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"The adhesive of composite resin has been used for direct bonding of a bracket system of bracket fixed orthodontic treatment by etching. The disanvantage of etching is enamel loss and difficult procedure. Modified glass ionomer cement has been suggested as a bracket bonding system without etching. The chemical bonding without etching can reduce enamel loss and make the procedure more efficient. The purpose of this study was to determine the shear bond strength of modified glass ionomer cement as metal Begg bracket bonding system with and without etching. The subject of this study consisted of two groups which had 15 intact extracted permanent human upper bicuspids for each group. Group I was etched with ortho phosphate acid (37%) for 20 seconds and bonded with modified glass ionomer cement. Group II was untreated and bonded with the same adhesive. The shear bond strength was measured with Pearson Pankee Equipment, and bond failure location was observed under stereo microscope. To differentiate the effects with and without etching, t test was performed, while to observe the location of bond failures, chi-square test was conducted. The results of this study indicated that the shear bond strength of modified glass ionomer cement as bonding system metal Begg Brackets with etching was significantly higher (p<0.001) than without etching. Without etching, bond failure occured between enamel and bonding agent. With etching, the bond failure was mostly found within the adhesive."

"Rokok memiliki kekuatan adiksi yang terbilang besar. Orang yang terlanjur memiliki kebiasaan merokok, sulit untuk menghentikannya. Karena itu, apabila suatu saat seorang perokok menghentikan kebiasaannya, pasti ia akan terasa tersiksa baik fisik maupun mentalnya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui cara sukses berhenti merokok dan mengetahui faktor-faktor kemudahan berhenti merokok. Diharapkan juga bisa menggalang dan mewujudkan setiap unsur masyarakat untuk menciptakan etika masyarakat dalam merokok. Penelitian dengan metode kualitatif melalui studi kasus 3 perokok berat dilakukan pada tahun 2004 di Yogyakarta. Kriteria informan meliputi umur di atas 40 tahun, kawin, sudah berhenti merokok, termasuk perokok berat dengan lama merokok di atas 10 tahun dan menghabiskan lebih dari 20 batang per hari. Wawancara terhadap informan dilakukan dengan memakai alat perekaman. Modal utama sukses berhenti merokok adalah niat dan tekad yang kuat dari perokok itu sendiri. Alasan untuk berhenti merokok adalah faktor kesehatan, organisasi keagamaan, dan keluarga. Faktor kesehatan berkaitan dengan sakit yang diderita oleh informan, seperti hipertensi, demam tinggi, batuk-batuk, dan dada terasa nyeri. Faktor organisasi keagamaan berkaitan dengan organisasi agama yang diikuti informan yang melarang merokok. Faktor keluarga berkaitan dengan keluarga informan yang mengikuti jejaknya sebagai perokok. Di samping itu, informan juga mempunyai balita yang seharusnya tidak boleh terkena asap rokok. Metode yang dipilih untuk berhenti merokok adalah metode pengobatan, perubahan perilaku, dan dorongan positif. Semua peristiwa di atas menyebabkan seorang perokok harus menghentikan kebiasaannya sebagai perokok. Hikmah di balik itu semua adalah perokok memiliki kemauan yang kuat untuk berhenti dari merokok.

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Smoking Cessation Therapy. Cigarettes are regarded as being highly addictive. Consequently, if the smoker quits their habit, they will feel physically and mentally stressed. The purpose of this research is to understand, successful methods of quitting smoking, and factors which ease quitting smoking. It is also hoped to be able to lay a base for and bring into reality every element of society to create a social etiquette in smoking. Research using qualitative method by case studies among 3 smokers was undertaken in 2004. The criteria of the informant was age more than 40 years old, married, successfully in smoking cessation, and 10 years more as a smoker. The interview to informants was hold by recorder. The principle model of successful quitting smoking was the strong will and determination of the smokers themselves. The reasons to stop smoking were also health, religious organisation, and, family factors. Health factors are related with disease suffered by the informants such as hypertension, fever, cough and headache. Religious organisation factors are related to religious organization that prohibit to smoke. Family factors were related to the family of the informants who followed in their footprints as smokers. Besides that, the informants also had young children who should not be exposed to cigarette smoke. The methods used by the informants to smoke cessation were therapy, changing behavior, and positive encouragement. All the above incidents resulted in a smoker quitting their habit. The wisdom behind all this is a smoker who has a strong will to quit smoking."

