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"Sekitar 15-20% pasien poliklinik dan unit gawat darurat datang dengan masalah sawar kulit seperti pemfigus, toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), dan eritroderma. Masalah nutrisi terjadi pada penyakit sawar kulit melalui beberapa hal, yaitu kondisi hipermetabolisme sedang sampai berat, masalah pemenuhan nutrisi, kehilangan protein dari lesi kulit, dan efek samping metabolik akibat terapi steroid dosis tinggi jangka panjang. Empat pasien serial kasus dengan diagnosis pemfigus, TEN, dan eritroderma dengan masing-masing kondisi penyerta seperti gangguan hati, obesitas, DM tipe lain dan sepsis. Terapi medik gizi diberikan berdasarkan kondisi klinis, toleransi asupan, dan hasil laboratorium pasien. Target pemberian nutrisi dihitung menggunakan Harris Benedict dengan tambahan faktor stress 1,3-1,5. Diberikan nutrisi dengan komposisi seimbang, terdiri atas protein 1,32 g/kg BB ideal/hari, lemak 2530%, dan karbohidrat 4565%. Mikronutrien yang diberikan berupa vitamin B kompleks 3x1, asam folat 1x1 mg, vitamin A 12.000 IU, vitamin C 500-1000 mg, dan seng 2x20 mg. dari monitoring dan evaluasi dilaporkan bahwa pemberian mikronutrien pada penyakit sawar kulit dapat meningkatkan penyembuhan luka dan menurunkan risiko metabolik. Dari empat pasien serial kasus ini, didapatkan satu kasus mortalitas yaitu pada pasien dengan penyulit sepsis. Ketiga pasien kasus lainnya mengalami perbaikan kondisi klinis, penyembuhan luka baik, tidak ada infeksi dan komplikasi selama perawatan, kontrol glikemik baik, perbaikan kapasitas fungsional, dan lama rawat pasien lebih singkat. Ketiga pasien dipulangkan untuk rawat jalan. Terapi medik gizi yang optimal dapat memerbaiki luaran klinis serta menurunkan angka morbiditas dan mortalitas pasien pemfigus, TEN, eritroderma tanpa penyulit metabolik.

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One in five to six patients at the polyclinic and emergency department present with skin barrier problems such as pemphigus, toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), and erythroderma. Nutritional problems occur in skin barrier disease through several things, namely moderate to severe hypermetabolic conditions, problems with nutritional compliance, loss of protein from skin lesions, and metabolic side effects due to long-term high dose steroid therapy. Three case series patients with pemphigus, TEN with hepatic complications, and erythroderma with obese nutritional status I and one case of pemphigus complicating sepsis and other types of DM. Nutritional medical therapy is given based on the clinical condition, intake tolerance, and laboratory results of the patient. The target of nutrition intake is calculated using Harris Benedict with a stress factor of 1.3-1.5, with a balanced composition, consisting of protein 1.3-2 g / kg ideal body weight / day, 25-30% fat, and 45-65% carbihydrates. The micronutrients were given in the form of 3x1 vitamin B complex, 1x1 mg folic acid, 12,000 IU vitamin A, 500-1000 mg vitamin C, and 2x20 mg zinc. Administration of micronutrients in skin barrier disease can improve wound healing and reduce metabolic risk. In four case series patients, there was one case mortality in a patient with complicated sepsis. The others had improved clinical conditions, good wound healing, no infection and complications during treatment, good glycemic control, improved functional capacity, and shorter patient length of stay. The three patients were discharged for outpatient care. Optimal nutritional medical therapy can improve clinical outcomes and reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with pemphigus, TEN, erythroderma without metabolic complications."

