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"Indonesia sebagai negara kepulauan memiliki banyak potensi energi baru terbarukan. Salah satu energi baru terbarukan yang potensial di Indonesia adalah energi tenaga air. Potensi energi tenaga air di Indonesia diperkirakan mencapai 75MW. Dengan potensi tenaga air yang besar banyak pengembang ingin menginvestasikan modalnya untuk membangun pembangkit listrik tenaga air. Dibalik potensi tenaga air yang besar, di Indonesia pun memiliki risiko yang beragam salah satunya bencana geologi. Bencana geologi perlu diperhitungkan dan dinilai dalam sebuah perencanaan investasi. Dalam proses analisa investasi untuk menangulangi risiko perlu ditambahkan dana cadangan. Biaya kontingensi adalah biaya yang ditambahkan pada suatu perkiraan nilai investasi untuk menghadapi ketidakpastian atau risiko. Hasil analisis risiko menunjukan risiko bencana geologi akibat pergerakan tanah dan berdampak pada kerusakan struktural bangunan mempunyai tingkat pengaruh sebesar 61.9% terhadap biaya penangulangannya dan membutuhkan biaya kontingensi sebesar 12% dari nilai investasinya. Studi kasus yang dilakukan peneliti menunjukan dampak bencana geologi pada pembangkit listrik tenaga air menurunkan nilai NPV sebesar 20% dari nilai rencana dan menurunkan nilai IRR sebesar 0.3% berdasarkan analisa finansial.

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Indonesia as an archipelagic country has a lot of renewable energy potential. One of the potential renewable energies in Indonesia is hydropower. The hydropower potential in Indonesia is estimated at 75MW. With great potential, many developers want to invest their capital to build hydropower plants. Behind the large hydropower potential, Indonesia also has various risks, one of which is geohazard. Geohazard need to be taken into account and assessed in an investment plan. In the process of investment analysis to overcome risks, it is necessary to add reserve funds. Contingency costs are costs added to an investment to deal with uncertainty or risk. The results of the risk analysis show that the risk of geological disasters due to soil movement and the impact on structural damage to buildings has an influence level of 61.9% on the cost of handling and requires a contingency cost of 12% of the investment value. A case study conducted by researchers shows that the impact of geological disasters on hydropower plants reduces the NPV value by 20% from the planned value and decreases the IRR value by 0.3% based on financial analysis. "

"Pada desain suatu motor bakar, hal yang paling diharapkan adalah hasil kinerja yang baik dari motor bakar tersebut. Kinerja motor bakar itu sendiri tergantung dari desain konstruksi ruang bakar dan mutu bahan bakar yang digunakan. Mutu dari bahan bakar yang digunakan akan sangat mempengaruhi kualitas pembakaran yang dihasilkan. Bahan bakar yang bermutu rendah akan menyebabkan panjangnya kelambatan penyalaan bahan bakar (delayed periode) yang menyebabkan terjadinya knocking, mempertinggi tekanan puncak dalam silinder, menimbulkan endapan dan kotoran pada nosel penyemprot bahan bakar, mempertinggi temperatur gas buang. Semua hal tersebut akan menurunkan kinerja dari motor bakar tersebut. Untuk memperbaiki mutu bahan bakar maka digunakan zat aditif sebagai campuran pada bahan bakar. Aditif yang digunakan adalah air yang akan bereaksi dengan bahan bakar dan menghasilkan efek yang disebut hydropower. Diharapkan hydropower ini akan meningkatkan tekanan rata - rata dan menurunkan laju konsumsi bahan bakar. Hasil akhir yang diharapkan adalah meningkatnya effisiensi dari motor bakar. Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan pada mesin Nissan Diesel type SD22 di Laboratorium Pembakaran dan Energi Lantai 1 Jurusan Mesin FTUI, diperoleh data bahwa injeksi air dengan ketinggian 62 cm sebanyak 25 cc akan meningkatkan efisiensi mekanis sampai 7,82 %. Dari hasil penelitian ini diperoleh juga bahwa untuk kondisi tanpa beban putaran yang optimal adalah sampai 2200 rpm dan kondisi pembebanan 10 kg sampai putaran 1700 rpm. Jika melebihi kondisi tersebut maka konsumsi bahan bakar akan meningkat drastis dan efisiensi mekanis akan menurun.

