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"Munculnya tren Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) menjadi ancaman bagi kesehatan global dan merupakan tantangan dalam pengelolaan kualitas air, khususnya terkait keberadaan bakteri Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli yang resisten terhadap antibiotik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh variasi dosis klorin serta waktu kontak terhadap isolat bakteri Total E. Coli dan ESBL E. Coli. Percobaan klorinasi dilakukan dengan lab-scale experiment menggunakan sampel isolat yang berasal dari Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah (IPAL) Rumah Sakit X. Jenis klorin yang digunakan pada eksperimen merupakan larutan induk Sodium Hypochlorite (NaClO) 0.2% dengan percobaan pada dosis 0.5 mg/L, 1 mg/L dan 2 mg/L. Pengukuran dilakukan terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri setelah percobaan, hasil menunjukkan bahwa dosis tertinggi, yaitu 2 mg/L dapat menurunkan konsentrasi akhir ter-rendah untuk bakteri ESBL E. Coli pada total waktu kontak 4 menit. Percobaan juga meneliti rasio bakteri ESBL E. Coli terhadap Total E. Coli, didapatkan bahwa rasio ESBL E. coli terhadap Total E. coli meningkat pada dosis klorin dan waktu kontak tertentu dan baru dapat diturunkan pada dosis tertinggi yaitu 2 mg/L. Hal ini mengindikasikan potensi seleksi bakteri resisten akibat proses disinfeksi.

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The emergence of the Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) trend poses a global health threat and is a challenge in water quality management, particularly regarding the presence of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli bacteria, which are resistant to antibiotics. This research aims to analyze the effect of variations in chlorine dose and contact time on isolates of Total E. coli and ESBL E. coli bacteria. Chlorination experiments were conducted using a lab-scale setup with isolate samples originating from the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) of Hospital X. The type of chlorine used in the experiment was a 0.2% Sodium Hypochlorite (NaClO) stock solution, with experiments conducted at doses of 0.5 mg/L, 1 mg/L, and 2 mg/L. Measurements were taken of bacterial growth after the experiment. The results show that the highest dose, 2 mg/L, achieved the lowest final concentration of ESBL E. coli after a total contact time of 4 minutes. The study also examined the ratio of ESBL E. coli to Total E. coli, finding that this ratio increased at certain chlorine doses and contact times, and only began to decrease at the highest dose of 2 mg/L. This indicates the potential for the selection of resistant bacteria as a result of the disinfection process."

"Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) menjadi isu global akibat meningkatnya kegagalan pengobatan dan penyebaran Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-Ec) yang banyak ditemukan di lingkungan perairan seperti sungai. Sungai menjadi jalur utama bagi masuknya berbagai limbah, yang dapat membawa ESBL-Ec ke lingkungan. Untuk itu, analisis gen penanda spesifik diperlukan untuk mengidentifikasi sumber kontaminasi ESBL-Ec dan memahami jalur kontaminasi di perairan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis keberadaan gen penanda ESBL-Ec di air sungai serta jalur kontaminasinya menuju lingkungan dan potensi paparannya terhadap manusia. Studi dilakukan di dua lokasi, yakni Sungai Ciliwung (DKI Jakarta dan Jawa Barat) dan Sungai Brangbiji (Kabupaten Sumbawa, NTB), menggunakan pendekatan Microbial Source Tracking (MST) berbasis metode Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) terhadap empat kelompok gen penanda sumber pencemar, yaitu manusia (H8, H12), sapi (Co2, Co3), ayam (Ch7, Ch9, Ch12, Ch13), dan air limbah (W_nqrC, W_clsA_2). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa di Sungai Ciliwung, keberadaan gen penanda tertinggi adalah air limbah dan ayam, ditunjukkan oleh seluruh isolat (n = 80) yang terdeteksi pada kedua kelompok gen tersebut. Gen penanda manusia dan sapi juga menunjukkan deteksi tinggi, dengan 79 dari 80 isolat menunjukkan keberadaan kedua kelompok gen ini. Di Sungai Brangbiji, seluruh isolat (n = 6) terdeteksi terhadap keempat kelompok gen penanda. Jalur kontaminasi utama di kedua sungai umumnya berasal dari pembuangan limbah domestik dan peternakan yang tidak melalui pengolahan, serta kontribusi dari efluen IPAL. Limbah ini masuk ke badan sungai melalui drainase terbuka, aliran permukaan, atau aktivitas langsung di sekitar bantaran sungai. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa sanitasi yang buruk dan pengelolaan limbah yang tidak memadai dapat meningkatkan risiko paparan ESBL- Ec terhadap manusia, baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung melalui lingkungan. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, metode MST berbasis PCR terbukti dapat memberikan gambaran mengenai kemungkinan sumber kontaminasi di perairan serta memetakan jalur kontaminasi ESBL-Ec yang berkaitan dengan aktivitas manusia dan hewan di lingkungan sekitar.

