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"Pemahaman tentang sistem penyerbukan merupakan hal penting dalam program pemuliaan Rubus. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk memahami biologi reproduksi pada Rubus dan kemudian memperoleh informasi mengenai kemungkinan terjadinya inkompatibilitas pada persilangan sendiri (self-compatibility) maupun persilangan antar jenis Rubus (interspecific compatibility). Sebanyak 10 spesies Rubus diantaranya R. alceifolius, R. chrysophyllus, R. fraxinifolius, R. lineatus, R. moluccanus, R. pyrifolius, R. rosifolius, Rubus sp. (blackberry), dan Rubus sp. (Raspberry) diamati polennya melalui pengukuran viabilitas, perkecambahan, dan ukuran polen. Sembilan spesies Rubus diamati perkembangan dan morfologi bunganya, kemudian dilakukan persilangan lengkap full diallel. Hasil polen menunjukkan viabilitas polen Rubus bervariasi antara 59,68% sampai 98,12%, dan ukuran polen yang berbeda-beda tergantung spesiesnya. Pengamatan perkembangan dan morfologi bunga menunjukkan keragaman karakteristik bunga yang ditunjukkan pada pistil, stamen, bentuk torus, dan perbedaan waktu tahapan perkembangan bunga masing-masing spesies. Keragaman polen dan morfologi bunga pada Rubus diduga berpengaruh terhadap tipe penyerbukan dan kemampuan bersilangnya. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, dilakukan pengamatan kompatibilitas persilangan. Hasil menunjukkan seluruh spesies Rubus kompatibel menyerbuk sendiri dan kompatibel menyerbuk dalam spesies, namun demikian hanya spesies R. ellipticus, R. fraxinifolius, R. rosifolius, dan Rubus sp (blackberry) yang memiliki kompatibilitas interspesifik. Korelasi yang signifikan ditunjukkan antara variabel persilangan dengan variabel morfologi bunga dan viabilitas polen. Kompatibilitas persilangan interspesifik diduga dipengaruhi oleh faktor genetik (sporophytic dan gametophytic incompatibility).

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Understanding mechanisms of pollination are fundamental to the Rubus breeding program. The study was conducted to understand the reproductive biology of Rubus and to obtain information about the possibility of self-compatibility and interspecific compatibility on Rubus. Pollen observed sections were carried out on ten species of Rubus (R. alceifolius, R. chrysophyllus, R. fraxinifolius, R. lineatus, R. moluccanus, R. pyrifolius, R. rosifolius, Rubus sp. (blackberry), and Rubus sp. (Raspberry) pollen by measuring the pollen viability, germination, and pollen size. Flower development and morphology sections were carried out on nine species of Rubus flower. Furthermore, a complete cross with a full diallel was performed. Pollen results showed that the viability of Rubus pollen varied from 59.68% to 98.12%, and the pollen size varied depending on the species. Observations of flower development and morphology showed the variation of flower characteristics shown in the pistil, stamen, torus shape, and the different time stages of flower development of each species. Variations of pollen and flower morphology in Rubus are assumed to affect the type of pollination and the crossing ability. Based on these assumptions, observations of cross-compatibility were carried out. The results show that all Rubus species are self-compatible and intraspecific-compatible; however, only species R. ellipticus, R. fraxinifolius, R. rosifolius, and Rubus sp. (blackberry) have interspecific compatibility. There were significant correlates among pollination, flower, and pollen variable. The interspecific compatibility was thought to be influenced by a genetic factor (sporophytic dan gametophytic incompatibility)."

"ABSTRAKKawasan Kampus Univesitas Indonesia merupakan habitat alami bagi tumbuhan Amorphophallus variabilis Bl. Pengamatan dilakukan di 6 (enam) lokasi di Kawasan Universitas Indonesia untuk mengetahui pola penyerbukan (polinasi) dan populasi A.variabilis Bl. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, penyerbukan A. variabilis terjadi 3 hari setelah mekarnya spatha pada perbungaan. Polinasi kemudian diikuti dengan fase pematangan buah yang terjadi selama 15 hari. Serangga yang berperan sebagai penyerbuk antara lain dari suku Nitidulidae, Endomychidae, Anthomyiidae, dan Tachinidae. Terdapat hubungan antara morfologi perbungaan dengan jumlah individuserangga yang berkunjung. Pola sebaran populasi A. variabilis di 6 (enam) lokasi penelitian menunjukkan pola yang mengelompok. Tidak terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan antara lokasi dengan karakter morfologi A. variabilis. Dominansi berkisar antara 0.01--0.06 frekuensi antara 0.2--0.4, dan jumlah individu / m2 berkisar antara 0.13--0.2 . Tinggi tumbuhan berkisar antara 5.2--160 cm dengan diameter 0.05--2.3 cm dengan berbagai variasi morfologi pada bagian perbungaan seperti osmofor, spatha, dan petiolus.