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In combustion engine's design, the main purpose is to get great performance from the engine. Performance itself depend on the design of combustion chamber and quality from fuel being used. The quality of fuel will influence the quality of output burn. Bad fuel will caused long delayed periode that will caused knocking, increase pressure inside the silinder, caused sediment and muck on nozel, increase exhaust gas temperature. These all will decrease engine's performance. The quality of fuel increased by adding aditif. Water as aditif will react with fuel and caused an effect called hydropower. These phenomena will increased main effective pressure dan decrease fuel consumption. The goal expected is the increase of engine's performance. Based on experimen to Nissan Diesel type SD22 on Combustion and Energy Laboratory Mechanical Department University of Indonesia, be obtained data that inject 25 cc water with 62 cm height will increase efficiency about 7,82 %. Be obtained too that for condition without load, optimum engine rotational speed is 2200 rpm while with 10 kg load is 1700 rpm. If the rotational speed more than that, fuel consumption will increase and efficiency will decrease."

"Konversi hutan lindung semakin meningkat seiring dengan berkembangnya pembangunan nasional yang memanfaatkan lahan hutan untuk kebutuhan energi listrik dari sumber energi yang terbarukan. Kondisi hutan lindung yang memiliki kemiringan lereng 45O dan fungsi hidrologisnya merupakan potensi PLTA yang menjanjikan sehingga banyak pengembang melakukan pembangunan PLTA pada kawasan hutan. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada rencana pembangunan PLTA Tumbuan Mamuju di Kabupaten Mamuju. Kabupaten Mamuju adalah salah satu Kabupaten di Indonesia yang berfungsi sebagai Kawasan Strategis Konservasi Nasional akan tetapi pada kenyataan dilapangan tutupan lahan pada hutan lindung Kabupaten Mamuju telah beralih fungsi sebagai kebun dan pemukiman. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui karakteristik fisik, dan kondisi sosial ekonomi Kabupaten mamuju, mengidentifikasi alih fungsi hutan lindung Kabupaten mamuju, dan menentukan strategi pengendalian alih fungsi hutan lindung Kabupaten Mamuju. Metode yang digunakan adalah dengan menggunakan analisis skoring dan analisis spasial dengan ArcGIS 10.1 dan Analitycal Hierarchi Proses. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah karakteristik fisik berupa jenis vegetasi pada wilayah penelitian termasuk hutan sekunder campuran dengan kemiringan lereng di dominasi oleh katagori curam dan jenis tanah didominasi jenis tanah Podsolik, dan intensitas hujan termasuk dalam katagori sangat rendah. Kondisi sosial ekonomi masyarakat di kawasan hutan lindung Kabupaten Mamuju sebanyak 91 adalah petani. Identifikasi alih fungsi hutan lindung dengan skor 150 dengan luasan 190 Ha telah dikatagorikan sebagai kawasan non-lindung. Strategi pengendalian alih fungsi hutan lindung berdasarkan judgment dari para responden adalah dengan hutan kemayarakatan. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat berkontribusi dalam menganalisis kebijakan terkait dengan konversi hutan lindung berbasis partisipasi masyarakat.

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Conversion of protected forests increasing in line with the growth of national development that utilizes forest land for electricity demand from renewable energy sources. The condition of protected forest that has slope of 45O and its hydrological function is a promising hydropower potential so that many developers undertake hydropower development in forest area. This research was conducted on the construction of PLTA Tumbuan Mamuju in Mamuju District. Mamuju Regency is one of the districts in Indonesia that functions as a National Conservation Strategic Area but in fact the field of land cover in protected forest of Mamuju Regency has changed function as garden and settlement.

The purpose of this research is to know the physical characteristic, and socio economic condition of mamuju Regency, to identify the transfer function of protected forest of mamuju regency, and to determine the strategy of controlling the transfer of protected forest function of Mamuju Regency. The method used is by using scoring analysis and spatial analysis with ArcGIS 10.1 and Analitycal Hierarchi Process.

