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"Pendahuluan: Akumulasi zat besi berlebih, terutama pada pasien thalassemia yang menerima transfusi darah rutin, dapat memicu penyakit pernapasan seperti PPOK melalui pembentukan radikal bebas. Meskipun kelator besi seperti deferiprone efektif, deferiprone memiliki efek samping seperti neutropenia dan agranulositosis. Phaleria macrocarpa diketahui juga mengandung mangiferin yang bersifat antioksidan dan antiinflamasi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui efektivitas terapi kombinasi deferiprone dan ekstrak etanol P. macrocarpa sebagai alternatif untuk mengobati kondisi kelebihan zat besi dengan efek samping yang lebih rendah. Metode: Penelitian menggunakan tikus Sprague-Dawley (200-250 g) yang dibagi menjadi enam kelompok: Normal (N), Kontrol Negatif (KN), Deferiprone (D), Phaleria macrocarpa (PM), Kombinasi Dosis Penuh (DPM-1), dan Kombinasi Setengah Dosis (DPM-2). Tikus diinjeksi iron dextran 15 mg/x selama 8 minggu. Kelompok perlakuan menerima ekstrak etanol Phaleria macrocarpa (100 mg/kgBB) selama 4 minggu, sedangkan deferiprone diberikan dalam dosis penuh (462,5 mg/kgBB) atau setengah dosis (231,2 mg/kgBB) selama 4 minggu. Kadar zat besi dalam jaringan paru diukur menggunakan Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Hasil: Kelompok PM menunjukkan penurunan kadar besi paling rendah di paru dibandingkan KN. Uji normalitas Shapiro-Wilk menunjukkan data terdistribusi normal (p>0,05). Uji One Way Anova tidak menemukan perbedaan signifikan antar kelompok (p>0,05), sehingga uji post hoc tidak dilakukan. Kesimpulan: Pemberian terapi deferiprone dan ekstrak Phaleria macrocarpa secara kombinasi tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan dalam penurunan kadar besi di paru secara statistik. Namun, data menunjukkan kadar besi mengalami penurunan walaupun tidak signifkan pada kelompok PM dan DPM2.

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Introduction: Excessive iron accumulation, particularly in thalassemia patients who undergo regular blood transfusions, can lead to respiratory diseases like COPD, through free radical formation. Although iron chelators such as deferiprone are effective, they may cause side effects including neutropenia and agranulocytosis. Phaleria macrocarpa, containing mangiferin, has known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of combining deferiprone with Phaleria macrocarpa extract for treating iron overload with fewer side effects. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats (200–250 g) were divided into six groups: Normal (N), Negative Control (KN), Deferiprone (D), Phaleria macrocarpa (PM), Full-Dose Combination (DPM-1), and Half-Dose Combination (DPM-2). The rats were injected with 15 mg/x iron dextran for 8 weeks to induce iron overload. The treatment groups received ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa (100 mg/kg body weight) for 4 weeks, while deferiprone was given at full dose (462.5 mg/kg body weight) or half dose (231.2 mg/kg body weight) for 4 weeks. Iron levels in lung tissues were measured using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Results: The PM group showed the lowest reduction in lung iron levels compared to KN. The Shapiro-Wilk test confirmed that the data were normally distributed (p>0.05). One-way Anova revealed no significant differences between groups (p>0.05), so post hoc tests weren’t conducted. Conclusion: Although the combination of deferiprone and Phaleria macrocarpa extract did not significantly reduce lung iron levels, The data showed that iron levels decreased, although not significantly, in the PM and DPM2 groups."

