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"Kapang menyebabkan deteriorasi pada manuskrip dluwang lama di Indonesia. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan kapang asal manuskrip dluwang lama dari Cirebon (Keraton Kasepuhan dan Mertasinga) dalam menggunakan kertas merang sebagai substrat. Deskripsi empat strain kapang yang telah diidentifikasi secara molekuler pada penelitian sebelumnya, dikonfirmasi berdasarkan karakterisasi morfologi pada Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) dan Malt Extract Agar (MEA). Biakan kapang dalam PDA miring di suhu 26,5 oC, umur 7 hari digunakan untuk pembuatan suspensi sel dalam akuades steril 5 ml. Tiga ml suspensi sel diinokulasikan ke dalam 27 ml Czapek Dox Broth (CDB) tanpa sumber karbon dengan penambahan kertas merang (diameter 5,2 cm) sebagai substrat, dan pada 27 ml CDB tanpa kertas merang sebagai kontrol, inkubasi di suhu ruang (28 oC), selama 30 hari. Hasil karakterisasi morfologi mengkonfirmasi empat strain kapang adalah Penicillium rubens Biourge UICC 1062, Aspergillus jensenii Jurjević, S.W. Peterson & B.W. Horn UICC 1069, Cladosporium colocasiae Sawada UICC 1071, dan Eurotium rubrum Jos. König, E. Spieckermann & W. Bremer UICC 1006. Semua kapang menggunakan kertas merang sebagai substrat untuk sumber karbon dan nutrien berdasarkan adanya pertumbuhan (hifa dan sporulasi), perubahan kondisi kertas (kertas menjadi robek, rapuh, adanya titik sporulasi berwarna kehijauan dan cokelat kehitaman), dan persentase pengurangan berat kering kertas (3,44--15,92%).

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Moulds causes deterioration on old dluwang manuscripts in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the ability of moulds from the old dluwang manuscripts from Cirebon (Keraton Kasepuhan and Mertasinga) in using rice straw paper as a substrate. Four mould strains which were identified by molecular method in previous study, were described to confirm their species identities based on morphology characterisation on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and Malt Extract Agar (MEA). Seven days-old mould cultures in PDA slants, at 26.5 oC, were used for cell suspensions in 5 ml sterile water. Three ml cell suspensions were inoculated into 27 ml Czapek Dox Broth (CDB) without a carbon source with the addition of rice straw paper (5.2 cm in diameter) as a substrate, and into 27 ml CDB without a carbon source and rice straw paper as a control, incubated at room temperature (28 oC), for 30 days. The results showed that description of four mould strains was confirmed as Penicillium rubens Biourge UICC 1062, Aspergillus jensenii Jurjević, S.W. Peterson & B.W. Horn UICC 1069, Cladosporium colocasiae Sawada UICC 1071, and Eurotium rubrum Jos. König, E. Spieckermann & W. Bremer UICC 1006. All mould strains were able to use rice straw paper as a substrate to obtain carbon source and nutrient for growth based on the presence of hyphae and sporulation, changes in paper conditions (tear, fragile, sporulation spots in light green and brownish-black) and percentage of paper dry weight loss (3.44--15.92%).

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"Kapang menyebabkan deteriorasi pada manuskrip dluwang lama di Indonesia. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan kapang asal manuskrip dluwang lama dari Cirebon (Keraton Kasepuhan dan Mertasinga) dalam menggunakan kertas merang sebagai substrat. Deskripsi empat strain kapang yang telah diidentifikasi secara molekuler pada penelitian sebelumnya, dikonfirmasi berdasarkan karakterisasi morfologi pada Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) dan Malt Extract Agar (MEA). Biakan kapang dalam PDA miring di suhu 26,5 oC, umur 7 hari digunakan untuk pembuatan suspensi sel dalam akuades steril 5 ml. Tiga ml suspensi sel diinokulasikan ke dalam 27 ml Czapek Dox Broth (CDB) tanpa sumber karbon dengan penambahan kertas merang (diameter 5,2 cm) sebagai substrat, dan pada 27 ml CDB tanpa kertas merang sebagai kontrol, inkubasi di suhu ruang (28 oC), selama 30 hari. Hasil karakterisasi morfologi mengkonfirmasi empat strain kapang adalah Penicillium rubens Biourge UICC 1062, Aspergillus jensenii Jurjević, S.W. Peterson & B.W. Horn UICC 1069, Cladosporium colocasiae Sawada UICC 1071, dan Eurotium rubrum Jos. König, E. Spieckermann & W. Bremer UICC 1006. Semua kapang menggunakan kertas merang sebagai substrat untuk sumber karbon dan nutrien berdasarkan adanya pertumbuhan (hifa dan sporulasi), perubahan kondisi kertas (kertas menjadi robek, rapuh, adanya titik sporulasi berwarna kehijauan dan cokelat kehitaman), dan persentase pengurangan berat kering kertas (3,44--15,92%).