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Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) has become a global concern due to the increasing incidence of treatment failure and the spread of Extended-Spectrum Beta- Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-Ec), which is commonly found in aquatic environments such as rivers. Rivers serve as major pathways for the entry of various waste streams into the environment, potentially carrying ESBL-Ec. Therefore, the analysis of specific marker genes is necessary to identify the sources of ESBL-Ec contamination and to understand its contamination pathways in aquatic systems. This study aims to analyze the presence of ESBL-Ec marker genes in river water, trace their contamination pathways into the environment, and assess the potential exposure risk to humans. The study was conducted in two locations, namely the Ciliwung River (Jakarta and West Java) and the Brangbiji River (Sumbawa Regency, West Nusa Tenggara), using a Microbial Source Tracking (MST) approach based on Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) targeting four groups of specific marker genes including human (H8, H12), cattle (Co2, Co3), chicken (Ch7, Ch9, Ch12, Ch13), and human wastewater (W_nqrC, W_clsA_2). The results showed that in the Ciliwung River, the highest prevalence of marker genes was observed for wastewater and chicken, with both gene groups detected in all isolates (n = 80). Human and cattle markers were also highly prevalent, found in 79 out of 80 isolates. In the Brangbiji River, marker genes from all four source categories were detected in all isolates (n = 6).The main contamination pathways in both rivers generally originated from unprocessed domestic and livestock waste discharges, along with contributions from wastewater treatment plant effluents. These wastes entered the river bodies through open drains, surface runoff, or direct activities near the riverbanks. These findings indicate that poor sanitation and inadequate waste management can elevate the risk of human exposure to ESBL-Ec, either directly or indirectly through environmental contact. Based on these results, the PCR-based MST approach demonstrates its capability to provide an overview of potential contamination sources in aquatic environments and to map the contamination pathways of ESBL-Ec linked to human and animal activities in the surrounding area."

"Antimicrobial Resistance Bacteria (AMRB) adalah kondisi di mana bakteri, parasit, virus atau jamur penyebab infeksi menjadi kebal terhadap obat yang digunakan untuk mengobati infeksi. Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase producing E. coli (ESBL-Ec) termasuk salah satu contoh bakteri yang mampu menghasilkan enzim yang membuatnya resistan terhadap banyak antibiotik yang umum digunakan. Berdasarkan hal tersebut WHO telah menetapkan pengawasan global tricyle project yang berfokus pada ESBL-Ec. Salah satunya adalah Sungai Ciliwung pada bagian hilir dimana lokasi tersebut merupakan kawasan padat penduduk, perbelanjaan, dan perdagangan terbesar di Jakarta Utara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis konsentrasi E. coli, konsentrasi ESBL-Ec, rasio konsentrasi serta mengkarakterisasi gen terhadap antibiotik cefotaxime (bla_CTX-M) pada E. coli. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini menggunakan direct one-step spread plate method menggunakan media Tryptone-Bile-X-Glucuronide (TBX) agar, dilakukan pengujian secara fenotipe Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test (AST) dengan metode Double Disk Synergy Test (DDST). Serta, mengkarakterisasi gen ESBL bla_CTX-M dengan metode multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) kemudian divisualisasikan menggunakan elektroforesis. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan konsentrasi E. coli untuk sampel hilir A sebesar sebesar (1,3 ± 0,02) × 10⁵ CFU/100 mL dengan konsentrasi ESBL-Ec sebesar (3,5 ± 1,09) × 10⁴ CFU/100 mL. Sedangkan, konsentrasi E. coli untuk sampel hilir B sebesar (0,9 ± 0,18) × 10⁵ CFU/100 mL dengan konsentrasi ESBL-Ec sebesar (4,1 ± 0,3) × 10⁴ CFU/100 mL. Hasil rasio ESBL-Ec pada hilir Sungai Ciliwung di titik hilir A sebesar 26,48%, sedangkan rasio ESBL-Ec pada hilir B sebesar 45,83%. Rasio ini masuk kategori yang tinggi dimana jika dibandingkan dengan RAN-PRA sebesar 14% untuk sektor lingkungan. Berdasarkan hasil karakterisasi gen terdeteksi gen positif bla_CTX-M  sebanyak 9 dari 10 sampel (90%) pada titik hilir A. Sedangkan untuk titik hilir B terdeteksi gen positif bla_CTX-M  sebanyak 10 dari 10 sampel (100%). Semua sampel yang terdeteksi isolat penghasil EBL merupakan jenis bla_CTX-M grup 1 dimana gen tersebut terdiri atas jenis gen blaCTX-M-1, gen blaCTX-M-3, dan gen blaCTX-M-15. Berdasarkan prevalensi konsentrasi ESBL-Ec pada titik hilir Sungai Ciliwung menjadi isu-isu yang penting terhadap pencemaran lingkungan oleh AMRB. Perlu adanya tindakan pencegahan penyebaran ESBL-Ec dengan melakukan peningkatan personal higiene dan manajemen air bersih, peningkatan kontrol penggunaan dan pengawasan antibiotik, penegakkan penjualan antibiotik illegal di e-commerce, perketatan dan kebijakan usaha dalam pembuangan limbah industri, dan peningkatan cakupan pelayanan IPAL domestik.