"Latar belakang: Besi berlebih dalam tubuh manusia dapat memicu stress oksidatif dan menyebabkan kerusakan ginjal. Malondialdehid (MDA) merupakan produk samping peroksidasi lipid akibat stres oksidatif. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa senyawa mangiferin yang terkandung dalam buah Phaleria macrocarpa bermanfaat sebagai pengkelat besi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektivitas ekstrak etanol buah Phaleria macrocarpa dalam menurunkan kadar MDA pada ginjal tikus yang diberi besi berlebih. Metode: 30 tikus Sprague-Dawley dibagi dalam 6 kelompok, yaitu normal, kontrol negatif, Deferiprone 462,5 mg/kgBB, Mangiferin 50 mg/kgBB, ekstrak etanol Phaleria macrocarpa 100 mg/kgBB, dan 200 mg/kgBB. Kelompok perlakuan diinjeksikan besi sukrosa intraperitoneal (15 mg/kali) dua kali seminggu selama tiga minggu, dilanjutkan perlakuan sesuai kelompok. Pada minggu ke-7, organ ginjal diambil untuk dibuat homogenat yang selanjutnya diukur kadar proteinnya menggunakan metode Bradford. Kadar MDA diukur dengan Thiobarbituric Acid menggunakan spektrofotometer 530 nm, kemudian hasilnya dibagi kadar protein (nmol/mg protein). Uji statistik yang digunakan berupa perbandingan rerata >2 kelompok menggunakan One-Way ANOVA. Hasil: Semua kelompok induksi besi mengalami peningkatan MDA secara signifikan dibandingkan kelompok tanpa perlakuan. Pemberian mangiferin dan ekstrak etanol Phaleria macrocarpa 100 mg/kgBB berhasil menurunkan kadar MDA secara signifikan dibandingkan kelompok kontrol negatif. Selain itu, dosis 100 mg/kgBB juga memiliki hasil yang paling mendekati nilai normal (3,876 ± 0,248 vs 2,890 ± 0,497). Namun, pemberian dosis 200 mg/kgBB menunjukkan hasil kadar MDA yang paling tinggi (4,868 ± 0,774 nmol/mg protein). Kesimpulan: Pemberian ekstrak etanol buah Phaleria macrocarpa 100 mg/kgBB dapat menurunkan kadar MDA ginjal tikus Sprague-Dawley yang paling baik dibandingkan dosis 200 mg/kgBB maupun kontrol positif.

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Introduction: Iron overload in human body may induce oxidative stress and kidney failure. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is byproduct of oxidative stress induced lipid peroxidation. Studies shown that Mangiferin in Phaleria macrocarpa fruit also useful as chelator agent. This study aims to analyze the effectivity of Phaleria macrocarpa fruits ethanol extract on reducing kidney Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in rats induced by iron overload. Method: Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six groups: normal, negative control, Deferiprone 462.5 mg/kgBW, Mangiferin 50 mg/kgBW, Ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa 100 mg/kgBW, and 200 mg/kgBW. Intervention groups received iron sucrose intraperitoneally (15 mg/times) biweekly for three weeks, followed by corresponding group intervention. At week 7, kidneys were taken to make homogenate. Each sample homogenate was measured its protein using Bradford and MDA level using Thiobarbituric Acid method by spectrophotometer 530 nm (nmol/mg protein). Statistical test used was mean difference among >2 groups using One-Way ANOVA. Result: Iron overload induction groups were associated with significantly higher MDA levels than normal. The administration of mangiferin and ethanol extract 100 mg/kgBW successfully reduced MDA level significantly compared to negative control. Besides, 100 mg/kgBW dose group had the closest MDA to normal (3.876 ± 0.248 vs. 2.890 ± 0.497). However, dose of 200 mg/kgBW showed the highest MDA (4,868 ± 0,774 nmol/mg protein). Conclusion: The administration of 100 mg/kgBW Phaleria macrocarpa fruits ethanol extract was associated with the best reduction of kidney MDA level in Sprague-Dawley rats induced by iron overload compared to either 200 mg/kgBW dose or positive control."

"Latar Belakang Besi berlebih dapat meningkatkan stress oksidatif dan merusak jantung. Salah satu marker yang digunakan dalam mendeteksi stress oksidatif adalah malondialdehid (MDA). Buah Phaleria macrocarpa L mengandung mangiferin yang bermanfaat sebagai kelator besi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektivitas ekstrak etanol buah Phaleria macrocarpa L dalam menurunkan kadar MDA pada jantung tikus yang diberi besi berlebih. Metode 30 tikus Sprague-Dawley dibagi ke dalam 6 kelompok, yaitu kelompok normal, kontrol negatif, deferiprone 462,5mg/kgBB, mangiferin 50mg/kgBB, ekstrak etanol buah Phaleria macrocarpa L 100mg/kgBB dan 200mg/kgBB. Setiap kelompok perlakuan kecuali kelompok normal diberi besi intraperitoneal sebanyak 3x/minggu, dosis 15mg/kali selama 8 minggu. Terapi diberikan mulai minggu ke 4, pada minggu ke-8, jantung diambil, dijadikan homogenat untuk pengukuran kadar MDA menggunakan spektrofotometer. Analisis statistic menggunakan Kruskal-Wallis. Hasil Kontrol negatif mengalami peningkatan kadar MDA yang signifikan dibandingkan kelompok normal. Pemberian ekstrak etanol buah Phaleria macrocarpa L 100mg/kgBB dan 200mg/kgBB berhasil menurunkan kadar MDA dibandingkan dengan kontrol negatif. Kadar MDA dosis 100mg/kgBB (0,06±0,02nmol/mg organ) dan dosis 200mg/kgBB (0,13±0,01nmol/mg organ), lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan kontrol negatif (0,22±0,05nmol/mg organ). Kesimpulan Pemberian ekstrak etanol buah Phaleria macrocarpa L 100mg/kgBB dan 200 mg/kgBB dapat menurunkan kadar MDA organ jantung tikus Sprague-Dawley.

