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"This book offers a comprehensive thousand-year history of the land, people, society, culture and economy of Hungary, from its nebulous origins in the Ural Mountains to the elections of 1988. It tells above all the thrilling story of a people which became a great power in the region and then fought against - and was invaded by - Ottomans, Germans and Soviets. The Hungarian people preserved nevertheless a continuous individuality through its Ural-born language and a specifically Hungaro-European culture. Dominated from the sixteenth century by the Habsburgs, while ruling its own national minorities, Hungary was deprived of two-thirds of its lands and peoples through successive treaties which followed the two World Wars, after which it fell under Soviet domination for nearly fifty years. Free and independent since 1990, Hungary continues to seek its rightful position in Europe."

"ABSTRAKTahun 2010 ketika Viktor Orban terpilih sebagai Perdana Menteri Hungaria, populisme semakin kuat hingga berujung dengan kemunculan iliberalisme demokrasi di Hungaria. Bentuk pemerintahan di era Viktor Orban cukup bertentangan dengan nilai dan prinsip Uni Eropa yang termaktub dalam Artikel 2 Treaty on European Union (TEU), yaitu berdasarkan kebijakannya, Hungaria dianggap telah membahayakan nilai demokrasi, hak asasi manusia, nilai kebebasan, dan supremasi hukum. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti lebih lanjut dengan menggunakan konsep populisme. Sebagai salah satu negara anggota Uni Eropa, Hungaria mendapat berbagai teguran dan peringatan dari Uni Eropa. Viktor Orbán pun seringkali tidak mempedulikan peringatan Uni Eropa, sehingga berujung pada keputusan Uni Eropa yang pada akhirnya sepakat untuk melakukan aktivasi mekanisme Artikel 7 TEU pada September 2018. Berdasarkan Artikel 7 TEU, Uni Eropa melalui hasil pemungutan suara Parlemen Eropa telah menyepakati bahwa terdapat clear risk of a serious breach di Hungaria. Sampai dengan saat ini, proses kelanjutan reaksi Uni Eropa terhadap Hungaria measih menunggu keputusan dari Komisi, yaitu menunggu hasil apakah Hungaria akan diberikan sanksi atau tidak. Kesepakatan untuk melakukan aktivasi mekanisme Artikel 7 TEU juga merupakan hal yang pertama kali dilakukan oleh Uni Eropa sejak institusi tersebut dibentuk, sehingga penelitian ini menggunakan teori liberal intergovernmentalisme untuk melihat lebih dalam terkait proses terbentuknya keputusan Uni Eropa tersebut.

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ABSTRACTIn 2010 when Viktor Orban was elected Prime Minister of Hungary, populism grow stronger until it ended with the emergence of the illiberalism democracy in Hungary. The form of government in the Viktor Orban era is quite contrary to the values and principles of the European Union as contained in Article 2 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU), which is based on its policy, Hungary is considered to endanger the values of democracy, human rights, values of freedom, and the rule of law. Therefore, this study aims to research further using the concept of populism. As one of the European Union member states, Hungary has received various warnings from the European Union. Viktor Orban often ignored the EUs warnings, which led to the European Unions decision finally agreed to activate the mechanism of Article 7 TEU in September 2018. Based on Article 7 TEU, the European Union passed the results of the European Parliaments agreement that there was clear risk of a serious breach in Hungary. Until now, the process of continuing the European Unions reaction to Hungary has awaited a decision from the Commission, which is awaiting the results of whether or not Hungary will be sanctioned. The agreement to activate the Article 7 TEU mechanism is also the first thing that has been done by the European Union since the institution was formed, so that this study uses the liberal intergovernmentalism theory to look deeper into the process of the European Unions decision"

"Tesis ini memberi fokus pada dinamika negara-negara Visegrad selama pandemi covid-19 dalam konteks studi regionalisme melalui perspektif komunikasi publik. Penelitian Tesis ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis upaya Negara-negara Eropa Tengah yang tergabung dalam aliansi Visegrad, yaitu Hungaria, Slovakia, Ceko, Polandia dalam menghadapi ancaman Pandemi dengan menganalisis latar belakang pembentukan kebijakan yang sudah dilakukan oleh Uni Eropa namun dirasa kurang maksimal dalam mengantisipasi dampak yang terjadi atau mencegah dampak yang datang. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan data sekunder yang berasal dari dokumen Uni Eropa, Aliansi Visegrad, Dokumen Negara, jurnal, surat kabar, artikel buku, video yang resmi dan legal. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian multi disiplin dengan menggunakan Teori Keamanan Kawasan Barry Buzan dan Teori Komunikasi Risiko Petra Dickmann. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah di keempat negara tersebut, penanganan COVID-19 dipimpin oleh pemerintah pusat, dengan melibatkan kementerian terkait, termasuk kementerian yang bertanggung jawab di bidang kesehatan. Dalam komunikasi risiko, Hungaria, Slovakia, Ceko, Polandia, strategi komunikasi pandemi pemerintah hampir sepenuhnya didominasi oleh prioritas politik partai yang berkuasa, menyelamatkan koalisi yang berkuasa dengan merekonstruksi pemerintah sehingga tidak berjalannya komunikasi risiko yang menyebabkan meningkatnya kasus Covid-19 pada gelombang kedua. Dalam penelitian ini diharapkan menjadi pengayaan khasasnan pada negara-negara visegrad yang belum banyak dilakukan oleh peneliti lain

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This thesis focuses on the dynamics of the Visegrad countries during the covid-19 pandemic in the context of the study of regionalism through the perspective of public communication. This thesis research was conducted to analyze the efforts of Central European countries that are members of the Visegrad alliance, namely Hungary, Slovakia, Czech, Poland in dealing with the threat of a Pandemic by analyzing the background of the policy formation that has been carried out by the European Union but is considered less than optimal in anticipating the impacts. occur or prevent future impacts. This research is a qualitative research using secondary data from European Union documents, the Visegrad Alliance, State Documents, journals, newspapers, book articles, official and legal videos. This research is a multi-disciplinary research using Barry Buzan's Regional Security Theory and Petra Dickmann's Risk Communication Theory. The conclusion of this study is that in these four countries, the handling of COVID-19 is led by the central government, involving the relevant ministries, including the ministry responsible for the health sector. In risk communication, Hungary, Slovakia, Czech, Poland, the government's pandemic communication strategy is almost completely dominated by the political priorities of the ruling party, saving the ruling coalition by reconstructing the government so that the risk communication does not work, which led to an increase in Covid-19 cases in the second wave. In this study, it is hoped that this will be an enrichment of distinctiveness in Visegrad countries that has not been done by many other researchers."