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Antimicrobial Resistance Bacteria (AMRB) is a condition in which infection-causing bacteria, parasites, viruses or fungi become resistant to the drugs used to treat the infection. Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase producing E. coli (ESBL-Ec) is one example of a bacterium capable of producing an enzyme that makes it resistant to many commonly used antibiotics. Based on this, WHO has established a global surveillance tricyle project that focuses on ESBL-Ec. One of them is the Ciliwung River at the downstream where the location is the largest densely populated, shopping and trading area in North Jakarta. This study aims to analyze the concentration of E. coli, ESBL-Ec concentration, concentration ratio and characterize genes against cefotaxime antibiotics (bla_CTX-M) in E. Coli. The method used in this study was one-step spread plate method using Tryptone-Bile-X-Glucuronide (TBX) agar media, phenotypically testing Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test (AST) with Double Disk Synergy Test (DDST) method. Also, characterize the ESBL bla_CTX-M gene by multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method and then visualized using electrophoresis. The test results showed E. coli concentration for downstream sample A of (1,3 ± 0,02) × 10⁵ CFU/100 mL with ESBL-Ec concentration of (3,5 ± 1,09) × 10⁴ CFU/100 mL. Meanwhile, the average E. coli concentration for downstream B samples was (0,9 ± 0,18) × 10⁵ CFU/100 mL with ESBL-Ec concentration of (4,1 ± 0,3) × 10⁴ CFU/100 mL. The results of the ESBL-Ec ratio in the downstream Ciliwung River at downstream point A amounted to 26.48%, while the ESBL-Ec ratio in downstream B amounted to 45.83%. This ratio is categorized as high when compared to the RAN-PRA of 14% for the environmental sector. Based on the results of gene characterization, the bla_CTX-M positive gene was detected in 9 out of 10 samples (90%) at downstream point A. As for the downstream point B, positive bla_CTX-M genes were detected in 10 out of 10 samples (100%). All samples detected EBL-producing isolates are group 1 bla_CTX-M types where the gene consists of the blaCTX-M-1 gene, blaCTX-M-3 gene, and blaCTX-M-15 gene. Based on the prevalence of ESBL-Ec concentrations at the downstream point of the Ciliwung River, it becomes an important issue for environmental pollution by AMRB. Improved personal hygiene and clean water management, improved antibiotic use control and surveillance, enforcement of illegal antibiotic sales in e-commerce, tightening and business policies in industrial waste disposal, and increasing the coverage of domestik WWTP services."

"Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) merupakan ancaman besar terhadap kesehatan masyarakat dan isu global. Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-Ec) adalah salah satu AMR yang sering ditemukan di lingkungan perairan, khususnya air tanah. Air tanah yang tercemar berpotensi menyebabkan dampak kesehatan serius bagi manusia yang terpapar, mengingat air tanah merupakan salah satu sumber air bersih yang banyak digunakan. Pelacakan sumber pencemar perlu dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi pola distribusi dan sumber kontaminasi ESBL-Ec dalam air tanah secara lebih spesifik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis keberadaan gen penanda ESBL-Ec di air tanah dan menganalisis jalur transmisinya dari berbagai sumber pencemar menuju air tanah serta paparannya terhadap manusia. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada isolat ESBL-Ec yang diambil dari air tanah di beberapa titik di DKI Jakarta dan sekitar TPA Cipayung yang menggunakan pendekatan Microbial Source Tracking (MST) dengan meotde Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). MST dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi berbagai gen penanda dari empat sumber pencemar, yaitu manusia (H8, H12), sapi (Co2, Co3), ayam (Ch7, Ch9, Ch12, Ch13), dan air limbah (W_nqrC, W_clsA_2). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa gen penanda air limbah paling dan ayam yang menunjukkan deteksi positif pada seluruh isolat yang diuji (n=44), diikuti gen penanda manusia yang terdeteksi 43 dari 44 isolat, dan gen penanda sapi terdeteksi positif pada 42 dari 44 isolat. Sumber kontaminasi utama ESBL-Ec di air tanah dipengaruhi oleh limbah domestik dari berbagai aktivitas manusia dan limbah peternakan yang langsung dibuang ke badan air tanpa dilakukan pengolahan yang tepat. Limbah ini dapat mencemari air tanah melalui infiltrasi dari air permukaan hingga ke sistem akuifer.

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Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) is a major threat to public health and a global issue. Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-Ec) is one type of AMR frequently found in aquatic environments, particularly in groundwater. Contaminated groundwater poses a serious health risk to humans, as it is widely used as a source of clean water. Source tracking is necessary to identify the distribution patterns and specific origins of ESBL-Ec contamination in groundwater. The aim of this study is to analyze the presence of ESBL-Ec marker genes in groundwater and to investigate the transmission pathways from various pollution sources to groundwater, as well as the potential exposure to humans. This research was conducted using ESBL-Ec isolates collected from groundwater at several locations in DKI Jakarta and the vicinity of the Cipayung landfill, employing a Microbial Source Tracking (MST) approach using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. MST was used to identify specific marker genes from four pollution sources: human (H8, H12), cattle (Co2, Co3), chicken (Ch7, Ch9, Ch12, Ch13), and wastewater (W_nqrC, W_clsA_2). The results show that the wastewater and chicken marker genes were detected in all isolates tested (n = 44), followed by the human marker genes detected in 43 out of 44 isolates, and the cattle marker genes detected in 42 out of 44 isolates. The main sources of ESBL-Ec contamination in groundwater are influenced by domestic waste from various human activities and livestock waste that is discharged directly into water bodies without proper treatment. These pollutants can contaminate groundwater through infiltration from surface water into the aquifer system."

"Seven antibiotics including norfloxacin (NOR) were tested via disk susceptibility test on E. coliculture isolated from the MLSS of the two types of lab-scale sequencing batch reactors (SBR), acommon SBR and an SBR with rnicrofiltration membrane (SB-MBR) for treatment of syntheticmunicipal wastewater. The same experiment treating the NOR-added wastewater to examine thepossible induction of resistance to itself and the other antibiotics. The MLSS from Banglculture (TISTR780) were spiked daily into both reactors. The reactors were continuously operatedunder 2hr/2hr of aeration/non-aeration cycle and resistances to antibiotics of E. coli in MLSS weremonitored. When NOR was not added, the SB-MBR showed lower percentages of resistant E. colithan the SBR did to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, amikacin, nalidixic acid, tetracycline andchloramphenicol. Oppositely, the SB-MBR treating the NOR-added wastewater appeared topromote resistances of E. coli to nalidixic acid, sulfamethoxasole and tetracycline probably due to along SRT and low DO compared to that of SBR. Although its mechanism should be analyzed withmolecular techniques in further studies, this NOR-induced expression of resistance resulted in ahigher occurrence of multidrug resistant E. coli in the SB-MBR than that in the SBR."