"Sekitar 15-20% pasien poliklinik dan unit gawat darurat datang dengan masalah sawar kulit seperti pemfigus, toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), dan eritroderma. Masalah nutrisi terjadi pada penyakit sawar kulit melalui beberapa hal, yaitu kondisi hipermetabolisme sedang sampai berat, masalah pemenuhan nutrisi, kehilangan protein dari lesi kulit, dan efek samping metabolik akibat terapi steroid dosis tinggi jangka panjang. Empat pasien serial kasus dengan diagnosis pemfigus, TEN, dan eritroderma dengan masing-masing kondisi penyerta seperti gangguan hati, obesitas, DM tipe lain dan sepsis. Terapi medik gizi diberikan berdasarkan kondisi klinis, toleransi asupan, dan hasil laboratorium pasien. Target pemberian nutrisi dihitung menggunakan Harris Benedict dengan tambahan faktor stress 1,3-1,5. Diberikan nutrisi dengan komposisi seimbang, terdiri atas protein 1,32 g/kg BB ideal/hari, lemak 2530%, dan karbohidrat 4565%. Mikronutrien yang diberikan berupa vitamin B kompleks 3x1, asam folat 1x1 mg, vitamin A 12.000 IU, vitamin C 500-1000 mg, dan seng 2x20 mg. dari monitoring dan evaluasi dilaporkan bahwa pemberian mikronutrien pada penyakit sawar kulit dapat meningkatkan penyembuhan luka dan menurunkan risiko metabolik. Dari empat pasien serial kasus ini, didapatkan satu kasus mortalitas yaitu pada pasien dengan penyulit sepsis. Ketiga pasien kasus lainnya mengalami perbaikan kondisi klinis, penyembuhan luka baik, tidak ada infeksi dan komplikasi selama perawatan, kontrol glikemik baik, perbaikan kapasitas fungsional, dan lama rawat pasien lebih singkat. Ketiga pasien dipulangkan untuk rawat jalan. Terapi medik gizi yang optimal dapat memerbaiki luaran klinis serta menurunkan angka morbiditas dan mortalitas pasien pemfigus, TEN, eritroderma tanpa penyulit metabolik

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One in five to six patients at the polyclinic and emergency department present with skin barrier problems such as pemphigus, toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), and erythroderma. Nutritional problems occur in skin barrier disease through several things, namely moderate to severe hypermetabolic conditions, problems with nutritional compliance, loss of protein from skin lesions, and metabolic side effects due to long-term high dose steroid therapy. Three case series patients with pemphigus, TEN with hepatic complications, and erythroderma with obese nutritional status I and one case of pemphigus complicating sepsis and other types of DM. Nutritional medical therapy is given based on the clinical condition, intake tolerance, and laboratory results of the patient. The target of nutrition intake is calculated using Harris Benedict with a stress factor of 1.3-1.5, with a balanced composition, consisting of protein 1.3-2 g / kg ideal body weight / day, 25-30% fat, and 45-65% carbihydrates. The micronutrients were given in the form of 3x1 vitamin B complex, 1x1 mg folic acid, 12,000 IU vitamin A, 500-1000 mg vitamin C, and 2x20 mg zinc. Administration of micronutrients in skin barrier disease can improve wound healing and reduce metabolic risk. In four case series patients, there was one case mortality in a patient with complicated sepsis. The others had improved clinical conditions, good wound healing, no infection and complications during treatment, good glycemic control, improved functional capacity, and shorter patient length of stay. The three patients were discharged for outpatient care. Optimal nutritional medical therapy can improve clinical outcomes and reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with pemphigus, TEN, erythroderma without metabolic complications"