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Introduction Iron overload can increase oxidative stress and cause heart failures. One of the markers used in detecting oxidative stress is malondialdehyde (MDA). Phaleria macrocarpa L fruit contains mangiferin which is useful as iron chelator. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa L fruit in reducing MDA levels in heart of rats induced by iron overload. Method 30 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups, namely normal group, negative control, deferiprone 462,5mg/kgBW, mangiferin 50mg/kgBW, ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa L 100mg/kgBW and 200mg/kgBW. Each treatment group other was given intraperitoneal iron injections 3 times/week, 15mg/time for 8 weeks. At week- 8, heart was taken to be used as homogenate and followed by measuring protein levels using Bradfort test. MDA levels were measured with TBA solution using 530nm spectrophotometer, then absorbance results were divided by the protein levels of the heart. Then analysis was carried out using Kruskal-Wallis. Results The negative control group experienced significant increase in MDA levels compared to the normal group. Administration of extract ethanol of Phaleria macrocarpa L fruit 100mg/kgBW and 200mg/kgBW was successful in reducing MDA levels compared to the negative control. MDA level in dose of 100mg/kgBW (0.06±0.02nmol/mg organ), 200mg/kgBW (0.13±0.01nmol/mg organ), lower than the negative control (0.22±0.05nmol/mg organ). Conclusion Administration of ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa L fruit 100mg/kgBW can reduce MDA levels in the heart organs of Sprague-Dawley rats."

"Iron overload (IO) akibat transfusi darah jangka panjang pada penderita talasemia dapat berdampak fatal pada berbagai organ, termasuk pankreas. Akumulasi besi bebas serta kerusakan akibat stress oksidatif dapat menyebabkan resistensi insulin dan disfungsi sel β pankreas. Tanaman Phaleria macrocarpa yang mengandung mangiferin berpotensi sebagai agen pengkelat besi dan antioksidan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efek ekstrak etanol buah Phaleria macrocarpa terhadap kadar besi organ pankreas pada tikus model hemosiderosis. Sejumlah 30 ekor tikus Sprague-Dawley dibagi menjadi kelompok normal, deferiprone 462,5 mg/kgBB, kontrol negatif (IO), mangiferin 50 mg/kgBB, Phaleria macrocarpa 100 mg/kgBB dan 200 mg/kgBB. Injeksi intraperitoneal iron sucrose (15 mg) diberikan 2x seminggu selama 7 minggu untuk seluruh kelompok kecuali normal. Setelah pemberian terapi secara oral selama 4 minggu terakhir, kadar besi diukur dengan Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Dosis total induksi besi 240 mg selama 7 minggu pada tikus model IO secara signifikan (p < 0,05) meningkatkan kadar besi pankreas sebesar 6 kali dibanding normal. Ekstrak etanol buah Phaleria macrocarpa dosis 100 dan 200 mg/kgBB cenderung menurunkan kadar besi organ pankreas pada tikus. Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan (p < 0,05) antara kadar besi pankreas pada PM1 dan PM2. Tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara kadar besi pankreas pada PM2 dengan normal.

