tempering the climate itself. A naturalist in Vermont agreed with Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson when he insisted that every cultivated part of America was already more temperate, uniform, and equal than before colonization, an eighteenth-century forecast of permanent, global warming they wholeheartedly welcomed. By pointing to such ironies, A Temperate Empire emphasizes the necessarily historical nature of the climate and our knowledge about it."

"Since the turn of the century, South American governments and regional organisations have adopted the world's most open discourse on migration and citizenship. At a time when restrictive choices were becoming increasingly predominant around the world, South American policymakers presented their discourse as being both an innovative and exceptional 'new paradigm' and part of a morally superior, avant-garde path in policymaking. This book provides a critical examination of the South American legal framework through a historical and comparative analysis. Diego Acosta uses this analysis to assess whether the laws are truly innovative and exceptional, as well as evaluating their feasibility, strengths and weaknesses. By analysing the legal construction of the national and the foreigner in ten South American countries during the last two centuries, he demonstrates how different citizenship and migration laws have functioned, as well as showing why states have opted for certain regulation choices, and the consequence of these choices for state- and nation-building in the continent. An invaluable insight for anyone interested in global migration and citizenship discussions."

"Penelitian ini hendak menjelaskan bagaimana kebijakan pemerintah Amerika Serikat yang dibuat pada masa Perang Saudara yang mempengaruhi industri senjata api. Penelitian ini memberikan perhatian pada kebijakan ekonomi yang dibuat oleh pemerintah federal khususnya Legal Tender Act dalam upayanya memenangkan Perang Saudara dan dampaknya pada industri senjata api dan jalannya perang itu sendiri. Pembahasannya berfokus pada latar belakang kondisi industri senjata sebelum perang dan proses pengesahan kebijakan itu sendiri dan dampaknya. Dipilihnya topik penelitian ini karena di Indonesia topik masa Perang Saudara Amerika masih jarang diteliti. Metode yang digunakan dalam penulisan makalah ini adalah metode sejarah yang terdiri dari: Heuristik, Kritik (Verifikasi), Interpretasi, dan Historiografi dan sumber yang digunakan adalah sumber primer yang berbentuk dokumen Kongres Amerika Serikat beserta sumber sekunder, seperti buku dan jurnal. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa terdapat tiga aspek utama, yaitu politik, ekonomi, dan militer. Dan dijelaskan korelasi antara ketiganya. Legal Tender Act yang digagas oleh seorang anggota kongres asal New York Elbridge Spaulding yang bertujuan untuk meringankan beban keuangan negara akibat perang, yang nantinya memunculkan perdebatan di kongres akan ke-konstitusionalitas dan dampak dari Legal Tender Act tersebut. Diharapkan penelitian ini dapat menjelaskan kondisi Amerika Serikat pada masa itu dan gambaran proses pengesahan Legal Tender Act serta dampaknya terhadap industri senjata dan jalannya Perang Saudara itu sendiri

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This research is intended to explain how the policies of the United States government made during the civil war affected the firearms industry. This research pays attention to the economic policies made by the federal government in particular the Legal Tender Act in its efforts to win the civil war and its impact on the firearms industry and the course of the war itself. His discussion focuses on the background to the state of the pre-war weapons industry and the policy enactment process itself and its impact. This research topic was chosen because in Indonesia the topic of the American Civil War is still rarely studied. The method used in writing this paper is a historical method consisting of: Heuristics, Criticism (Verification), Interpretation, and Historiography and the sources used are primary sources in the form of congressional documents of the United States and secondary sources, such as books and journals. This study found that there are three main aspects, namely politics, economy, and military. And explained the correlation between the three. The Legal Tender Act was initiated by a congressman from New York Elbridge Spaulding which aims to ease the financial burden of the state due to war, which will lead to debates in congress regarding the constitutionality and impact of the Legal Tender Act. It is hoped that this research can explain the conditions of the United States at that time and an overview of the process of passing the Legal Tender Act and its impact on the weapons industry and the course of the Civil War itself."