"Latar belakang. Meningkatnya prevalensi obesitas diikuti pula dengan kejadian sakit kritis pada pasien obesitas. Obesitas merupakan suatu kondisi inflamasi kronis yang memengaruhi disregulasi respon imun dan meningkatkan risiko sepsis. Sepsis merupakan penyebab tersering perawatan di intensive care unit (ICU) dan berkaitan dengan tingginya mortalitas dan morbiditas. Terapi medik gizi yang adekuat diperlukan untuk menopang diregulasi metabolisme pada sakit kritis dan mencegah penurunan status gizi. Pasien obesitas dengan sepsis menunjukkan prognosis yang buruk pada kondisi hiperlaktatemia. Salah satu mikronutrien yang berperan dalam bersihan laktat adalah tiamin. Beberapa studi menunjukkan efek positif suplementasi tiamin pada penurunan kadar laktat dan mortalitas pada pasien sepsis.Kasus. Serial kasus ini memaparkan tiga pasien laki-laki dan satu pasien perempuan, berusia 33-68 tahun dengan status gizi obesitas, mengalami sakit kritis, dan sepsis. Seluruh pasien mendapatkan terapi medik gizi sejak fase akut sakit kritis. Pemberian energi dan protein sesuai dengan kondisi klinis dan toleransi pasien. Seluruh pasien mendapatkan suplementasi tiamin 2x100 mg per enteral yang dimulai pada 24 jam pertama pasca penegakkan diagnosis sepsis selama 7 hari.Hasil. Selama perawatan, asupan energi pasien kasus dapat mencapai 30 kkal/kgBB dan asupan protein mencapai 1,3–1,7 g/kgBB sesuai dengan fungsi ginjal pasien. Tiga pasien mengalami penurunan kadar laktat dan skor SOFA setelah 7 hari suplementasi tiamin. Ketiga pasien tersebut dapat melewati fase kritis di ICU dan pindah ke ruang perawatan biasa, sedangkan satu pasien mengalami peningkatan enzim transaminase dan peningkatan kadar laktat. Pasien tersebut mengalami 3 kali periode sepsis dan meninggal dunia saat perawatan sakit kritis.Kesimpulan. Suplementasi tiamin memberikan efek positif pada penurunan kadar laktat darah dan skor SOFA pada pasien sakit kritis dengan sepsis dan obesitas. Terapi medik gizi yang adekuat dapat menunjang luaran klinis dan kesintasan pada pasien sakit kritis dengan sepsis dan obesitas.

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Background. The prevalence of obesity is rising worldwide followed by the incidence of critical illness in obese patients. Obesity is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects dysregulation of immune response and increases the risk of sepsis. Sepsis is the most common cause of hospitalization in the intensive care unit (ICU) and is associated with high mortality and morbidity. Adequate medical nutrition therapy is required to support metabolism in the critically ill and prevent deterioration in nutritional status. Obese patients with sepsis and hyperlactatemia exhibit poor prognosis. One of the micronutrients that play a role in lactate clearance is thiamine. Several studies have shown a positive effect of thiamine supplementation on reducing lactate levels and mortality in septic patients.

Case. This case series described three male patients and one female patient, aged 33-68 years with obesity, critical illness, and sepsis. All patients obtained medical nutrition therapy ever since the acute phase of critical illness. Administration of energy and protein was adjusted to clinical conditions and patients` tolerance. All patients received thiamine supplementation 2x100 mg enteral starting in the first 24 hours after diagnosis of sepsis for 7-day period.

Result. During treatment, the energy dan protein intake of case patients attained 30 kcal/kgBW and 1.3–1.7 g/kgBW respectively, according to the patients' tolerance. Three patients had decrement of lactate levels and SOFA scores after 7 days of thiamine supplementation. The three patients were able to surpass the critical phase in the ICU and step down to ward. Meanwhile, one patient experienced an increment in transaminases enzymes and lactate levels. The patient had 3 periods of sepsis and died during critical care.

Conclusion. Thiamine supplementation exhibited positive impact on lactate levels and SOFA scores decrement in critically ill patients with sepsis and obesity. Adequate medical nutritional therapy could promote clinical outcomes and survival in critically ill patients with sepsis and obesity."