"The visualization of plant growth modeling using computer simulation has rarely been conducted with Lindenmayer System (L-System) approach. L-System generally has been used as framework for improving and designing realistic modeling on plant growth. It is one kind of tools for representing plant growth based on grammar sintax and mathematic formulation. This research aimed to design modeling and visualizing plant growth structure generated using L-System. The environment on modeling design used three dimension graphic on standart OpenGL format. The visualization on system design has been developed by some of L-System grammar, and the output graphic on three dimension reflected on plant growth as a virtual plant growth system. Using some of samples on grammar L-System rules for describing of the charaterictics of plant growth, the visualization of structure on plant growth has been resulted and demonstrated."

"Penyakit Crohn (CD) yang menjadi masalah penting bagi kesehatan masyarakat di negara maju, memiliki kemiripan gejala klinis dan gambaran patologis dengan penyakit Johne?s disease (JD) pada hewan ruminasia yang terinfeksi Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Beberapa penelitian di Eropa, Amerika Serikat dan Australia menunjukkan keterkaitan antara MAP, CD, dan JD dengan produk susu dan olahannya termasuk susu bubuk. Masyarakat Indonesia mengonsumsi susu sapi dan produk olahannya yang berasal dari dalam negeri maupun impor. Adji pada tahun 2004 menemukan beberapa sapi perah lokal terinfeksi MAP lewat pemeriksaan serologis dan hal ini dapat menjadi permasalahan serius pada peternakan sapi perah maupun pada kesehatan manusia di masa mendatang. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeteksi MAP di dalam susu formula lanjutan. Lima puluh sampel yang berasal dari 5 pabrik diambil dari supermarket di wilayah Bogor. Metode reaksi rantai polimerase (PCR) dengan menggunakan sekuen insersi 900 (IS 900) sebagai primer dan biakan pada media Herrold?s egg yolk diperkaya mycobactin J (HEYM J) sebagai baku emas digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Tidak ada bakteri MAP yang tumbuh setelah diikubasi selama 20 minggu, demikian juga tidak ada uji positif dari pemeriksaan PCR IS 900. Meskipun tidak ada sampel positif dalam penelitian ini, perlu dilakukan penelitian lanjutan yang menyeluruh, jumlah sampel yang lebih banyak dan bervariasi serta pada manusia, untuk menyediakan data MAP yang lengkap di Indonesia.

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AbstractCrohn?s disease (CD) that becomes a public health concern in developed countries shows similarities in clinical signs and pathological features with Johne?s disease (JD) in ruminants infected by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Few researches conducted in Europe, the USA, and Australia showed relationships between MAP, CD, JD and dairy products. Indonesians consume milk and diary products from domestic and imported source. Adji in 2004 found some domestic dairy cows that were seropositive for MAP, and this could be a serious problem in dairy farm animals and human health in the future. The aim of this study was to detect MAP in the growing up formula milk. Fifty samples from five established factories were taken from supermarkets in Bogor. Polymerase chain reaction method (PCR) with insertion sequence (IS) 900 as primer and culture in Herrold?s egg yolk media with mycobactin J (HEYM J) as a gold standard were used in this study. Neither MAP grew up in HEYM J medium after 20 weeks of culture period nor positive samples by PCR IS 900 were found. Although there were no positive samples found in this study, further extensive and comprehensive studies on MAP should be done with more and varied samples, as well as in human to provide data on MAP in Indonesia."