"Resistansi antimikroba (AMR) telah menjadi permasalahan global dalam beberapa tahun terakhir. Tren AMR dapat diamati dengan mengacu pada prevalensi bakteri E. coli yang memproduksi enzim ESBL Extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL-Ec). Menurut panduan WHO berjudul Global Tricycle Surveillance ESBL-Ec, sektor peternakan merupakan salah satu sumber pencemar ESBL-Ec. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengambil sampel air dari Sungai Ciliwung yang terkontaminasi oleh limbah peternakan A (titik A) dan limbah peternakan B (titik B). Bakteri E. coli dan ESBL-Ec dihitung dengan menggunakan teknik membran filtrasi dan spread plate pada media TBX dan TBX-CTX. Aktivitas ESBL dilakukan dengan uji konfirmasi melalui antibiotic susceptibility test metode Double Disk Synergy Test (DDST). Karakterisasi gen CTX-M pada ESBL-Ec dilakukan dengan metode PCR dan gel elektroforesis. Konsentrasi bakteri E. coli di titik A dan titik B (8,3± 0,02) × 104 CFU/100 mL dan (8,4 ± 0,75) × 104 CFU/100 mL. Adapun untuk konsentrasi ESBL-Ec terkonfirmasi pada titik A dan titik B adalah (1,5 ± 0,16) × 103 CFU/100 mL dan (8,8 ± 1,2) × 102 CFU/100 mL. Rasio ESBL-Ec terhadap E. coli untuk titik A dan B adalah 1,86% dan 1,04%. Gen yang teridentifikasi pada ESBL-Ec untuk semua sampel merupakan CTX-M grup 1 meliputi blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-3, dan blaCTX-M-15. Keberadaan ESBL-Ec pada studi ini indikator bahwa sektor peternakan menjadi sumber pencemar di perairan. ESBL-Ec pada sungai berpotensi mengontaminasi manusia dan lingkungan di sekitarnya. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan penanganan seperti perluasan kontrol penggunaan antibiotik, pengelolaan limbah peternakan, dan revitalisasi saluran drainase.

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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a global problem in recent years. AMR surveillance can be done by analyzing prevalence of E. coli bacteria that produce Extended spectrum β-lactamase enzymes (ESBL-Ec). According to the WHO Global Tricycle Surveillance ESBL-Ec, the livestock sector is one of the sources of ESBL-Ec contaminants. This study was conducted by collecting water samples from two sides of the Ciliwung River contaminated by livestock waste (sample A and B) . E. coli and ESBL-Ec bacteria were counted using membrane filtration and spread plate techniques on TBX and TBX-CTX media, respectively. ESBL activity was confirmed by antibiotic susceptibility test using Double Disk Synergy Test (DDST) method. CTX-M gene prevalence in ESBL-Ec was characterized by PCR method. The concentrations of E. coli and ESBL-Ec in sample A and B were (8,3± 0,02) × 104 CFU/100 mL and (8,4 ± 0,75) × 104 CFU/100 mL, respectively. Whereas the confirmed ESBL-Ec concentrations in sample AN and B were (1,5 ± 0,16) × 103 CFU/100 mL and (8,8 ± 1,2) × 102 CFU/100 mL, respectively. Ratio of ESBL-Ec to E. coli were calculated and it was found to be 1.86% and 1.04% for sample A and B, respectively. The genes identified in ESBL-Ec were CTX-M group 1, including blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-3, and blaCTX-M-15. The presence of ESBL-Ec in this study indicated that the livestock sector is one of the sources of water pollution. ESBL-Ec in rivers has the potential to contaminate humans and the surrounding environment. Therefore, it is necessary to do prevention measures, such as controlling antibiotics usage, managing livestock waste, and revitalizing drainage channels."

"Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPeC) merupakan bakteri dengan presentase sekitar 17% - 37% dari total bakteri yang diisolasi dari pasien dengan Bloodstream Infection (BSI) secara global. Kemampuan bakteri ini dalam mengembangkan resistensi terhadap antibiotik menyebabkan masalah serius. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis keterkaitan antara profil fenotipik dan genotipik pada isolat Escherichia coli (E. coli) penyebab BSI. Isolasi bakteri E. coli penyebab BSI dan isolasi DNA dilakukan pada 11 isolat tersimpan asal LMK FKUI dan 2 isolat asal BB Binomika, Jakarta. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan Vitek 2 compact untuk analisis profil fenotipik dan juga menggunakan metode Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) untuk mengkarakterisasi seacra genotipik bakteri E. coli. Berdasarkan data fenotipik yang diperoleh menggunakan VITEK-2, resistensi tertinggi isolat dalam penelitian ini secara berturut-turut terdapat pada antibiotik ampisilin (53,8%), siprofloksasin (46,2%), dan seftriakson (38,5%). Identifikasi gen resistensi untuk ampisilin, seftriakson, dan siprofloksasin juga telah berhasil diidentifikasi melaui teknik WGS. Beberapa gen yang dikaitkan dengan resistensi terhadap ampisilin adalah blaTEM 1-B dan variannya seperti blaTEM-116, blaTEM-141, dan blaTEM-206. Gen blaTEM-1B merupakan gen yang mendominasi pada mekanisme resistensi betalaktam (30,76%), diikuti oleh gen blaCTX-M-55 (15,35%). Sedangkan mekanisme resistensi pada fluorokuinolon banyak dimediasi oleh adanya mutasi pada target antibiotik, seperti mutasi pada gyrA, parC, dan AcrAB-TolC. Isolat selanjutnya dikelompokkan menggunakan skema Achtman dalam 12 ST yang berbeda yaitu ST73, 117, 10, 410, 83, 169, 95, 1844, 101, 457, 744 dan ST 127. Terdapat kesesuaian antara resistensi fenotipik dan resistensi genotipik terhadap antibiotik betalaktam pada isolat E. coli yang diteliti, dimana gen resistensi terdeteksi pada seluruh isolat yang resisten betalaktam secara fenotipik.

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Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) accounts for approximately 17% - 37% of the total bacteria isolated from patients with bloodstream infections (BSI) globally. The ability of these bacteria to develop resistance to antibiotics poses serious problems. This study aims to analyze the relationship between phenotypic and genotypic profiles in Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolates causing BSI. Isolation of E. coli causing BSI and DNA isolation were carried out on 11 stored isolates from LMK FKUI and 2 isolates from BB Binomika, Jakarta. This study was conducted using the Vitek 2 compact system for phenotypic profile analysis and the Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) method to characterize the genotypic profiles of E. coli. Based on the phenotypic data obtained using VITEK-2, the highest resistance among isolates in this study was observed for ampicillin (53.8%), ciprofloxacin (46.2%), and ceftriaxone (38.5%). Resistance genes for ampicillin, ceftriaxone, and ciprofloxacin were successfully identified through the WGS technique. Some of the genes associated with resistance to ampicillin include blaTEM-1B and its variants such as blaTEM-116, blaTEM-141, and blaTEM-206. The blaTEM-1B gene is predominant in the betalactam resistance mechanism (30.76%), followed by the blaCTX-M-55 gene (15.35%). Resistance to fluoroquinolones is primarily mediated by mutations in antibiotic targets, such as mutations in gyrA, parC, and AcrAB-TolC. Isolates were further grouped using the Achtman scheme into 12 different STs, including ST73, 117, 10, 410, 83, 169, 95, 1844, 101, 457, 744, and ST127. There was concordance between phenotypic resistance and genotypic resistance to betalactam antibiotics in the E. coli isolates studied, where resistance genes were detected in all isolates that were phenotypically betalactam-resistant."