"Latar Belakang: Psoriasis merupakan penyakit inflamasi kronik yang dimediasi sistem imun, menyebabkan lesi kulit dan dapat mengenai sendi. Kondisi inflamasi sistemik meningkatkan risiko berbagai non-transmissible chronic disease dan menyebabkan kehilangan nutrien akibat hiperproliferasi dan deskuamasi epidermis, sehingga dapat menurunkan kualitas hidup. Terapi medik gizi dengan menjaga indeks massa tubuh dalam rentangan normal dan memenuhi kebutuhan vitamin A, E, C, D, dan asam folat, serta pemberian asam lemak omega-3 dapat menurunkan stres oksidatif dan inflamasi. Terapi diet, pengaturan aktivitas fisik, dan modulasi respons inflamasi sistemik menjadi tujuan terapi yang penting dan terintegrasi. Kasus: Pasien psoriasis berbagai tipe dengan penyulit, terdiri atas 3 orang laki-laki dan seorang perempuan, rentangan usia 28–64 tahun. Pasien pertama dengan SIDA, artritis dan hipoalbuminemia, pasien ke-2 hipoalbuminemia, pasien ke-3 artritis, dan pasien ke-4 dengan obesitas. Terapi medik gizi yang diberikan meliputi diet cukup energi, protein tinggi, dan lemak sedang sesuai kodisi pasien, serta beberapa vitamin. Pemantauan dilakukan minimal selama 6 hari meliputi keluhan subjektif, keluaran klinis, hasil laboratorium, antropometri, kapasitas fungsional, dan analisis asupan 24 jam. Nutrisi ditingkatkan bertahap sesuai keluaran klinis dan toleransi. Mikronutrien yang dapat diberikan adalah vitamin B kompleks, C, dan asam folat. Semua pasien mendapat edukasi gizi. Hasil: Asupan energi keempat pasien dapat meningkat bertahap hingga mencapai KET saat pulang. Peningkatan kadar albumin tanpa koreksi infus albumin terjadi pada 2 pasien, penurunan albumin pada 1 pasien, dan pada 1 pasien tidak dilakukan pemeriksaan ulang. Kapasitas fungsional semua pasien mengalami perbaikan saat pulang. Tidak terjadi perubahan berat badan pada 3 pasien, namun 1 pasien mengalami penurunan selama dirawat. Kesimpulan: Terapi medik gizi yang adekuat menunjang proses penyembuhan, serta memperbaiki parameter laboratorium dan kapasitas fungsional.

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Background: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease mediated by the immune system causing skin lesions and may also affect the joints. Systemic inflammatory conditions increase the risk of various non-transmissible chronic diseases, loss of nutrients through hyperproliferation and desquamation of the epidermis that may reduce quality of life. Medical therapy in nutrition by maintaining body mass index within normal range and fulfillment the requirement of vitamins A, E, C, D, and folic acid, and supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids can reduce oxidative stress and inflammation. Dietary therapy, management of physical activity, and modulation of systemic inflammatory responses are the important and integrated therapeutic goals.

Case: Psoriasis patients of various types and complications with the range of age 28–64-years-old, consist of 3 males and 1 female. The first patient with HIV-AIDS arthritis and hypoalbuminemia, the second with hypoalbuminemia, the third with arthritis, and the fourth with obesity. The medical therapy in nutrition include diet that sufficient in energy, high protein, and moderate fat corresponding to the patients’ condition with supplementation of some vitamins. Monitoring was carried out for at least 6 days that include subjective complaints, clinical outcomes, laboratory results, anthropometric, functional capacity and 24-hour dietary intake analysis. Nutritional intake was gradually increased according to the clinical outcomes and tolerance. Micronutrients that can be given were vitamins B complex, C, and folic acid. All patients received nutrition education.

Results: Nutritional intake of all patients increased gradually and achieved the total energy requirement before discharged from the hospital. There were increased of albumin levels without albumin infusion in 2 patients, decreased in 1 patient, and no albumin levels’ reexamination in 1 patient. Functional capacity improved in all patients before discharged from the hospital. There were no changes in the body weight of 3 patients. However, 1 patient experienced decreased of body weight during hospotalisation.

Conclusion: Adequate medical therapy in nutrition supports the healing process, and improves laboratory parameters and functional capacity."

"Latar Belakang: Tuberkulosis Paru (TB Paru) merupakan penyakit infeksi yang bersifat kronis dengan tingkat morbiditas dan mortalitas yang tinggi. Perubahan metabolisme akibat infeksi Mycobacterium Tuberkulosa(M.TB) dan aktivasi sistem neurohormal turut berperan terhadap terjadinya malnutrisi, yang dapat memberikan efek negatif terhadap prognosis pasien dengan TB Paru. Penderita TB Paru mengalami penurunan kapasitas fungsional dan kualitas hidup. Terapi Medik Gizi sejak awal diagnosis ditegakkan, akan mendukung proses pemulihan pasien TB.Kasus :Dalam serial kasus ini, dipaparkan empat kasus pasien TB Paru dengan berbagai faktor risiko, diantaranya adalah penyakit TB Paru, TB Miliar, PPOK et causa TB Paru, Meningitis TB. Pada awal pemeriksaan didapatkan adanya defisiensi asupan makronutrien dan mikronutrien, hipoalbuminemia, CRP yang meningkat, hemoglobin (Hb) yang turun, penurunan kapasitas fungsional dan kualitas hidup. Terapi medik gizi diberikan secara individual, sesuai dengan kondisi klinis, hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium, dan analisis asupan makan terakhir. Hasil:Tiga dari empat pasien mengalami peningkatan asupan, perbaikan kondisi klinis, dan kapasitas fungsional serta kualitas hidup pasien. Status nutrisi pasien tidak mengalami perburukan selama perawatan,Kesimpulan:Terapi Medik gizi yang adekuat pada pasien TB dapat mempertahankan status nutrisi pasien dan mendukung perbaikan kondisi klinis, kapasitas fungsional, serta kualitas hidup pasien.