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Moulds causes deterioration on old dluwang manuscripts in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the ability of moulds from the old dluwang manuscripts from Cirebon (Keraton Kasepuhan and Mertasinga) in using rice straw paper as a substrate. Four mould strains which were identified by molecular method in previous study, were described to confirm their species identities based on morphology characterisation on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and Malt Extract Agar (MEA). Seven days-old mould cultures in PDA slants, at 26.5 oC, were used for cell suspensions in 5 ml sterile water. Three ml cell suspensions were inoculated into 27 ml Czapek Dox Broth (CDB) without a carbon source with the addition of rice straw paper (5.2 cm in diameter) as a substrate, and into 27 ml CDB without a carbon source and rice straw paper as a control, incubated at room temperature (28 oC), for 30 days. The results showed that description of four mould strains was confirmed as Penicillium rubens Biourge UICC 1062, Aspergillus jensenii Jurjević, S.W. Peterson & B.W. Horn UICC 1069, Cladosporium colocasiae Sawada UICC 1071, and Eurotium rubrum Jos. König, E. Spieckermann & W. Bremer UICC 1006. All mould strains were able to use rice straw paper as a substrate to obtain carbon source and nutrient for growth based on the presence of hyphae and sporulation, changes in paper conditions (tear, fragile, sporulation spots in light green and brownish-black) and percentage of paper dry weight loss (3.44--15.92%)."

"Kapang memiliki kemampuan untuk menggunakan kertas sebagai substrat dan menyebabkan deteriorasi pada kertas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkarakterisasi isolat hingga tingkat genus secara morfologi dan mengetahui kemampuan kapang dari manuskrip Eropa lama asal Keraton Kasepuhan Cirebon menggunakan kertas Whatman sebagai substrat. Empat isolat kapang pada Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) dan Malt Extract Agar (MEA) dikarakterisasi secara morfologi, di suhu 26,5°C, umur 7 hari. Isolat-isolat kapang tersebut diinokulasikan pada PDA miring dengan teknik gores, diinkubasi di suhu 26,5°C selama 7 hari. Biakan disuspensikan dalam akuades steril 5 ml, kemudian 3 ml suspensi sel empat isolat kapang dan Aspergillus versicolor (Vuill.) Tiraboschi UICC 1037 masing-masing diinokulasikan pada 27 ml Czapek Dox Broth (CDB) tanpa sumber karbon dengan penambahan kertas Whatman (diameter 6,4 cm), dan pada CDB tanpa kertas Whatman sebagai kontrol. Inkubasi pada suhu 26,5°C selama 30 hari. Hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan dua isolat termasuk Aspergillus Micheli, satu isolat termasuk Penicillium Link dan satu isolat termasuk Cladosporium Link. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan semua isolat memiliki kemampuan untuk menggunakan kertas Whatman sebagai substrat dan nutrien yang ditunjukkan dengan adanya hifa dan sporulasi, penurunan pH medium (dari 8 menjadi 6), perubahan bentuk dan struktur kertas (bentuk kertas tidak utuh dan tidak bulat, sobek, terlipat, ukuran kertas mengecil), perubahan warna kertas menjadi kuning-kecokelatan, dan pengurangan berat kering kertas dengan kisaran persentase 1,828—75,025%.