"Resistensi antibiotik terjadi karena adanya penyalahgunaan antibiotik. Salah satu dari dampak resistensi antibiotik adalah produksi enzim ESBL (Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase) pada bakteri. WHO menciptakan tricycle protocol untuk pengawasan global pada bakteri E.coli penghasil ESBL (ESBL-Ec) salah satunya di lingkungan. Penelitian ini memilih objek studi air drainase dan air sungai di Kawasan DKI Jakarta berdasarkan standar ekonomi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis konsentrasi E.coli, ESBL-Ec, rasio ESBL-Ec terhadap E.coli, dan pengaruh lokasi pengambilan sampel terhadap konsentrasi E. coli dan ESBL-Ec. Metode prevalensi E.coli dan ESBL-Ec dilakukan dengan metode spread plate dan antibiotic susceptibility test (AST). Hasil pengujian menunjukkan rata-rata konsentrasi E.coli kategori menengah atas sebesar 4,8x106 CFU/100 mL, menengah sebesar 3,9x106CFU/100 mL, dan menengah bawah sebesar 6,5x106 CFU/100 mL dengan nilai konsentrasi terbesar 9,1x106 CFU/100 mL pada kategori menengah bawah. Rasio ESBL-Ec terhadap E.coli pada setiap sampel berada diangka 0,74%-12,24%. Terdapat tiga lokasi yang tidak ditemukan konfirmasi ESBL-Ec sehingga rasio 0%. Lokasi pengambilan sampel mempengaruhi tinggi rendahnya konsentrasi E.coli dan ESBL-Ec terutama lokasi sampel dengan kategori menengah bawah yang memiliki kepadatan penduduk yang tinggi dan sanitasi yang rendah. Masih adanya prevalensi ESBL-Ec di DKI Jakarta menunjukkan perlu adanya pengawasan penggunaan antibiotik oleh fasilitas kesehatan dan peningkatan sanitasi masyarakat seperti penyuluhan kepada masyarakat demi kesehatan dan keamanan.

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Antibiotic resistance occurs due to the misuse of antibiotics. One of the impacts of antibiotic resistance is the production of ESBL (Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase) enzymes in bacteria. WHO has established the tricycle protocol for global surveillance of ESBL-producing E. coli (ESBL-Ec) bacteria, including in the environment. This study selected drainage water and river water in the Jakarta area based on economic standards as the study objects. The aim of this research is to analyze the concentration of E. coli, ESBL-Ec, the ratio of ESBL-Ec to E. coli, and the effect of sampling locations on the concentration of E. coli and ESBL-Ec. The prevalence method for E. coli and ESBL-Ec was conducted using the spread plate method and antibiotic susceptibility test (AST). The test results showed the average concentration of E. coli in the upper-middle category was 4.8×106 CFU/100 mL, middle category was 3.9×106 CFU/100 mL, and lower-middle category was 6.5×106CFU/100 mL, with the highest concentration value of 9.1×106CFU/100 mL in the lower-middle category. The ratio of ESBL-Ec to E. coli in each sample ranged from 0.74% to 12.24%. There were three locations where ESBL-Ec was not detected, resulting in a 0% ratio. The sampling location influenced the concentration of E. coli and ESBL-Ec, particularly in lower-middle category locations with high population density and poor sanitation. The continued prevalence of ESBL-Ec in Jakarta indicates the need for monitoring antibiotic use in medical facility and improving community sanitation for public health and safety."

"Berbagai penelitian memperlihatkan angka resistensi kuman patogen meningkat dengan tajam, sehingga angka morbiditas dan mortalitas akibat infeksi nosokomial makin meningkat pula. Penyebab resistensi utama pada kuman Gram negatif antara lain adalah extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) pada Klebsiella pneumoniae dan Escherichia coli. Dalam pemilihan pengobatan empirik untuk infeksi nosokomial, klinisi perlu mempertimbangkan pola resistensi setempat.Frekuensi kuman patogen dan pola resistensi dapat sangat berbeda antara satu negara dengan negara lain dan juga antar rumah sakit dalam suatu negara. Oleh karena itu surveilans setempat perlu dilakukan agar dapat menjadi pedoman pemberian terapi empirik dan tindakan-tindakan pengendalian infeksi.Pada penelitian ini uji resistensi dilakukan terhadap Klebsiella pneumoniae penghasil ESBL dan Escherichia colt penghasil ESBL dengan menggunakan metode Kirby-Bauer. Sejumlah 37 isolat Klebsiella pneumoniae penghasil ESBL dan 35 isolat Escherichia coif penghasil ESBL diperoleh sejak bulan September 2003 sampai dengan Mel 2004 dari 3 laboratroium di Jakarta dan Karawaci.Prevalensi Klebsiella pneumoniae penghasil ESBL adalah sebesar 33,03% dan Escherichia coli penghasil ESBL 20,11% Sensitivitas Kiebsiella pneumoniae penghasil ESBL terhadap meropenem, siprofloksasin, levofloksasin, piperasilinltazobaktam, sefoperazonlsulbaktam dan sefepim berturut-turut adalah 100%, 45,95%, 51,95%, 78,38%, 62,16% dan 72,97%. Dan sensitivitas Escherichia coli penghasil ESBL terhadap meropenem, siprofloksasin, levofloksasin, piperasilinltazobaktarn, sefoperazonlsulbaktam dan sefepim berturut-turut adalah 100%, 37,14%, 28,57%, 97,14%, 82,86% dan 60%.