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Iron overload due to long-term blood transfusion in thalassemia patients can cause fatal impacts on various organs, including the pancreas. Insulin resistance and pancreatic cell dysfunction may result from the accumulation of free iron and oxidative stress damage. Phaleria macrocarpa plants, which contain mangiferin, have potential as iron chelating agents and antioxidants. This study aimed to analyze the effect of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit ethanol extract on pancreatic iron levels in hemosiderosis model rats. Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into normal, deferiprone 462,5 mg/kgBB, negative control, mangiferin 50 mg/kgBB, and Phaleria macrocarpa extract at 100 and 200 mg/kgBB. 15 mg of iron sucrose was injected intraperitoneally twice a week for 7 weeks into all groups except normal. The iron level in the rat pancreas was assessed using AAS after 4 weeks of oral therapy. The total dose of 240 mg iron induction for 7 weeks in IO model rats significantly (p < 0,05) increased iron level 6x compared to normal. Phaleria macrocarpa ethanol extract at 100 and 200 mg/kgBB doses tended to decrease pancreatic iron level in rats. The difference in pancreatic iron level between PM1 and PM2 is significant (p < 0,05). PM2 and normal don't have significantly different pancreatic iron level."

"Iron overload adalah kondisi besi berlebih yang disebabkan oleh transfusi darah berkepanjangan. Iron overload dapat menyebabkan terbentuknya radikal bebas dan stres oksidatif, sehingga dapat menyebabkan kerusakan jaringan pada organ paru. Buah mahkota dewa yang mengandung mangiferin, diketahui berpotensi menjadi agen pengkelat besi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek ekstrak buah mahkota dewa sebagai agen pengkelat besi pada organ paru-paru tikus dengan kelebihan besi. Tikus Sprague-dawley jantan akan dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok, kelompok normal, kontrol negatif, deferipron 462,5 mg/kgBB, mangiferin 50 mg/kgBB, Phaleria macrocarpa 100 mg/kgBB, dan Phaleria macrocarpa 200 mg/kgBB. Iron sucrose diberikan kepada semua kelompok kecuali kelompok normal sebanyak 15 mg sebanyak 2 kali seminggu secara intraperitoneal hingga minggu ke-7, kemudian dilarutkan dalam larutan asam perklorat, larutan HNO3, dan aquades. Hasil yang didapatkan adalah semua kelompok yang diinduksi besi, kecuali Phaleria macrocarpa 200 mg/kgBB cenderung menurunkan kadar besi, meskipun tidak signifikan. Kadar besi pada kelompok PM 1 lebih rendah dari kelompok deferipron dan mangiferin, sedangkan kelompok PM2 lebih tinggi dari kelompok kontrol negatif. Kelompok PM1 menurunkan kadar besi lebih baik dibandingkan PM2, mangiferin, dan deferipron

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Iron overload is a condition of excess iron caused by prolonged blood transfusions. Iron overload can cause the formation of free radicals and oxidative stress, which can cause tissue damage to the lungs. Mahkota dewa which contains mangiferin, is known to have the potential to be an iron chelating agent. This study aims to determine the effect of Mahkota Dewa fruit extract as an iron chelating agent in the lungs of rats with excess iron. Male Sprague-Dawley rats will be divided into 6 groups, normal group, negative control, deferipron 462.5 mg/kgBB, mangiferin 50 mg/kgBB, Phaleria macrocarpa 100 mg/kgBB, and Phaleria macrocarpa 200 mg/kgBB. Iron sucrose was given to all groups except the normal group as much as 15 mg 2 times a week intraperitoneally until the 7th week, then dissolved in perchloric acid solution, HNO3 solution, and distilled water. The results obtained were that all groups induced by iron, except Phaleria macrocarpa 200 mg/kg, tended to decrease iron levels, although not significantly. Iron levels in the PM1 group were lower than the deferipron and mangiferin groups, while the PM2 group was higher than the negative control group. The PM1 group reduced iron levels better than PM2, mangiferin, and deferipron"