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Background:

Pulmonary tuberculosis (pulmonary TB) is a chronic infectious disease with high morbidity and mortality. Changes in metabolism due to infection with Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and activation of the neurohormal system contribute to the occurrence of malnutrition, which can have a negative effect on the prognosis of patients with pulmonary TB. Patients with pulmonary TB have decreased functional capacity and quality of life.Early medical nutrition therapywill support the recovery process of pulmonary TB patients.

Case :

In this case series, four cases of pulmonary TB patients were presented with various risk factors, including pulmonary TB disease, miliar TB, COPD et causa lung TB, and TB meningitis. Deficiency of macro and micronutrient intake, hypoalbuminemia, increased CRP, decreased hemoglobin (Hb), decreased functional capacity and quality of life were found at the beginning of examination. Nutrition medical therapy is given individually, according to clinical conditions, results of laboratory examinations, and analysis of recent food intake.

Result :

Three out of four patients experience increased intake, improvement of clinical conditions, functional capacity and quality of life. The nutritional status of patients did not experience worsening during treatment.

Conclusion:

Adequate nutritional medical therapy in TB patients can maintain patient nutritional status and support improvement of clinical conditions, functional capacity, and quality of life."

"Latar Belakang. Pasien kanker laring dapat mengalami malnutrisi sebelummenjalani radioterapi yang ditandai dengan penurunan berat badan yang tidakdisengaja akibat penurunan massa bebas lemak. Kasus serial ini bertujuan untukmengamati kaitan asupan protein dengan perbaikan fat free mass index (FFMI).Metode. Empat pasien pada serial kasus ini didiagnosis karsinoma sel skuamosalaring pascalaringektomi total dan diseksi leher stadium III dan IV dengan statusgizi malnutrisi berat dan sedang, berat badan normal, dan obes I, berusia 51-62tahun yang dikonsulkan ke dokter Gizi Klinik pada bulan Agustus sampaiNovember 2019 sejak awal radioterapi. Terapi medik gizi diberikan sesuai dengankondisi klinis melalui jalur oral. Pemantauan dilakukan pada minggu pertamaradiasi, selama radiasi, minggu terakhir radiasi, dan pascaradiasi.Hasil. Kadar albumin serum keempat pasien dalam batas normal dan meningkatsaat akhir radiasi pada tiga orang pasien. Pasien malnutrisi sedang mengalamipenurunan FFMI dengan asupan protein <2 g/kg BB, pasien malnutrisi beratmengalami peningkatan FFMI dengan asupan protein 1,1-1,4 g/kg BB. FFMIpasien obes meningkat lalu menurun dengan asupan protein 0,8-1,7 g/kg BB.FFMI pasien BB normal meningkat dengan asupan protein 2 g/kg BB. Rentangasupan protein adalah 0,7-1,5 g/kg BB saat awal radiasi, selama radiasi 0,8-2 g/kgBB, akhir radiasi 1,1-2 g/kg BB.Kesimpulan. FFMI cenderung mengalami peningkatan sampai akhir radiasi padaasupan protein yang mencapai 2 g/kg BB pada pasien BB normal. Perlu penelitianlebih lanjut mengenai hubungan asupan protein dan FFMI pada pasien KSS laringyang menjalani radioterapi.

