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"This paper examines the dismissals of allegedly Communist teaching staff at Japanese universities between 1948 and 1950 (‘red purge’) as one example of developments usually attributed to a ‘reverse course’ in occupation policy. It argues that the red purge came about less as a result of a change in US policy than through Japanese initiative. Based on primary source material, this paper shows that anti-Communism had been an integral part of the thinking of the Occupation's education administrators since 1946. They were, however, careful not to translate this thinking into victimizing action. Rather, a quantitative analysis indicates that, in bringing about an individual's dismissal, factors such as low academic standing were more decisive than political involvement, implying that the purges were not simply ordered from above. Two case studies of purgees, one a philosophy lecturer from Hirosaki Higher School and the other a professor of anatomy at Kyoto Prefectural School of Medicine, serve to corroborate these findings. Assumptions about a reverse course have led to false conceptions about the respective contribution of US and Japanese administrators to late occupation policies. An accurate assessment of the occupation period requires that historians take into account lower-level events and decisions in order to gauge better Japan's role in shaping occupation policy."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan pengaruh kebijakan pemerintah Militer Jepang terhadap dinamika sosial, ekonomi, pemerintahan, pendidikan hingga militer di Kedu-Syuu. Sumber penelitian ini berupa arsip baik tekstual dan gambar, surat kabar sezaman, buku dan karya ilmiah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sejarah dalam mencari data hingga penulisan, mulai dari heuristik, Kritik sumber, Interpretasi data, hingga penulisan sejarah atau historiografi. Karesidenan Kedu atau Kedu-Syuu menjadi bagian penting pada masa pendudukan Jepang di Indonesia. Kedu-Syuu terdiri dari Magelang, Kebumen, Temanggung, Purworejo, dan Wonosobo. Topografi Kedu-Syuu memiliki kekayaan alam dan sumber daya manusia, maka dari itu pada masa pendudukan Jepang, Kedu-Syuu merupakan salah satu pemasok bahan perang baik padi maupun tenaga kerja dan pasukan pemerintahan Militer Jepang. Masa pendudukan Jepang di Kedu-Syuu ditandai dengan Program Kinkyu Shokuryo Taisaku dan Fujinkai sehingga membawa dampak perubahan sosial. Melalui penelitian ini, dapat diketahui bahwa pada masa pendudukan Jepang tidak hanya meninggalkan dampak negatif saja, namun juga dampak positif, salah satunya dari sisi militer dan kehidupan sosial dalam bentuk peningkatan hasil panen padi. Tingkat kedisiplinan yang diterapkan oleh pemerintah Militer Jepang secara tidak langsung membentuk semangat nasionalisme yang tinggi. Hal tersebut dapat dilihat dari pembentukan pasukan Fujinkai di Kedu-Syuu.

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This research have a purpose to explain the effect of Japanese military government policies on social, economic, education and military in Kedu-Syuu. Sources of this research from historical archives such as textual and images, newspapers in the era of Japanese occupation in Indonesia, books and scientific journal. This study uses historical methods in searching for archieves to writing, starting from heuristics, source criticism, data interpretation, and writing history or historiography.  The residency of Kedu or Kedu-Syuu became an important part of the Japanese occupation of Indonesia. Kedu-Syuu consists of Magelang, Kebumen, Temanggung, Purworejo, and Wonosobo. The topography of Kedu-Syuu had natural and human resources, therefore during the Japanese occupation, Kedu-Syuu was one of the suppliers of war, both rice and Japanese military troops. The period of Japanese occupation in Kedu-Syuu was marked by the Kinkyu Shokuryo Taisaku and Fujinkai programs that brought about social changes. Through this research, it can be seen that during the Japanese occupation not only left negative impacts, but also positive impacts, one of which was in terms of military and social life in the form of increasing rice. The level of discipline applied by the Japanese military government indirectly formed a high spirit of nationalism. This can be seen from the establishment of the Fujinkai in Kedu-Syuu."

"ABSTRACTPenelitian ini mengkaji karya sastra seorang pengarang Korea-Amerika generasi 1.5 yang mengangkat cerita sejarah Korea pada tahun 1945. Namun, dalam karya sastra tersebut dapat terlihat citra negara asing yang terkait dengan sejarah Korea. Negara-negara tersebut adalah Amerika, Jepang dan Rusia. Penulis berpendapat bahwa citra negara-negara tersebut dalam novel dipengaruhi oleh latar belakang penulis yang merupakan seorang diaspora Korea di Amerika. Korpus utama yang menjadi acuan dalam penelitian ini adalah novel Year of Impossible Goodbyes karya Sook Nyul Choi. Melalui penelitian ini dapat diketahui bagaimana sejarah kemerdekaan Korea dideskripsikan dan bagaimana perubahan sikap terhadap Amerika, Jepang dan Rusia dituangkan dalam novel tersebut. Penelitian ini berfokus pada bagaimana tiga negara tersebut digambarkan oleh pengarang novel. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan bahwa Amerika sebagai host country telah memengaruhi cara pandang Sook Nyul Choi terhadap Amerika yang juga berpengaruh dalam caranya memandang Jepang dan Rusia. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk menganalisis pemaknaan terhadap sejarah Korea oleh penulis diaspora Korea di Amerika. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode close reading. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa latar belakang pengarang yang merupakan diaspora Korea di Amerika memunculkan sikap pro-Amerika di dalam karyanya. Hal tersebut juga memengaruhi pengarang dalam memandang negara lain seperti Jepang dan Rusia.

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ABSTRACTThis study examines the literary work of a 1.5 generation Korean American author who raised the story of Korean history in 1945. However, in the literary work can be seen the image of foreign countries associated with Korean history. These countries are America, Japan and Russia. The authors argue that the image of these countries in the novel is influenced by the background of the writer who is a Korean diaspora in America. The main corpus that used in this research is a novel titled Year of Impossible Goodbyes by Sook Nyul Choi. Through this research can be seen how the history of Korean independence is described and how the change of attitude toward America, Japan and Russia poured in the novel. This study focuses on how the three countries are described by novel authors. This study aims to prove that America as a host country has influenced Sook Nyul Choi 39 s view of America which is also influential in the way it sees Japan and Russia. In addition, this study also aims to analyze the meaning of Korean history by Korean diaspora writers in America. The method used in this research is Close Reading. The results of this study indicate that the background of the writer who is a Korean diaspora in America raises a pro American attitude in her work. It also influenced the author view of other countries such as Japan and Russia."