The result is physical characteristic in the form of vegetation type in research area including mixed secondary forest with slope dominated by steep category and soil type dominated Podsolic soil type, and rain intensity is included in very low category. The socioeconomic condition of the community in protected forest area of Mamuju Regency is 91 is farmers. The identification of the protected forest conversion with a score of 150 with an area of 190 Ha has been categorized as a non protected forest area. The strategy control of protected forest conversion based on the judgment of the respondents is with the social forestry. This research is expected to contribute in analyzing policies related to the protection forests conversion based on community participation."

"Small hydropower has been found to have a positive effect on the quality of life of rural dwellers in numerous ways. It provides a wide range of services, such as improved lighting; energy for small industries, schools, computer and communication service centers, clinics, and entertainment centers; and operations of a range of domestic and light industrial appliances. Nigeria has many dams built for irrigation and water supply, but these may still have the potential for other uses. One such dam is the Doma dam in north central Nigeria. The dam has a live storage of 30 Mm3 and a yearly average inflow of 114 Mm3. This study is a hydrological investigation concerning the possibility of using the dam for power generation. An artificial neural network model, as automated in ALYUDA Forecaster XL, was used to extend the available streamflow record at the dam site. Thereafter, a reservoir yield–capacity analysis was carried out by maximizing the unknown releases subject to storage capacity constraints. The sequent peak algorithm was used to establish the real storage needed to meet the primary demands, including ecological releases and evaporation losses. The results showed that the maximum monthly yield from the reservoir is 6.56 Mm3, while the storage required to satisfy the dam’s primary functions is 12.07 Mm3. This means that there is 16.93 Mm3 of monthly excess stored water, or 6.53 m3/s, which can be used for other purposes, such as electricity generation. Considering 50%, 75%, and 100% usage of the excess stored water with a head of 20 m, the power potentials were found to be 0.51 MW, 0.77 MW, and 1.03 MW, respectively. It is expected that providing 2×500 kW Kaplan turbines to operate for 12 hours a day will deliver between 2.0 and 4.0 GWh of energy yearly to the immediate communities in the Doma local government area."

"Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh kondisi fisik yang mendukung untuk dibangunnya PLTMH serta masih adanya rumah tangga di Kabupaten Sukabumi yang belum teraliri listrik. Untuk itu diperlukan pencarian lokasi yang potensial dan dapat dipetakan sebaran lokasi tersebut sebagai bahan rujukan untuk pembangunan PLTMH. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode K-Means Cluster.Metode K-Means Cluster berguna untuk mengklasifikasikan variabel penelitian yaitu nilai stream power, jarak lokasi potensial ke permukiman, jumlah rumah tangga yang masih membutuhkan listrik, dan sebarannya di kawasan lindung.Hasil dari analisis cluster lokasi potensial PLTMH dibagi menjadi 3 kelas, yaitu tinggi, sedang, dan rendah, dengan penyebarannya dipengaruhi oleh karakteristik topografi wilayahnya. Kondisi topografi wilayah tersebut mempengaruhi pembangunan instalasi listrik, akses jarak lokasi potensial dengan permukiman, serta energi listrik yang dihasilkan di lokasi potensial PLTMH.

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The research is caused by the physical conditions that support the development of Micro Hydro Power Plant as well as the existence of the households is not powered of electricity in Sukabumi District. It is necessary to map the potential locations and its distribution as a reference for the development of Micro Hydro Power Plan.

The method of K-Means Cluster is used in this research which is useful for classifying the variables such as, the value of stream power, the distance between potential location and settlement, the number of households need electricity, and the spreading in protected area.

The results of this research conclude the potential locations for the Micro Hydro Power Plan are divided into 3 classes, high, middle, and low potensial locations. The spreading of potential locations is influenced by topographic characteristics of region. Topographic regions are affects instalation of electrict,access to the settlement, and energy of electrict can producted in the potential locations for the Micro Hydro Power Plan."