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Bacground. Laryngeal cancer patients can experience malnutrition beforeundergoing radiotherapy characterized by unintentional weight loss due to areduction in fat free mass. Aim of the case series to observe protein intake with fatfree mass index (FFMI) improvement.Method. Four patients were diagnosed with laryngeal squamous cell carcinomapost total laryngectomy and neck dissection with nutritional status of severe andmoderate malnutrition, normal weight, and obese grade I, aged 51-62 years whowere consulted to Clinical Nutrition physician in August to November 2019 whichunderwent radiotherapy. Medical nutrition therapy is given according to theclinical condition of each patient through oral. Monitoring was carried out in thefirst week, during, the end, and after radiation.Results. Serum albumin were within normal level and increased at the end ofradiation in 3 patients. FFMI of malnourished patients was decreased withprotein intake <2 g/kg BW. FFMI of severely malnourished patients increaseswith protein intake from 1.1 to 1.4 g/kg body weight. FFMI of obese patientsincreases then decreases with protein intake from 0.8 to 1.7 g/kg body weight.FFMI of normoweight patients increases with a protein intake of 2 g/kg BW. Therange of protein intake is 0.7-1.5 g/kg BW at first week, 0.8-2 g/kg BW during,and 1.1-2 g/kg BW at the end of radiation.Conclusion. FFMI tends to increase on protein intake 2 g/kg BW in normoweightpatients. Further research is needed regarding the relationship of protein intakeand FFMI in laryngeal patients undergoing radiotherapy."

"This widely acclaimed book is a complete, authoritative reference on nutrition and its role in contemporary medicine, dietetics, nursing, public health, and public policy. Distinguished international experts provide in-depth information on historical landmarks in nutrition, specific dietary components, nutrition in integrated biologic systems, nutritional assessment through the life cycle, nutrition in various clinical disorders, and public health and policy issues. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 11th Edition, offers coverage of nutrition's role in disease prevention, international nu."

"Pasien kanker dan infeksi rentan mengalami malnutrisi. Malnutrisi berat merupakan faktor risiko dari sindrom refeeding, suatu pergeseran cairan dan elektrolit yang berat akibat nutrisi yang diberikan pada pasien malnutrisi dan menimbulkan gangguan metabolik. Deplesi mineral intrasel (hipofosfatemia, hipomagnesemia, hipokalemia), gangguan cairan tubuh (refeeding edema), defisiensi tiamin, aritmia, gagal nafas, dan gagal jantung kongestif merupakan tanda dan gejala sindrom refeeding yang dapat meningkatkan morbiditas dan mortalitas. Dilaporkan empat pasien malnutrisi berat dengan tuberkulosis (TBC) paru dan karsinoma nasofaring (KNF) yang mengalami sindrom refeeding saat dirawat di rumah sakit. Terapi medik gizi dengan pemberian energi awal kurang dari 20 kkal/kgBB/hari lalu ditingkatkan bertahap, kadar elektrolit darah yang rendah dilakukan koreksi melalui oral atau intra vena, juga diberikan suplementasi tiamin dan mikronutrien lain. Pemantauan ketat klinis, tanda vital, keseimbangan cairan, dan kadar elektrolit darah dilakukan minimal 24 jam selama nutrisi diberikan. Pada akhir perawatan, terdapat perbaikan gejala dan tanda sindrom refeeding, serta kadar elektrolit darah. Lama perawatan pasien di rumah sakit 11-27 hari. Terapi medik gizi yang benar dan sesuai dapat mengurangi keparahan sindrom refeeding, memperbaiki klinis dan kadar elektrolit darah pasien.

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Patients with cancer or infection disease are vulnerable to malnutrition. Severe malnutrition is a risk factor for refeeding syndrome, profound shifts of fluid and electrolytes that is developed from refeeding and causes metabolic disturbances. Intracellullar mineral depletion (hypophosphatemia, hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia), body water imbalance (refeeding edema), thiamine deficiency, arrhythmia, respiratory failure and congestive heart failure are the signs and symptoms of refeeding syndrome which can increase morbidity and mortality. We report four severe malnutrition patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and nasopharyngeal carcinoma who developed refeeding syndrome while being treated for their underlying illness in hospital. Medical nutrition therapy started with energy less than 20 kcal/kg/day and increased slowly, low blood electrolytes levels were supplemented with oral or intravenous electrolytes. Patients were also given thiamine and another micronutrient supplementation. Patients were monitored closely for clinical conditions, vital signs, water balances and blood electrolytes levels minimum every 24 hours. Before discharge, improvement was seen in signs and symptoms of refeeding syndrome, and blood electrolytes levels. Hospital length of stay was 11 to 27 days. Appropriate medical nutrition therapy can reduce refeeding syndrome severity, give clinical and blood electrolytes levels improvement."