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Fungi have the ability to utilize paper as a substrate and cause manuscript deterioration. This research aims were to characterize moulds to the genus level by morphology and to investigate moulds from old European manuscripts from Keraton Kasepuhan Cirebon to utilize Whatman paper as a substrate. Four mould isolates on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and Malt Extract Agar (MEA) were characterized by morphology at 26.5°C, for 7 days. The mould isolates were inoculated on PDA slants using streak technique, and incubated at 26.5°C, for 7 days. Cell suspensions in five ml of sterile water were prepared. Three ml cell suspension of each mould isolate and Aspergillus versicolor (Vuill.) Tiraboschi UICC 1037, were inoculated into 27 ml of Czapek Dox Broth (CDB) without a carbon source with addition of Whatman paper (6.4 cm in diameter) as a sole carbon source, and into 27 ml CDB without Whatman paper as control. The cultures were incubated at 26.5°C and observed for 30 days. The result showed two isolates belonged to Aspergillus Micheli, one isolate belonged to Penicillium Link, and one isolate belonged to Cladosporium Link. All isolates were able to utilize Whatman paper as a substrate and nutrient by the presence of hyphae and sporulation, a decrease in medium pH (from 8 to 6), changes in paper shape and structure (paper shape was not completely intact and round, folded, smaller in size), changes of paper colour to brownish-yellow, and the loss in dry weight of Whatman paper in the range of 1.828—75.025%."

"Fungi pada manuskrip lama dapat menyebabkan deteriorasi. Tujuan penelitian untuk memperoleh identitas genus kapang dari manuskrip cina lama koleksi Perpustakaan Universitas Indonesia berdasarkan karakter morfologi dan kemampuan kapang menggunakan kertas Cina sebagai substrat. Kapang berasal dari manuskrip cina lama yang mengalami deteriorasi asal plot 2, 4, dan 6 Ruang Naskah Perpustakaan UI, Depok. Empat isolat kapang pada Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) dan Malt Extract Agar (MEA) dikarakterisasi berdasarkan morfologi sampai genus. Biakan untuk suspensi sel dipersiapkan dengan teknik gores pada PDA miring, inkubasi di suhu 26,5 oC, selama 7 hari. Tiga mL suspensi sel isolat kapang, dan A. versicolor UICC 1037 masing-masing diinokulasikan pada 27 mL Czapek Dox Broth (CDB) tanpa sumber karbon dengan penambahan kertas cina (diameter 5,2 cm) sebagai substrat, dan pada CDB tanpa kertas cina sebagai kontrol. Inkubasi pada suhu 28 oC selama 30 hari. Hasil menunjukkan tiga isolat termasuk Aspergillus P. Micheli ex Haller dan satu isolat termasuk Penicillium Link. Semua isolat dapat menggunakan kertas cina sebagai substrat mengandung sumber karbon dan nutrien untuk pertumbuhan berdasarkan adanya hifa dan sporulasi, penurunan pH medium (dari 8 menjadi 6), perubahan kondisi kertas (bentuk menjadi terlipat atau remuk, struktur menjadi rapuh, warna menjadi kekuningan atau kecokelatan), dan persentase pengurangan berat kering kertas (1,57—6,66%).

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Fungi on old manuscripts cause deterioration. The aims of this study were to characterize moulds from old Chinese manuscripts, collection of Universitas Indonesia, by morphology to the genus and evaluate the mould ability to utilize chinese paper as a substrate. The moulds were obtained from deteriorated old Chinese manuscripts from plot 2, 4, and 6 Ruang Naskah UI Library. Four mould isolates on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and Malt Extract Agar (MEA) were characterized by morphology to the genus. Cultures were inoculated on PDA slants by streak method, incubated at 26,5 oC for seven days, and used for cell suspensions in 5 mL sterile water. Three mL cell suspensions of four isolates and A. versicolor UICC 1037, each, were inoculated to 27 mL Czapek Dox Broth (CDB) without a carbon source with the addition of chinese paper (5.2 cm in diameter) as a substrate, incubated at 28 oC for 30 days. Three isolates were characterized as Aspergillus P. Micheli ex Haller and one isolate was characterized as Penicillium Link. All isolates were able to utilize chinese paper as a substrate containing a carbon source dan nutrient for growth, based on the presence of hyphae and sporulation, a decrease in medium pH (from 8 to 6), changes of paper conditions (paper shape became folded or mashed, paper structure became fragile, paper color changed to yellowish or brown), and percentage of loss of paper dry weight (1.57—6.66%)