"Latar Belakang: Phaleria macrocarpa (PM) mengandung mangiferin yang memiliki kemampuan sebagai kelator besi dengan membentuk kompleks. Kompleks dapat menekan akumulasi besi pada pasien talasemia yang rutin transfusi. Kondisi besi berlebih dapat mempengaruhi terjadinya cedera organ ginjal. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas ekstrak etanol buah PM sebagai agen kelator besi diamati pada organ ginjal tikus model besi berlebih. Metode: 30 tikus Sprague-Dawley dibagi acak 6 kelompok: normal (N), besi berlebih (KN), besi berlebih diobati Deferiprone dosis 462,5 mg/kgBB (D), besi berlebih diobati mangiferin dosis 50mg /kgBB (M), besi berlebih diobati ekstrak PM dosis 100mg/kgBB (PM100), besi berlebih diobati ekstrak PM dosis 200mg/kgBB (PM200). Injeksi besi diberikan 2kali/minggu selama 3 minggu dilanjutkan 8 minggu bersama pengobatan. Kadar besi ginjal diukur menggunakan AAS. Kadar urea dan kreatinin plasma serta TNF-α ginjal diukur menggunakan kit. Hasil: Mangiferin dari ekstrak terdeteksi pada ginjal tikus model besi berlebih diukur dengan HPLC. Mangiferin dan PM tidak dapat menurunkan kadar besi di organ ginjal dan kadar ureum plasma signifikan. Pengaruh mangiferin dan PM pada kadar kreatinin plasma tidak linier. Mangiferin dan PM dapat menurunkan kadar TNF-α ginjal signifikan dengan KN dan D.Kesimpulan: Mangiferin dan PM memiliki potensi kelator besi dan menurunkan respon inflamasi pada kondisi besi berlebih.

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Background: Mangiferin, active compound in Phaleria macrocarpa (PM), has been shown as an iron chelating agent by forming complexes. The complex can reduce iron accumulation in thalassemia patients receive transfusions. Renal organ failure can be impacted by the high iron. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of ethanolic extract of PM fruit as iron chelating agent observed in the kidney of iron overload rat.

Methods: 30 Sprague-Dawley divided randomly six groups: normal (N), iron-overload (KN), iron-overload treated Deferiprone dosage 462,5 mg/kgBW (D), iron-overload treated mangiferin dosage 50mg/kgBW (M), iron-overload treated PM extract dosage 100mg/kgBW (PM100) and iron-overload treated with PM extract dosage 200mg/kgBW (PM200). Iron injection was administered twice/week for 3 weeks, continued 8 weeks with treatment. Kidney iron levels of rats measured using AAS. Plasma urea and creatinine levels as well as renal TNF-α measured using kit.

Results: Mangiferin from extract was detected in the kidney of rat iron overload models which measured using HPLC. Mangiferin and PM cannot significantly reduce plasma urea and kidney iron levels. Effect of mangiferin and PM on plasma creatinine levels not linearly. Mangiferin and PM can reduce renal TNF-α levels significantly.

Conclusion: Mangiferin and PM have ability as iron chelator and reduce inflammatory response caused iron overload."

"Latar belakang: Iron overload adalah kondisi dimana terjadi penumpukan besi berlebih dalam tubuh dan sering terjadi pada pasien yang menjalani transfusi berulang seperti pasien talasemia beta mayor. Iron overload ini merusak banyak organ dan salah satunya yang terberat adalah kerusakan organ jantung berupa kardiomiopati yang merupakan penyebab utama kematian pasien talasemia beta mayor. Tatalaksana yang diberikan untuk mencegah iron overload adalah obat pengkelat besi yang saat ini harganya mahal dan banyak efek samping. Mangiferin adalah senyawa polifenol yang dapat dijadikan kandidat potensial obat pengkelat besi. Sayangnya bioavailabilitasnya rendah, sehingga dipikirkan pembuatan formulasi mangiferin dalam nanopartikel kitosan alginate akan dapat meningkatkan bioavailabilitas dan distribusinya ke organ. Pada penelitian ini mangiferin akan diukur kadarnya dalam organ jantung tikus Sprague- Dawley yang diberi besi berlebih. Metode: Data penelitian ini diperoleh dari homogenat organ jantung tersimpan tikus Sprague- Dawley yang diperoleh dari penelitian sebelumnya sebanyak 17 sampel dan diukur kadar Mangiferin dalam jantung menggunakan alat HPLC. Tikus dibagi ke dalam tiga kelompok dan diinduksi besi berlebih sambil diberikan Mangiferin yang berbeda setiap harinya yaitu Mangiferin konvensional 50 mg/ kgBB (MK50), Mangiferin kitosan alginat 50 mg/ kgBB (MN50), dan Mangiferin kitosan alginat 25 mg/ kgBB (MN25). Hasil: Nilai rerata kadar MK50, MN50 dan MN25 yang diukur dalam organ jantung tikus dalam satuan (ng/g) berturut-turut sebesar 4365,80, 4453,65 dan 4171,97 dengan nilai p = 0, 974. Simpulan: Kadar mangiferin di jantung tikus Sprague-Dawley yang diinduksi besi berlebih setelah pemberian mangiferin kitosan alginate nanopartikel tidak berbeda dengan pemberian mangiferin konvensional.

