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"Against the Grain, faced the inevitability of such events as teachers in one of the unauthorized (“wild”) schools of 1930’s Java. This strongly autobiographical work depicts the lives of Indonesians, particularly its youth, who were imbued with the ideals of nationalism and independence in the 1930s. But the depiction itself is no starry-eyed portrayal of these people. Suwarsih wrote with unflinching realism and perception of the lives of people in some cases struggling and in others prospering under a colonial system— people of this world, the governing and the governed, whose characters and lives are molded by the prevailing colonial laws and practices and often stunted by a stifling patriarchal tradition. Ibu Suwarsih is celebrated as one of the earliest and perhaps the pre-eminent writers of Indonesian feminism."

"Material kuningan yang memiliki kekerasan yang tinggi, kekuatan tarik yang tinggi, ketangguhan yang baik, machineability yang baik dan low cost semakin dibutuhkan dan diinginkan. Salah satu metode efektif untuk menjawab kebutuhan tersebut adalah dengan metode penghalusan butir seperti ECAP (equal channel angular pressing) dengan diberikan post heat treatment.Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari post heat treatment pada material ECAP 4 pas Cu-30%Zn terhadap sifat mekanis dan ukuran butirnya. Pengujian kekerasan mikro vickers, uji tarik, serta SEM pada perpatahannya dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi sifat mekanis tersebut dan pengujian metalografi dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi struktur mikro beserta pengukuran ukuran butirnya. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ECAP 4 pas akan mengurangi ukuran butir rata-rata dari 34 μm pada sebelum ECAP hingga menjadi 1,402 μm, meningkatkan kekerasan dari sebesar 92 HV menjadi 248 HV, tensile strength dari 379 MPa menjadi 878 MPa, yield strength dari 212 MPa menjadi 627 MPa, dan penurunan elongasi dari 64 % menjadi 19%.Post heat treatment yang dilakukan setelah proses ECAP akan menyebabkan terekristalisasinya shear band menjadi butir-butir ultra halus yang equiaxed sehingga kekerasan, tensile strength, dan yield strength menurun, sedangkan elongasinya meningkat. Post heat treatment 300°C selama 15 menit dipilih sebagai nilai optimum karena rekristalisasi sempurna telah terjadi.

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Brass material which has a high hardness, high tensile strength, good toughness, good machineability, and low cost are increasingly required and desired. One of effective method for answering the demand is by using grain refinement methods such as ECAP (equal channel angular pressing) with post heat treatment.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of post heat treatment on material 4 pass ECAP Cu-30% Zn against mechanical properties and grain size. Vickers microhardness testing, tensile testing, and SEM fraktography of tensile testing were used for evaluating the mechanical properties and metallographic tests were used for evaluating the microstructure with grain size measurement. Results of this study showed that ECAP 4 pass will reduce the average grain size of 34 μm at before ECAP up to 1.402 μm, increased the hardness from 92 HV to 248 HV, tensile strength from 379 MPa to 878 MPa, yield strength from 212 MPa to 627 MPa, and the elongation decreased from 64% to 19%.

Post heat treatment that done after ECAP process will make the shear band recrystallized into equiaxed ultra fine grains so the hardness, tensile strength, and yield strength will decreased, while the elongation increased. Post heat treatment of 300°C for 15 minutes was chosen as the optimum value because of the fully recystallization already occurred."

"Purpose of Research (specific objective and/or statement of hypothesis in around 300 to400 words. Please try to avoid using an additional page). Zry-4 is an alloy of Ziconium (Zr) with alloying elements of Fe,Cr, and Sn with weight percentage of 0.2%, 0.07% and 1.5% respectively. This alloying element addition is intended to improve the mechanical properties as well as Zirconium, that is corrosive resistance at high temperature. Besides the alloying elements, the micro structural morphology of Zry-4, as results of thermomechanic treatment process, also an active role to determine mechanical, physical and corrosion properties. This alloy is used as structure and cladding materials for Pressurized water Reactor (PWR) nuclear fuel element. Zirconium alloy of Zr-702 will also be used for chemical engineering devices due to its high corrosion resistance in acid and alkali liquid as well as at high temperature. Examples of device are : Distillation Column, Reactor, Pump Housing and Heat exchanger and Heating coil due to mechanical properties at high temperature. Some researchs have been done previously to observe changes of mechanical and corrosive properties of Zry-4 with solution treatment 0-phase, but unfortunately they are not continued between deformation degree and grain size with new precipitate is obtained.In this research we plan to carry out a cold deformation process of 0-quenching result and be continued with annealing process. From the process results we will observe the morphology of micro structure of Zry-4. This process will enable to determine the deformation level, time and temperature annealing to obtain a certain microstructure according to the desired mechanical properties (Microhardness). Results of research can hopefully be used as input in the working process of Zry-4.Optical Microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Diffraction will be used in the microstructure observation."

"PLM (packet Pair receiver-driven cumulative Layered Multicast) which is one of the multi rate multicast congestion control assumes a fair scheduler network and use P P (Packet Pair) to infer the available bandwidth as its mechanism.Different layering scheme used in PLM can affect the PL performance. This thesis will analyze the effect of fine grain in layer granularity on LM performance through simulation. The layering schemes u.red are doubling scheme, multiplicative scheme, and equal sehemes.The simulation shows that fine grain in layen granularity could make PLM has higher probabilities to gain the available bandwidth as closest as possible to their fair share, higher robabililies to achieve better fairness (including intra 12 protocol fairness, inter protocol Jaimes, and TOP friendliness) and better bandwiath utilization. Fine grain in layer granularity has indirect effect to layer subscription oscillation that happens where there are only PLM sessions on the network. Fine grain in layer granuluri could reduce the ratio of packet loss (PLR) caused by layer subscription oscillation. Fine grain in layer granularity did not have effect on PLM responsiveness.Fine grain equal scheme has inter protocol fairness of 0.964, TCP friendliness of 0.999975 where equal scheme only has inter protocol fairness of 0.818, TCP friendliness of 0.945844, and intra protocol fairness of 0.9997. due to the layer configuration and the available bandwidth, doubling scheme has inter protocol fairness of 0.999 and intra protocol fairness of 0.999964 while multiplicative scheme only has inter protocol fairness of 0.987 and intra protocol fairness od 0.939482. fine grain equal scheme has PLR (cause by layer subscription oscillation) of 0.0131% which is lower than equal scheme that has PLR of 0.0395%. doubling scheme did not suffer from layer subription oscillation and so thus did not suffer from packet loss (PLR of 0%), while multiplicative suffer from PLR of 0.0078%."