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ABSTRACTUniversity of Indonesia Campus area is a natural habitat for Amorphophallus variabilis Bl. Observations were carried out in 6 locations in the Area, University of Indonesia to find out the pattern of pollination (pollination) and population of A. variabilis Bl. Based on the results of research, pollination A. variabilis occurred 3 days after blooming spatha on the inflorescence. Pollination followed by fruitripening phase that occurred during the 15 days. Insects that act as pollinators, such as from the tribe of Nitidulidae, Endomychidae, Anthomyiidae, and Tachinidae. There is a relationship between the morphology of the inflorescence with the number of individuals visiting insects. A. variabilis population distribution pattern in 6 (six)locations showed a clumped pattern. There was no significant effect between site and morphological characteristics of A. variabilis. Dominance ranged from 0,01 to 0.06, frequencies between 0.2 - 0.4, and the number of individuals / m2 ranged between 0.13--0.12. Plants high ranged from 5.2 - 160 cm with a diameter of 0.05 - 2.3 cmwith a variety of inflorescence morphology in sections like osmophores, spathes, and petioles."

"Saurauia merupakan salah satu marga tumbuhan dari suku Actinidiaceae. Marga tumbuhan ini tersebar alami di beberapa dataran tinggi daerah tropis dan subtropis, termasuk kawasan Gunung Slamet di Indonesia. Beberapa spesies Saurauia berpotensi sebagai obat tradisional untuk mengobati diabetes, kanker dan kolesterol. Saat ini populasi Saurauia di Indonesia mulai berkurang. Beberapa spesies Saurauia masuk dalam daftar merah International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kondisi populasi, preferensi habitat dan menyusun strategi konservasi Saurauia spp. di kawasan Gunung Slamet. Penelitian dilakukan di 4 lokasi pada lereng yang berbeda di Gunung Slamet pada elevasi 900--2400 mdpl. Pengambilan data populasi dilakukan dengan purposive sampling mengikuti jalur pendakian yang sudah ada. Plot ukur seluas 20x20 m2 dibuat pada lokasi ditemukannya Saurauia spp. Data yang diambil meliputi spesies, jumlah, tinggi dan diameter. Beberapa parameter lingkungan dicatat seperti elevasi, kemiringan lereng, arah lereng, tutupan kanopi, pH, kelembapan relatif tanah, suhu dan kelembapan relatif udara. Analisis faktor habitat dilakukan dengan metode Principle Component Analysis (PCA). Pemodelan distribusi spasial dilakukan menggunakan maxent v3.3. Hasil penelitian ditemukan 636 individu Saurauia dalam 103 plot ukur. Jumlah tersebut terdiri dari 4 spesies Saurauia, yaitu S. nudiflora DC. (90 individu), S. pendula Blume (382), S. microphylla de Vriese (145) dan S. bracteosa DC. (19). Struktur populasi Saurauia yang ditemukan didominasi oleh fase anakan sekitar 63,99 % dan fase dewasa 36,01 %. Hasil PCA menunjukkan bahwa faktor elevasi sangat berpengaruh terhadap sebaran Saurauia di Gunung. Faktor-faktor pengganggu pertumbuhan populasi Saurauia spp antara lain faktor alam (patah, epifit dan liana) dan faktor antropogenik (penebangan dan perubahan fungsi lahan selain hutan). Beberapa strategi konservasi perlu dilakukan antara lain mempertahankan fungsi hutan lokasi sebaran Saurauia spp., konservasi ex-situ S. nudiflora dan S. bracteosa, dan reintroduksi S. nudiflora dan S. bracteosa di kawasan Gunung Slamet.

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Saurauia belongs to Actinidiaceae family. These genus is naturally distributed in tropical and subtropical highlands, including Mount Slamet in Indonesia. Some species of Saurauia have potential use as traditional medicines for diabetes, cancer and cholesterol. Currently, the population of Saurauia in Indonesia has begun to decrease. Some species of Saurauia are included in the IUCN Red List. This research aims to determine the population conditions and habitat preference as well as to develop conservation strategy of Saurauia spp. in Mount Slamet. This research was conducted at 4 locations on different slopes of Mount Slamet with the elevation range of 900--2400 m above sea level. Population data collection was carried out by following an existing climbing path using the purposive sampling method. Measuring plots of 20x20 m2 were made at the locations where Saurauia spp were located. The data taken included the species types, number of individual, height and diameter of Saurauia. Several environmental parameters were also recorded in each plot, including elevation, slope, aspects, canopy cover, soil pH, soil Rh, temperature and humidity. Analysis of habitat factor was done by Principle Component Analysis (PCA) using SPSS software. Spatial distribution model was performed using maxent v 3.3. The results of study showed that there were 636 Saurauia individuals in a total of 103 measuring plots. These individuals consisted of 4 species namely S. nudiflora DC. (90 individuals), S. pendula Blume (382), S. microphylla de Vriese (145) and S. bracteosa DC. (19). The Saurauia population structure was dominated by juvenile phase with approximately 63.99 %, whereas the mature phase was onlys 36.01 % from the total population. PCA results showed that the elevation factor affects the distribution of Saurauia in Mount Slamet. The threatening factors of Saurauia spp. population include natural factors (stem broken, epiphytes, liana) and anthropogenic factors (logging and land use conversion). Several conservation strategies need to be done i.e. preserve the forest function on Saurauia spp. natural distribution area on Mount Slamet, ex-situ conservation on S. nudiflora and S. bracteosa, and reintroduction program on  S. nudiflora and S. bracteosa  in Mount Slamet area."