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Background : Iron overload is an accumulation of excess iron in the body and often occurs in repeated transfusion patients such as beta thalassemia major. Iron overload damages multi-organs and the worst impact is cardiomyopathy which is the main cause of death in beta thalassemia major patients. The preventive treatment for iron overload is iron chelating drugs, which are expensive and have many adverse effects. Mangiferin is a polyphenol that have potential to be a candidate for iron chelator. Unfortunately, its bioavailability is low. Therefore, new formulation is considered to increase the bioavailability of Mangiferin with chitosan alginate nanoparticles technology which was measured in the heart organ of iron overload Sprague-Dawley rats. Method : The data of this study were obtained from the stored heart organ homogenate of Sprague-Dawley rats which were obtained from a previous study of 17 samples and the levels of mangiferin in the heart were measured using an HPLC device. Rats were divided into three groups and induced by excess iron while given different Mangiferin every day, namely conventional Mangiferin 50 mg/kgBW (MK50), Mangiferin chitosan alginate 50 mg/kgBW (MN50), and Mangiferin chitosan alginate 25 mg/kgBW (MN25). Results: The mean values of MK50, MN50 and MN25 levels measured in the rat heart in units (ng/g) were 4365.80, 4453.65 and 4171.97 with p = 0.974, respectively. Conclusion: There was no significant difference between Conventional Mangiferin and Mangiferin Nanoparticles in the heart of Sprague-Dawley rats induced by excess iron."

"Latar Belakang: Sampai saat ini belum ada terapi yang digunakan untuk mencegah iron overload pada pasien talasemia. Studi terdahulu menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak daun Mangifera foetida L. dapat menurunkan kadar besi pada model iron overload in vitro dan in vivo. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efikasi ekstrak daun Mangifera foetida L. dalam mencegah terjadinya iron overload pada tikus yang diinduksi besi.Metode: Tiga puluh tikus Sprague-Dawley jantan dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok yaitu kelompok normal (tidak diberi perlakuan), kelompok iron overload (IO) dan kelompok dosis setara mangiferin (DSM) 50,100, dan 200 mg/kg BB. Kelompok IO, DSM 50, DSM 100, dan DSM 200 diberikan bersama dengan induksi Fe dekstran secara intraperitonial 15 mg seminggu dua kali selama 4 minggu. Sebelum dan sesudah 4 minggu percobaan hewan coba diambil darah dan urinnya. Setelah 4 minggu hewan coba diterminasi dan diambil organ limpa, hati, dan jantung. Pemeriksaan yang dilakukan adalah aktivitas SOD plasma, Fe urin, Fe limpa, Fe plasma, kadar mangiferin darah, dan kadar ferritin darah.Hasil: Ekstrak daun Mangifera foetida L. tidak dapat mencegah kenaikan Fe di plasma, dan limpa. Terjadi penurunan aktivitas SOD, yang disertai dengan peningkatan konsentrasi ferritin.Kesimpulan: Ekstrak daun Mangifera foetida L. tidak terbukti dapat mencegah peningkatan kadar besi, ferritin dan penurunan aktivitas antioksidan pada tikus yang diinduksi besi.

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Introduction: Presently, there is no available agent for the prevention of iron overload in thalassemia patients. Previous studies had shown that Mangifera foetida L. leaves extract reduced the levels of iron in iron overload in vitro and in vivo models. The present study aimed to determine the efficacy of Mangifera foetida L. leaves extract in the prevention of iron overload in the rats induced with iron.Methods: Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups treated with: none (untreated), iron overload (IO), equivalent dose group mangiferin (DSM) 50, DSM 100 and DSM 200 mg / kg BB. Fe dextran 15 mg intraperitoneal twice weekly for 4 weeks were given together with IO group, DSM 50, DSM 100 and DSM 200. Urine and blood samples were taken before and after treatments. After 4 weeks of treatment, rats were terminated and samples of spleen, liver, and heart were taken. SOD activities were done in plasma, Levels of Fe were determined in plasma, urine and spleen, while Ferritin and mangiferin levels were determined from plasma.Results: Mangifera foetida L. leaves extract did not prevent the increase of Fe plasma, and spleen. SOD activities were shown to decrease, along with the increase of ferritin concentrations.Conclusion: Mangifera foetida L. leaves extract could not prevent the increased levels of iron, ferritin and decreased antioxidant activity in rats induced by iron."