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"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi 16 strain kapang dari tujuh manuskrip kuno berbahan kertas Eropa dengan analisis sekuens daerah internal transcribed spacers (ITS) pada rDNA dan melakukan deskripsi morfologi terhadap kapang-kapang tersebut. Kapang tersebut berasal dari manuskrip kuno asal Keraton Kasepuhan Cirebon dan Perpustakaan Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia (FIB UI). Amplifikasi daerah ITS rDNA menggunakan forward primer ITS 1 dan reverse primer ITS 4. Deskripsi morfologi dilakukan pada medium Czapek’s Dox Agar (CDA). Panjang fragmen daerah ITS berdasarkan elektroforesis gel dari kapang genus Aspergillus adalah 500--800 pb, Penicillium 500--600 pb, dan mycelia sterilia 550--800 pb. Satu strain kapang merupakan anggota filum Ascomycota, kelas Loculoascomycetes,ordo Dothideales, famili Davidielaceae, dan memiliki homologi sekuens daerah ITS dengan spesies terdekatnya, yaitu Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fresen.). Sebanyak 13 strain merupakan anggota filum Ascomycota, kelas Plectomycetes,ordo Eurotiales, famili Trichocomaceae, dan memiliki homologi sekuens daerah ITS dengan spesies terdekatnya, yaitu Aspergillus flavus Link. (satu strain),Aspergillus oryzae Cohn. (dua strain), Aspergillus niger (dua strain), Penicillium citrinum Thom (empat strain), Penicillium griseofulvum Dreckx. (satu strain),Penicillium janthinellum Biourd (satu strain), Eurotium amstelodami L. Mangin (satu strain), dan Eurotium rubrum Jos. Konig. (satu strain). Dua strain kapang lainnya, yaitu satu strain Aspergillus sp. dan satu strain Penicillium sp. belum berhasil diidentifikasi hingga tingkat spesies.

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The aim of this research was to identify 16 strains of moulds from seven old European paper manuscripts based on sequence analysis of ITS region rDNA and to describe their morphology. The moulds were isolated from old manuscripts from Keraton Kasepuhan Cirebon and the library of Faculty of Humanities University of Indonesia. ITS 1 and ITS 4 primers were used as forward and reverse primers for PCR, respectively. The mould’s morphology was examined on Czapek’s Dox Agar (CDA). The lengths of ITS region of genus Aspergillus based on gel electrophoresis were on the range of 500--800 bp, Penicillium 500--600 bp, and mycelia sterilia 550--800 bp. One strain belongs to phylum Ascomycota, class Loculoascomycetes, order Dothideales, family Davidielaceae,and showed ITS region similarity to Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fresen.).

Thirteen strains belong to phylum Ascomycota, class Plectomycetes, order Eurotiales, family Trichocomaceae, and showed ITS region similarities to Aspergillus flavus Link. (one strain), Aspergillus oryzae Cohn. (two strains),Aspergillus niger (two strains), Penicillium citrinum Thom (four strains),Penicillium griseofulvum Dreckx. (one strain), Penicillium janthinellum Biourd (one strain), Eurotium amstelodami L. Mangin (one strain), and Eurotium rubrum Jos. Konig. (one strain). One strain of Aspergillus sp. and one strain of Penicillium sp. were unable to be identified to species level."

" ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh identitas spesies kapang dari dua manuskrip Cina lama yang mengalami deteriorasi asal plot 5 Ruang Naskah Perpustakaan Pusat Universitas Indonesia PP-UI , Depok berdasarkan data sekuens daerah internal transcribed spacers ribosomal DNA ITS rDNA . Pengambilan sampel pada manuskrip menggunakan metode swab dengan cotton bud steril. Isolasi kapang menggunakan metode culture-dependent. Polymerase chain reaction PCR dan DNA sequencing menggunakan primer forward ITS5 dan primer reverse ITS4. Pencarian homologi sekuens daerah ITS rDNA menggunakan program basic local alignment search tool BLAST dan pembuatan pohon filogenetik menggunakan metode Neighbor Joining, model dua parameter Kimura, serta bootstrap sebanyak 1.000 kali replikasi. Penentuan spesies terdekat dan posisi taksonomi menggunakan analisis filogenetik dan didukung oleh data morfologi. Isolasi kapang menghasilkan enam isolat kapang terpilih berdasarkan tipe morfologi yang berbeda dengan kapang dari manuskrip Cina lama asal plot 1, 2, 4, dan 6 Ruang Naskah PP-UI, Depok. Berdasarkan elektroforesis gel, panjang fragmen daerah ITS rDNA dari enam isolat kapang bervariasi antara 600--700 pb. Hasil DNA sequencing lengkap menunjukkan panjang daerah ITS rDNA enam isolat berkisar 582--625 pb. Enam strain UICC merupakan anggota dari tiga kelas Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes dan Sordariomycetes , tiga ordo Capnodiales, Eurotiales dan Hypocreales , dan empat famili Cladosporiaceae, Nectriaceae, Ophiocordycipitaceae, dan Pleosporaceae . Strain UICC 1107 memiliki homologi 99,32 dengan type strain Purpureocillium lilacinum sin. Paecilomyces lilacinus ATCC 10114T. Lima strain UICC tidak dapat ditentukan spesiesnya. Strain UICC 1106 adalah Cladosporium sp. dengan homologi 100 terhadap type strain Cladosporium oxysporum CBS 125991T dan Cla. tenuissimum CPC 14235T. Strain UICC 1105 adalah Curvularia sp.1 dengan homologi 93,80 dan strain UICC 1108 adalah Curvularia sp.2 dengan homologi 94,70 terhadap type strain Curvularia carica-papayae CBS 135941T. Strain UICC 1109 adalah Rectifusarium sp. dengan homologi 85,87 terhadap type strain Rectifusarium robinianum CBS 430.91T. Strain UICC 1104 adalah Sarocladium sp. dengan homologi 97,13 terhadap type strain Sarocladium bifurcatum UTHSC 05-3311T. Enam strain UICC merupakan fungi anamorf dan bersifat xerofilik.

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ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the species identity of moulds from two deteriorated old Chinese manuscripts from plot 5 Ruang Naskah Central Library Universitas Indonesia, Depok based on internal transcribed spacers region of ribosomal DNA ITS rDNA . Samples from the manuscripts were collected by using swab method with sterile cotton swabs. Mould isolates were obtained by culture dependent method. Polymerase chain reaction PCR and DNA sequencing were performed using forward primer ITS5 and reverse primer ITS4. Homology search of ITS rDNA sequences was carried out using basic local alignment search tool BLAST program and phylogenetic tree construction was performed using Neighbor Joining method, Kimura rsquo s two parameter model, and bootstrap 1,000 replicates. The closest species and taxonomic position were obtained by phylogenetic analysis and supported by morphological data. Six mould isolates were selected based on morphological type differences compared to mould isolates from old Chinese manuscripts from plot 1, 2, 4, and 6 Ruang Naskah Central Library UI, Depok. Based on gel electrophoresis, the lengths of ITS rDNA fragments of six mould isolates varied between 600 700 bp. Full sequence data of ITS rDNA of six isolates showed that the lengths of their ITS rDNA varied between 582 625 bp. Six UICC strains belonged to three classes Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes and Sordariomycetes , three orders Capnodiales, Eurotiales and Hypocreales , and four families Cladosporiaceae, Nectriaceae, Ophiocordycipitaceae, and Pleosporaceae . UICC 1107 strain showed 99.32 homology to the type strain, Purpureocillium lilacinum syn. Paecilomyces lilacinus ATCC 10114T. Five UICC strains were not able to be determined to the species level. UICC 1106 strain was identified as Cladosporium sp., with 100 homology to the type strains, Cladosporium oxysporum CBS 125991T and Cla. tenuissimum CPC 14235T. UICC 1105 strain was identified as Curvularia sp.1, with 93.80 homology and UICC 1108 strain was identified as Curvularia sp.2, with 94.70 homology to the type strain, Curvularia carica papayae CBS 135941T. Strain UICC 1109 was identified as Rectifusarium sp., with 85.87 homology to the type strain, Rectifusarium robinianum CBS 430.91T. Strain UICC 1104 was identified as Sarocladium sp., with 97.13 homology to the type strain, Sarocladium bifurcatum UTHSC 05 3311T. Six UICC strains were anamorphic and xerophilic fungi."