"Stroke iskemik pada pasien geriatri meningkatkan risiko malnutrisi yang dipengaruhi olehbeberapa faktor yaitu disfagia, tipe stroke, masalah gastrointestinal, disabilitas fisik,penyakit komorbid dan psikologis. Tujuan utama intervensi nutrisi adalah membantupemulihan fungsi neurokognitif dan mencegah defisit energi dan protein. Pasien padaserial kasus ini adalah pasien geriatri berusia di atas 65 tahun dengan diagnosis strokeiskemik yang dirawat di RSCM pada bulan Agustus-September 2019. Terapi medik gizidiberikan pada keempat pasien sesuai dengan kondisi klinis masing-masing pasienmelalui jalur enteral. Satu pasien dapat makan melalui jalur oral di akhir perawatan.Suplementasi mikronutrien yang diberikan adalah vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C,asam folat dan seng. Hasil yang didapatkan selama perawatan sebanyak tiga pasienmencapai kebutuhan energi total (KET)dan satu pasien mencapai kebutuhan 83% KET.Asupan protein mencapai target 1,2 g/kg BB atau lebih pada tiga orang pasien.Suplementasi mikronutrien mencapai nilai AKG bagi usia di atas 65 tahun. Mikronutrienbelum mencapai AKG yaitu vitamin E, vitamin D, kalium, magnesium. Nutrien spesifikomega-3 dan kolin yang diperoleh dari asupan makan pada sebagian pasien belummemenuhi AKG. Lama perawatan pasien di rumah sakit 10 hingga 33 hari. Nilai severitasstroke dengan NIHSS dan kapasitas fungsional dengan FIM di akhir perawatanmenunjukkan perbaikan. Keempat pasien pulang ke rumah dengan keadaan klinisperbaikan. Kesimpulan yang didapatkan yaitu terapi medik gizi yang adekuat berperanmemperbaiki derajat keparahan dan kapasitas fungsional pasien geriatri dengan strokeiskemik.

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The geriatric patient with ischemic stroke increased risk of malnutrition, which becausevarious causes including dysphagia, type of stroke, gastrointestinal problems, physicaldisability, comorbid disease and psychological problem. The main purpose of nutritionintervention is to help restore neurocognitive function and prevent energy/protein deficits.Patients in this case series were geriatric patients aged over 65 years with a diagnosis ofischemic stroke who were treated at the Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital inAugust-September 2019. Medical nutrition therapy was given to all four patients,according to the clinical condition of each patient through the enteral route. One patientcould eat by oral route at the end of treatment. Patients have given oral micronutrientsupplementation consisting of vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, vitamin C, folic acid and zinc.The results obtained as many as three patients achieved total energy requirements and onepatient reached 83% energy requirements. Protein intake reached the target of 1,2 g/kgbody weight just in three patients. Supplementation micronutrients oral reached RDAvalues for people over 65 years. Micronutrients that have not yet reached the RDA werevitamin E, vitamin D, potassium, magnesium. Omega-3 and choline obtained from foodintake in some patients do not meet the RDA. The length of stay in the hospital was around10-33 days. The value of stroke severity with NIHSS and functional capacity with FIMat the end of treatment showed improvement. All four patients returned home withimprovement. The conclusion obtained is that adequate nutritional medical therapy playsa role in improving the severity and functional capacity of geriatric patients with ischemicstroke."