"Semakin bertambahnya angka pertumbuhan penduduk menyebabkan angka kebutuhan energi listrik semakin bertambah. Pemerintah membangun berbagai pembangkit listrik tenaga terbarukan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan akan energi listrik. Salah satunya adalah pembangkit listrik tenaga air. Pembangkit listrik tenaga air sangat tergantung pada ketersediaan air waduk. Adanya sedimentasi yang berada di waduk dapat menyebabkan kinerja pembangkit listrik tenaga air menjadi terganggu. Bagaimana pengaruh sedimentasi terhadap energi listrik, fungsi umur waduk, keberlanjutan PLTA? Dan bagaimana pengaruh KJA terhadap sedimentasi waduk?Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis pengaruh sedimentasi terhadap energi listrik, fungsi umur waduk Jatiluhur, keberlanjutan pembangkit listrik tenaga air Jatiluhur serta pengaruh KJA terhadap peningkatan sedimentasi di waduk.Penelitian ini dengan menggunakan analisis korelasi regresi sederhana. Selama periode tahun 2018 hingga 2022 dibandingkan dengan data pada tahun 2013, terjadi peningkatan sedimentasi sebesar 1,6 yang menyebabkan penurunan produksi energi listrik sebesar 72 . Fungsi umur waduk Jatiluhur terhitung sejak tahun 2017 adalah 193 tahun. Keberadaaan KJA memberikan pengaruh terhadap peningkatan sedimentasi di waduk Jatiluhur.

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The increasing number of population growth causes the number of electrical energy needs grew. The government built various renewable power plants to meet the demand for electrical energy. One of them is hydroelectric power. The hydroelectric power is highly dependent on the availability of water reservoirs. The presence of sedimentation in the reservoir can cause the performance of hydroelectric power to be disturbed. What is the effect of sedimentation on electrical energy, reservoir age function, hydropower sustainability And how does KJA influence sedimentation of reservoirs.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the effect of sedimentation on electric energy, Jatiluhur reservoir age function, Jatiluhur hydropower generation and KJA influence on increasing sedimentation in reservoir.

This study used simple regression correlation analysis. During the period 2018 to 2022 compared to the data in 2013, a 1.6 increase in sedimentation resulted in a 72 decrease in electrical energy production. The age function of Jatiluhur reservoir since 2017 is 193 years. The existence of KJA had an effect on the increase of sedimentation in Jatiluhur reservoir."

"Berdasarkan Blue Print Energi Nasional 2005 ? 2025, potensi kapasitas daya PLTA di Indonesia adalah 75,67 GW dan pemanfaatan dari kapasitas daya tersebut hanya 4.2 GW. Pemanfaatannya hanya 5.55 % dari potensi kapasitas daya air di Indonesia. Pemanfaatannya sangat kecil dibandingkan dengan potensinya karena terdapat risiko-risiko utama dalam pembangunan PLTA di Indonesia. Proyek pembangunan PLTA merupakan proyek dengan risiko yang tinggi, pada proyek PLTA dari Feasibilty study sampai operasi dan perawatan perlu mengantisipasi risiko-risiko yang ada. Tujuan dari riset ini untuk mengidentifikasi, merangking, evaluasi dan mitigasi dari risiko-risiko utama PLTA. Jadi tesis ini dapat menjadi referensi untuk pihak-pihak yang berkepentingan akan risiko dan mitigasi risiko dari Proyek PLTA (seperti para Investor, stakeholders dari PLTA, dll). Untuk mendapatkan data yang komprehensif, proses riset dibagi menjadi 1) studi pustaka untuk pengertian dan analisis risiko-risiko utama proyek PLTA 2) Pengumpulan data (kuesioner dan wawancara dengan responden) 3) analisis data menggunakan Kuantitatif dan Kualitatif metodologi. Enam risiko teratas yang dihadapi oleh Investor berdasarkan penelitian ini pada Pembangunan proyek PLTA di Indonesia adalah : Belum adanya regulasi/ peraturan yang baik untuk perlindungan Catchment Area PLTA, Belum adanya kepastian hukum, Pembebasan lahan, Kemampuan Supplier/subkontraktor, Kurangnya Perencanaan dan Pengendalian sehingga over Budget, Keterbatasan Teknologi.

