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"This essay describes the reform of Japan's national universities resulting from the enactment of the National University Corporations Law (Kokuritsu Daigaku Hōjin-hō) in April 2003, which aimed at converting all the national universities into corporate entities (kokuritsu daigaku hōjin).The intention of this law is to effect major changes in the heretofore self-governing structure of national universities and to introduce a management system based on the corporate organization style.The National University Corporations Law will lead to a major transformation of universities from sites of research and education grounded in traditional basic research into corporate-like organizations which respond sensitively to social and market needs and which provide more practical research and education services. However, the increased power of the Ministry of Education resulting from incorporation may also limit the academic freedom and autonomy of Japan's national universities."

"Nowadays, the ready-mixed concrete (RMC) industry plays an important role in construction projects, since it has become one of the mechanisms in construction works and it has become more widely used than in the past. Increasing efficiency is focused on in order to be competitive in business. Therefore, this study aims to increase efficiency of the delivery management system by using the modeling of production planning and management of daily scheduling and dispatching of ready-mixed concrete trucks in order to solve the bottleneck problems of production, which are consequently affecting the RMC delivery process .In fact, the capacity of ready-mixed concrete machines seems to be a limitation, since concrete can only be mixed and then delivered in batches, one vehicle at a time. Earliest Due Date (EDD) and First-Come, First-Served (FCFS) are two techniques of priority rules used for RMC scheduling in providing more precision and accuracy of related inputs which can be used in order improve efficiency of the entire RMC process. In the model, factors affecting the RMC delivery process, such as distances, travel speed and travel times are determined by using GIS–Geographic Information Systems software (ArcGIS). The mapping data is also input into the construction site data, which then builds a model based on priority rules to determine the production and dispatching schedule. Preliminary results from the model indicated that delivery delays can be reduced, in addition to improving daily scheduling and reducing planning time. Moreover, the Single Machine-Multiple Sites model was applied to a concrete truck freight management company that had only one manufacturing machine and it had to deliver to several construction sites in various urban areas. By improving efficiency, by optimizing delivery times and by reducing the cost of waiting time at various sites, this PDRMC model could cut operating costs and increase the company’s revenue because there will be time for more orders."