"Latar belakang: Kondisi penumpukan zat besi di tubuh sering terjadi pada pasien talasemia yang bergantung pada transfusi darah. Kelebihan zat besi dapat memicu terbentuknya reactive oxygen species (ROS) sehingga terjadi disfungsi organ. Limpa adalah salah satu organ yang terdampak dan dapat terjadi splenomegali yang dapat berujung pada splenektomi. Terapi kelasi besi diperlukan untuk mengurangi akumulasi zat besi. Mangiferin memiliki properti antioksidan sehingga dianggap dapat menjadi obat alternatif terapi kelasi. Namun, rendahnya bioavailibilitas mangiferin menghambat pengembangan dan aplikasi klinisnya. Penghantaran obat menggunakan nano-carrier menjadi salah satu pilihan untuk memperbaiki bioavailibilitas mangiferin. Penelitian ini menganalisis kadar mangiferin biasa dibandingkan mangiferin dalam nanopartikel kitosan-alginat pada limpa tikus Sprague-Dawley. Metode: Penelitian menggunakan data dari tiga kelompok homogenat organ limpa tikus Sprague-Dawley tersimpan yang diinduksi kelebihan besi. Kelompok dibagi menjadi limpa yang diberi mangiferin konvensional dosis 50 mg/kgBB, mangiferin dalam nanopartikel kitosan-alginat dosis 50 mg/kgBB, serta mangiferin dalam nanopartikel kitosan-alginat dosis 25 mg/kgBB. Kadar mangiferin pada limpa diukur menggunakan HPLC. Hasil: Kadar rata-rata mangiferin pada organ limpa tikus Sprague-Dawley (ng/g jaringan) pada kelompok M50K (686,1±168,55), kelompok M50NP (924,6±253,63), dan kelompok M25NP (683,75±240,52). Tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan pada ketiga kelomok tersebut. Kesimpulan: Pemberian mangiferin dalam nanopartikel kitosan-alginat tidak meningkatkan kadar mangiferin pada limpa tikus Sprague-Dawley dibandingkan dengan pemberian mangiferin konvensional dan tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antara kadar mangiferin pada pemberian mangiferin nanopartikel kitosan-alginat dosis 50 mg/kgBB dibanding dosis 25 mg/kgBB.

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Introduction: Iron overload in the body often occur in transfusion-dependent thalassemia patients. This condition can trigger the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting in organ dysfunction. Spleen is one of the organs affected and it can lead to splenomegaly which leads to splenectomy. Iron chelation therapy is required to reduce iron accumulation. Mangiferin has antioxidant properties, therefore, it is considered as an alternative medicine for iron chelation therapy. However, the low bioavailability restricts the development and clinical application of mangiferin. Drug delivery using nano-carriers is an option to increase the bioavailability of mangiferin. This study analyzed the levels of conventional mangiferin compared to mangiferin in chitosan-alginate nanoparticles in the spleen of Sprague-Dawley rats. Method: This study used data from three groups of spleen organ homogenate storage of Sprague-Dawley rats induced by iron overload. The groups were divided into spleens which were given conventional mangiferin 50 mg/kgBW, mangiferin in chitosan-alginate nanoparticles 50 mg/kgBW, and mangifeirn in chitosan-alginate nanoparticles 25 mg/kgBW. Spleen mangiferin levels were measured using HPLC. Result: The mean level of mangiferin in the spleen organs of Sprague-Dawley rats (ng/g tissue) in the M50K group (686,1±168,55), M50NP group (924,6±253,63), and M25NP group (683,75±240,52). There was no significant difference in the three groups. Conclusion: Administration of mangiferin in chitosan-alginate nanoparticles did not increase the spleen mangiferin levels in Sprague-Dawley rats compared to conventional mangiferin and there was no significant difference between mangiferin levels in spleen after the administration of mangiferin chitosan-alginate nanoparticles between doses of 50 mg/kgBW and 25 mg/kgBW."