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Multiple surveillance studies have demonstrated that resistance among prevalent pathogen is increasing at an alarming rate, leading to greater patient morbidity and mortality from nosocomial infection. Important causes of Gram-negative resistance include extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coll. In selecting an empiric treatment for a nosocomial infection, one should consider the prevalent resistance patterns.

Pathogen frequency and resistance patterns may vary significantly from country to country and also in different hospitals within a country. Thus regional surveillance programs are essential to guide empirical therapy and infection control measures.

In this study antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer method against the ESBL producing K. pneumoniae and E. coli A total of 37 ESBL producing K. pneumoniae isolates and 35 ESBI producing E coil isolates were obtained from September, 2003 to May, 2004 from 3 laboratories in Jakarta and Karawaci.

The prevalence of ESBL producing K. pneumoniae was 33,03% and ESBL producing E. coil 20,11%. Susceptibility of ESBL producing K. pneumoniae isolates to meropenem, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, piperacillin/tazobactam, cefoperazonfsulbactam and cefepime was 100%, 45,95%, 51,95%, 78,38%, 62,16% and 72,97% respectively. And susceptibility of ESBL producing E. coil isolates to meropenem, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, piperacillinltazobactam, cefoperazonlsulbactam and cefepime was 100%, 37,14%, 28,57%, 97,14%, 82,86% and 60% respectively."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji kinerja kombinasi metode ozonasi dan kavitasi hidrodinamika dengan pelat berlubang dalam proses desinfeksi bakteri E.coli. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan variasi dosis ozon, laju alir sirkulasi, dan metode disinfeksi. Ozon diproduksi menggunakan ozonator komersial dengan dosis ozon 64,83 mg/jam, 108,18 mg/jam, dan 135,04 mg/jam sementara kavitasi dibangkitkan menggunakan pelat berlubang. Metode desinfeksi yang akan divariasikan pada percobaan ini adalah: kavitasi hidrodinamika, ozonasi, dan gabungan keduanya. Hasil terbaik pada masing-masing metode didapatkan pada menit ke-60 dan laju alir sirkulasi 7 L/menit.Metode gabungan kavitasi dan ozonasi mampu mendesinfeksi hingga 0 CFU/mL dari konsentrasi awal 2,10 x 105 CFU/mL. Metode ozonasi tunggal mampu mendesinfeksi bakteri E.coli hingga 0 CFU/mL dari konsentrasi awal 1,32 x 105 CFU/mL selama 60 menit. Metode kavitasi hidrodinamik memberikan hasil penyisihan paling sedikit, yaitu 5,20 x 104 CFU/mL dari konsentrasi awal 2,17 x 105 CFU/mL. Disimpulkan bahwa metode kombinasi menghasilkan desinfeksi bakteri E.coli yang lebih cepat dan lebih baik dibandingkan metode tunggalnya.

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This research aims to evaluate the performance of hybrid method of ozonation and hydrodynamic cavitation with orifice plate on E.coli bacteria disinfection. Ozone dose, circulation flowrate, and disinfection method were varied. Ozone was produced by commercial ozonators with ozone dose of 64,83 mg hour, 108,18 mg hour, and 135,04 mg hour. Meanwhile, hydrodynamic cavitation was generated using an orifice plate. The disinfection methods compared in this research are hydrodynamic cavitation, ozonation, and the combination of both. The best result on each method was achieved on the 60th minutes and with a circulation flowrate of 7 L min.

The hybrid method attained final concentration of 0 CFU mL from the initial concentration of 2,10 x 105 CFU mL. The ozonation method attained final concentration of 0 CFU mL from the initial concentration of 1,32 x 105 CFU mL. Cavitation method gives the least elimination with final concentration of 5,20 x 104 CFU mL from the initial concentration of 2,17 x 105 CFU mL. In conclusion, hybrid method gives a faster and better disinfection of E.coli than each method on its own."