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Based on Blue Print National Energy Management 2005 - 2025, the potency of Hydro Power Energy in Indonesia is 75,67 GW, and the utilization of that power is only 4.2 GW. The utilization of Hydropower only 5.55% from it's potency. The utilization is so little than its potency because there are major risks for the development of hydropower in Indonesia. Hydropower Development project is a project with high risk. In hydropower Project steps, from the feasibility study to operational and maintenance have to anticipate any risk possibilities.

The purpose of this research is to identify, measure, evaluate and mitigate the major risks in hydropower development project in Indonesia. So this paper could be a reference for whom interested in risks and mitigation of Hydropower projects (such as Investors, Hydropower stakeholders, etc).

In order to obtain comprehensive data, the research process was divided in 1) Literature review to have understanding about analyze of major risk in hydropower Project 2) Primary data collection (Questionnaire analysis and interview with respondents) 3) analysis data using Quantitative and Qualitative method.

Six top risks face by investors in hydropower development project in Indonesia based on the research is no good regulation for protecting catchment area yet, law uncertainty, land freeing, supplier/subcontractor quality, overbudget because lack of planning and controlling, technology handicap."

"The Role of an Engineer in Accelerating the Progress of a Hydroelectric Power Construction Project (PLTA) in Indonesia (Case Study of Nippon Koei Co., Ltd.'S Hydroelectric Power Projects)Indonesia is well endowed with hydropower potential, which is renewable and indigenous energy, with natural support of ample rainfall. The construction of hydropower (PLTA) will conserve the exportable resources such as oil, natural gas and coal, and thus contribute to Indonesia's foreign exchange earnings. The fact that the hydroelectric power is a kind of complex and diversified project involving many parties within the limited space and management, then the presence of a qualified consulting engineer is required to ensure that the Project be completed to quality, to time and to cost.Selecting a consultant is one of the most important decisions an owner or client makes. The success of the Project often depends on obtaining the most able, experienced, and reputable consulting firm. The procurement of a consulting engineer is merely based on the following 3 (three) principal categories: (a) Experience in similar projects (20 % weight) ; (b) Approach and methodology (30 % weight) ; (c) Qualification and competence of the personnel proposed (50 % weight). These categories justify the qualification of a consulting firm selected. This thesis investigates the relationship between the qualification of a consulting engineer supervising the construction of a hydroelectric power and its progress.Nippon Koei Co., Ltd., being the first private independent consulting firm in Japan established in 1946, was selected as the consulting firm with samples of projects including Tanggari-II, Besai, Renun and Musi Hydroelectric Power. Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. has been involved over a long period of time in the development of a number of hydroelectric power projects in Indonesia providing extensive accumulated experience and knowledge therefrom.The required data (secondary data) was obtained from the Monthly Progress Report. The progress of the Project was easily noted from the "S-Curve" and the quality of the Consultant was reflected in the Manning Schedule. Other variables such as productivity level of each expert, the role of Owner and Contractor, and procurement method were assumed to be constant. SPSS 7.5 for Windows was used to run the data for regression analysis.The result yielded a significant relationship in the form of a positive correlation between quality of the Consultant and progress of the Project. It is, therefore, justifiable to conclude that the more qualified consulting firm will positively accelerate the completion of the hydroelectric power projects in Indonesia."

"Dalam melakukan perencanaan pembangunan suatu proyek dibutuhkan suatu studi kelayakan finansial yang akan melahirkan sebuah informasi dari segi finansial yang nantinya digunakan oleh investor sebagai input fundamental untuk proses awal decision makingdalam melakukan kerja sama dengan pemerintah pada proyek pembangunan PLTM. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan dengan semua kriteria kelayakan investasi didapatkan besar NPV (Net Present Value) = Rp. (+38.513.490.168), (Internal Rate of Return) IRRproyek = 16,27% dan Payback periodselama 5 tahun.

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In planning the development of a project requires a financial feasibility study that would give birth to an information from the financial side will bear a financial information in terms that will be used by investors as a fundamental input for the decision making process early in cooperation with the government on development mini hydro power plant projects. Based on the estimation results with all eligibility criteria of investment obtained the NPV (Net Present Value) = Rp. (+38513490168), (Internal Rate of Return) project IRR = 16.27% and a Payback period of 5 years."