"Defisiensi vitamin D sering terjadi pada penyakit autoimun, termasuk pemfigus vulgaris (PV) dan systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Sementara itu, terapi nutrisi dan suplementasi vitamin D masih belum rutin dilakukan dalam tata laksana PV dan SLE. Serial kasus ini melaporkan terapi nutrisi dan suplementasi vitamin D pada empat kasus penyakit autoimun yang mengalami kekambuhan. Serial kasus terdiri atas dua pasien laki-laki PV dan dua pasien perempuan SLE dengan defisiensi vitamin D yang putus obat akibat pandemi corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Keempat pasien mengalami malnutrisi berat secara klinis, karena penurunan asupan makanan dan berat badan dengan berbagai komplikasi obat imunosupresan jangka panjang, yaitu meningkatnya risiko infeksi, sepsis, sarkopenia, deposisi lemak, diabetes mellitus diinduksi steroid, dislipidemia, hipertensi, dan depresi. Asupan energi secara bertahap ditingkatkan secara enteral melalui nasogatric tube (NGT) dan/atau rute oral untuk memenuhi kebutuhan energi dan protein total. Kebutuhan energi total menggunakan Formula Harris-Benedict dengan faktor stres yang disesuaikan dengan profil klinis dan metabolik masing-masing pasien. Kebutuhan protein ditetapkan 1,5–2,0 g/kg BB/hari untuk pasien PV dan 0,8–1,2 g/kg BB/hari untuk pasien SLE dengan keterlibatan ginjal. Lemak dan karbohidrat (KH) disesuaikan dengan komposisi seimbang, yaitu 45–60% KH, 25 g serat, dan <5% added sugar serta 25–30% lemak dengan <7% asam lemak jenuh, ~20% asam lemak tak jenuh tunggal, dan ~ 10% asam lemak tak jenuh jamak. Dua pasien PV mengalami insufisiensi (16,4 ng/mL dan 22,1 ng/mL) dan dua pasien SLE mengalami defisiensi (6,6 ng/mL dan 9,1 ng/mL). Keempat pasien mendapatkan kolekalsiferol 6000 IU/hari selama 8 minggu berturut-turut. Setelah 1 bulan suplementasi vitamin D dan terapi nutrisi adekuat, serum vitamin D serta status nutrisi dan skor Karnofsky meningkat. Kualitas hidup yang dinilai dengan Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) untuk pasien PV dan Lupus quality of life (LupusQoL) untuk pasien SLE juga meningkat. Serial kasus ini menyimpulkan bahwa tata laksana komprehensif yang menyertakan terapi nutrisi adekuat dan evaluasi serum vitamin D dapat meningkatkan kondisi klinis dan metabolik, status gizi, kapasitas fungsional, dan kualitas hidup pasien autoimun kambuh.

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Vitamin D deficiency is common in autoimmune disease, including pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Meanwhile, nutrition therapy and vitamin D supplementation are still not routines in comprehensive management of PV and SLE. In this case series, we report nutrition therapy and vitamin D supplementation of four cases of relapse autoimmune disease. This series consist of two males of PV and two females of SLE with vitamin D deficiency that dropped out of treatment due to corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Patients became clinically severe malnutrition because of reduced food intake and body weight with various long-term immunosuppressant drug complications, ie increased risk of infections, sepsis, sarcopenia, fat deposition, steroid induced diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and depression. Energy intake was gradually increased enterally via nasogatric tube (NGT) and/or oral route to meet total energy and protein requirement. Total energy requirement was calculated by Harris-Benedict Formula with stress factor adjusted by clinical and metabolic profile of each patient. Protein requirement set by 1.5–2.0 g/kg BW/day for PV and 0,8–1,2 g/kg BW/day for SLE with renal involvement. Fat and carbohydrate (CHO) were tailored by balance composition, ie 45–60% CHO, 25 g fiber, and <5% added sugar and 25–30% fat with <7% saturated fatty acid, ~20% monounsaturated fatty acid, and ~10% polyunsaturated fatty acid. Two PV patients were insufficiency (16,4 ng/mL and 22,1 ng/mL) and two SLE patients were deficiency (6,6 ng/mL and 9,1 ng/mL). Cholecalciferol 6000 IU/day was prescribed for 8 weeks. After 1 month vitamin D supplementation and an adequate nutrition therapy, serum vitamin D was increased as well as nutritional state and Karnofsky’s score. Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) for PV and LupusQoL for SLE were also enhanced. Finally, comprehensive management along with an adequate nutrition therapy and vitamin D evaluation improved clinical and metabolic condition, nutritional status, functional capacity, and quality of life of relapse autoimmune patient."