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"ABSTRACTThe study of the effects of, communication on political participation in Bali is based on studies of a research team formed by LEKNASLIPI (the National Institute for Social and Economic Research, the Indonesian Science Institute) on the social effects of television on rural Indonesia. In the present study, political participation is regarded as a dependent variable that is studied in relationship with an independent variable of mass media. Closely related to the mass media variable is the role of opinion leaders. All these are studied in the early period of the television era in Bali. The study will investigate how mass media development influences the level of political participation. In order to explain the dependent variable more fully, some other variables that are regarded as playing important roles are also included in the study.. These variables are level of education, literacy, occupation, and economic capability.Political participation and political communication, as they are conceived of by the present study, are two terms that are closely related. The two terms have seemingly two rather different meanings, but conceptually their meanings are overlapping. The differences of the two terms lie in their emphasis. The emphasis of political participation is on the act of participation vis-à-vis the government, whereas the emphasis of political communication is on the flow of political messages. Political communication is inherent in political participation, and there is no political participation without political communication because political participation always contains the flow of messages directed to the government in order to influence the decision-making process. Since the terms political participation and political communication play dominant roles throughout this study, they deserve some more explication, which can be found in sections 1 and 2 of this chapter, respectively.Besides these two terms, two other subjects are dealt with in this chapter: one is the discussion on the channels of communication and the other concerns the data-collecting and data analysis of this study. Like the discussion on political participation and political communication, the analysis of the channels of communication is intended to ex-plain some communication terms used in this study. This part also deals with mass media and the opinion leadership. The last section of this chapter discusses the research methodology of this study and the way the data are analyzed.1. Political ParticipationThe study of political participation has been closely related to the study of democracy in general. The basic assumption is that participation in politics is indispensable in creating a democratic political system. Even though the term has been widely used, it does not mean that scholars dealing with the term include the same set of political activities in their analysis of political participation. Some scholars include certain political activities in their analysis of the term, some do not."

"The name chromosome was given by Waldeyer (in about 1888). This name is appropriate in view of the intense affinity of this structure for nucledphilicdeyes (Chroma = color; soma a body). Fifteen years earlier the now called chromosome had been described in dividing cells by Schneider to thread-like structures in these cells. In 1884 Nageli had introduced a special hereditary material, which he called "idioplasm", which according to other investigators was identical to the chromatin of the nucleus.Cytogenetics is one of the most rapidly developing field of modern biology, despite its very slow beginning. It is recognized as being basic to the understanding of many aspects of the broad science of heredity. For a good appreciation of recent studies on human cytogenetics, some knowledge of the history of human cytogenetics, which developed hand in hand with the technical development of studying chromosomes, seems to be necessary. Investigations on cytogenetics could be said to have started with the work of Arnold (1879) and Flemming (1882), who examined mitotic process for the first time. Arnold observed the genetic material in tumor cells. Flemming studied various cell division stages in the plant Lilium croceum, and in embryos of salamander (1882 ), who then introduced the term "chromatin" by which he meant the nuclear substance stainable with nuclear dyes."