"Latar belakang: Kelebihan besi akibat transfusi darah terus-menerus dapat dialami penderita penyakit hemoglobinopati seperti talasemia. Di Indonesia, prevalensi penderita talasemia terbilang cukup tinggi. Untuk mengatasi kondisi tersebut, dibutuhkan terapi kelasi besi namun, terapi kelasi yang tersedia memiliki banyak kelemahan. Oleh karena itu, dilakukan studi terhadap mangiferin yang memiliki efek kelasi besi. Oleh karena bioavailabilitas mangiferin rendah, perlu dibentuk sebagai nanopartikel kitosan-alginat. Pada studi terdahulu, efek mangiferin dalam nanopartikel kitosan-alginat terhadap kadar MDA pada jantung tikus dengan kelebihan besi belum pernah dibuktikan Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai kemampuan mangiferin dan mangiferin dalam nanopartikel kitosan-alginat terhadap kadar MDA organ jantung tikus dengan kondisi kelebihan besi Metode: Sebanyak 25 ekor tikus Sprague-Dawley dibagi dalam 5 kelompok: kontrol (N), tikus kelebihan besi (IO), dan kelompok terapi per oral yaitu tikus IO yang diberi mangiferin dosis 50 mg/kgBB (IO + M50), mangiferin nanopartikel kitosan-alginat dosis 50 mg/kgBB (IO + MN50), dan mangiferin nanopartikel kitosan-alginat dosis 25 mg/kgBB (IO + MN25). Tikus kelebihan besi diinjeksikan iron dextran intraperitoneal 15 mg, dua kali seminggu selama empat minggu. Kadar MDA organ jantung diukur menggunakan spektrofotometer. Hasil: Rerata kadar MDA jantung tikus pada kelompok N, IO, MN, MN50, dan MN25 secara berurutan adalah 7,36, 2,53, 5,64, 4,80, dan 9,36 nMol/mg. Tidak ditemukan penurunan kadar MDA pada kelompok terapi terhadap kelompok IO. Meskipun begitu, terdapat perbedaan signifikan kadar MDA jaringan jantung tikus Sprague-Dawley pada setiap kelompok (ANOVA, p = 0,048). Ditemukan juga perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok IO dengan MN (P= 0,03) dan MN 50 (P=0,041). Kesimpulan: Mangiferin dan mangiferin dalam nanopartikel kitosan-alginat tidak mampu menurunkan kadar MDA pada jantung tikus dengan keadaan besi berlebih.

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Introduction: Iron overload due to continuously blood transfusions is a problem that must be faced by people with hemoglobinopathy such as thalassemia. In Indonesia, the prevalence of patient with thalassemia is fairly high. To overcome the conditions of iron overload, iron chelator is needed. However, the available iron chelator therapy has many weaknesses. Therefore, a study of Mangiferin that has an iron chelator effect, has been conducted. However, the bioavailability of mangiferin is low so it needs to be formed as nanoparticles and wrap in chitosan-alginate. In previous studies, the mangiferin effect on MDA levels in the heart of rats with excess iron has not been measured Objective: This study aims to assess the ability of mangiferin and mangiferin in chitosan- alginate nanoparticles on MDA levels in the heart of rats with iron overload conditions. Method: Twenty-five Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups: control (N), iron overload rats (IO), and an oral therapy group, IO rats treated with mangiferin 50 mg/kg/day per oral (IO+M50), mangiferin chitosan-alginate nanoparticle 50 mg/kg/day (IO+MN50), and mangiferin chitosan-alginate nanoparticle 25 mg/kg/day (IO+MN25).The rats were given Iron Dextran 15 mg intraperitoneal, twice a week for four weeks. MDA levels are measured in heart organs using a spectrophotometer. Result: The MDA concentration in heart at N, IO, MN, MN50, and MN25 groups were 7,36 nMol/mg, 2,53 nMol/mg, 5,64 nMol/mg, 4,80 nMol/mg, and 9,36 nMol/mg. There was no decline in MDA levels in the IO group compare to therapy group. However, there was a significant difference in MDA levels of the Sprague-Dawley mouse heart tissue in each group (ANOVA, P = 0.048). It was also found a significant difference between the IO group and MN (p = 0.03) and MN 50 (p = 0.041). Conclusion: Mangiferin and mangiferin in chitosan-alginate nanoparticles could not reduce MDA levels in the heart of mice with iron overload."