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"The Japanese firm is often regarded as a community of the employer and the employees, who are its constituents or stakeholders. However, a community is, generally speaking, a social organization that is not so dynamic in its economic performance. Why and how does the Japanese firm have both a community-like nature and a highly competitive nature at the same time? That is the main question I try to answer in this paper. There are opposing views on this point. Some attribute the high efficiency and competitiveness of the Japanese firm to the hard work of employees under the strong control of management, while others emphasize the role of long-term employment and common interests. After examining these alternatives, I propose a different approach. The Japanese firm, I argue, operates like a community, affording its employees job security and welfare, but the market forces it to be more and more efficient and competitive. Under the current market labour market structure, workers who enjoy employment security in their firm cannot but make efforts to sustain their company in market competition. What drives the Japanese firm, then, is not management power nor a coalition of workers and shareholders, but the process of capital accumulation by the company itself, which is necesary for inter-firm competition in the market. So-called Japanese employment practices are now undergoing considerable change, and the future of the firm-community is uncertain."

"Penelitian ini menguji pengaruh skor ESG terhadap kinerja perusahaan di ASEAN serta menguji peran moderasi tingkat pendidikan direktur utama dalam pengaruh ESG terhadap kinerja perusahaan. Penelitian ini menggunakan sampel 115 perusahaan non-keuangan di ASEAN pada tahun 2018-2022 yang diperoleh dari database Bloomberg dan data publik lainnya. Analisis data digunakan dengan pendekatan deduktif ke induktif dan teknik analisis regresi data panel. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa ESG berpengaruh signifikan positif terhadap kinerja perusahaan sementara itu, tingkat pendidikan Direktur Utama tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja perusahaan, namun di saat adanya interaksi antara tingkat pendidikan Direktur Utama terhadap hubungan ESG dan kinerja perusahaan, tingkat pendidikan Direktur Utama berpengaruh signifikan positif. Penelitian juga menemukan bahwa tingkat pendidikan direktur utama tidak signifikan dalam memoderasi hubungan antara ESG dan  kinerja perusahaan. Kontribusi penelitian ini mencakup pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi kinerja perusahaan di ASEAN dan implikasinya untuk pengambilan keputusan dan praktik berkelanjutan. Penelitian ini mengidentifikasi peran penting tingkat pendidikan Direktur Utama dalam konteks ini. Penelitian juga melengkapi pengetahuan yang ada dengan memperluas cakupan variabel independen dan mengonfirmasi temuan sebelumnya.

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This study examines the effect of ESG scores on firm performance in ASEAN and examines the moderating role of CEO education level in the effect of ESG on firm performance. This study uses a sample of 115 non-financial companies in ASEAN in 2018-2022 obtained from Bloomberg database and other public data. Data analysis is used with a deductive to inductive approach and panel data regression analysis techniques. This study finds that ESG has a significant positive effect on firm performance, the education level of the CEO has no significant effect on firm performance however, when there is an interaction between the education level of the CEO and the relationship between ESG and firm performance, the education level of the CEO has a significant positive effect. The study also finds that the education level of the CEO is not significant in moderating the relationship of ESG and firm performance. The contributions of this research include a better understanding of the factors that influence corporate performance in ASEAN and the implications for decision-making and sustainable practices. The research identifies the important role of CEO education level in this context. The research also complements existing knowledge by expanding the scope of independent variables and confirming previous findings."

"The performance of a seaport is determined by the coherence between the optimal dimensions of the seaport and the economic potential of the area where the seaport is located. Otherwise, the economic potential of the region can drive how big the port should be developed. To study the behavior of seaport parameters on regional archipelagic economic zones, dynamics models are used, where the econometric model is applied to the completion of the Cobb-Douglas production equation. The results obtained by this analysis showed that the increased volume of loading/unloading cargo is correlated to local economic growth; and, the increase of loading/unloading of cargo can promote the growth of the region’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Increased volume of loading-unloading cargo is correlated to the growth of vessel hold capacity/deadweight tonnage (DWT). GDP growth is correlated to the demand load capacity of the vessel (DWT); and the increase of GDP requires definition of a length of berth (Lb). Hence, it is concluded that there is a strong influence between the development of port dimensions and the economic growth of archipelagic regions."