"Konservasi lutung jawa (Trachypithecus auratus) yang merupakan primata endemik Indonesia berstatus vulnerable dilakukan di Gembira Loka Zoo. Pengamatan interaksi sosial dan reproduksi dapat menjadi faktor pendukung dari keberhasilan rehabilitasi di penangkaran. Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai interaksi sosial dan reproduksi lutung jawa (Trachypithecus auratus E. Geoffroy, 1812) jantan dan betina di Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis interaksi sosial dan reproduksi 2 kelompok lutung jawa jantan dan betina pada 2 kandang yang berbeda. Pengamatan dilakukan pada 4 pasangan, yang terdiri dari P1 (jantan A dan betina 1A), P2 (jantan A dan betina 2A), P3 (jantan 1B dan betina B), serta P4 (jantan 2B dan betina B). Metode yang digunakan yaitu metode scan sampling dan ad libitum dengan interval 10 menit. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, interaksi sosial yang teramati adalah body contact, proximity, allogrooming, non-contact aggression, dan contact aggression. Interaksi sosial didominasi oleh interaksi sosial affiliative dibandingkan agonistik. Frekuensi interaksi sosial affiliative tertinggi teramati pada P3 (30,44%) dan interaksi sosial agonistik tertinggi teramati pada P1 (1,29%). Sementara itu, interaksi reproduksi yang teramati adalah atraktivitas, proseptivitas, dan reseptivitas, dengan frekuensi atraktivitas dan proseptivitas tertinggi teramati pada P3 (70,11%), sedangkan frekuensi reseptivitas tertinggi pada P2 (3,45%). Hasil uji Kruskal-Wallis menunjukkan adanya perbedaan signifikan (Asymp. Sig < 0,05) pada perilaku proximity, allogrooming, atraktivitas dan proseptivitas, serta menunjukkan tidak adanya perbedaan signifikan (Asymp. Sig > 0,05) pada perilaku body contact, non contact aggression, contact aggression dan reseptivitas. Selama pengamatan, teramati adanya interaksi sosial dan reproduksi lutung jawa antarkandang yang berbeda.

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Conservation of  Javan lutung (Trachypithecus auratus), an endemic primate of Indonesia classified as vulnerable, is conducted at Gembira Loka Zoo. Observations of social interactions and reproductive can be supportive factors for the success of rehabilitation in captivity. Research has been conducted on the social interactions and reproduction of male and female Javan langur (Trachypithecus auratus E. Geoffroy, 1812) at Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta. This study aims to analyze the social interactions and reproductive of two groups of male and female Javan langurs in two different enclosures. Observations were made on four pairs, consisting of P1 (male A and female 1A), P2 (male A and female 2A), P3 (male 1B and female B), and P4 (male 2B and female B). The methods used were scan sampling and ad libitum with a 10-minute interval. Based on the results of the study, observed social interactions included body contact, proximity, allogrooming, non-contact aggression, and contact aggression. Social interactions were dominated by affiliative social interactions compared to agonistic ones. The highest frequency of affiliative social interactions was observed in P3 (30.44%), while the highest frequency of agonistic social interactions was observed in P1 (1.29%). Meanwhile, observed reproductive interactions included attractivity, proceptivity, and receptivity, with the highest frequency of receptivity was observed in P2 (3.45%). Kruskal-Wallis test results showed significant differences (Asymp. Sig < 0.05) in proximity behavior, allogrooming, attractiveness, and proceptivity, while showing no significant differences (Asymp. Sig > 0.05) in body contact, non-contact aggression, contact aggression, and receptivity behaviors. During the observation, social and reproductive interactions between different enclosures of Javan langurs were observed."

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Rubus fraxinifolius dan R. rosifolius merupakan tanaman Rubus yang dapat ditemukan di daerah pegunungan Indonesia. Kedua tanaman memiliki morfologi buah yang mirip yaitu berbentuk berry merah dan edible, serta mengandung senyawa golongan triterpenoid, polifenol dan flavonoid.  Beberapa spesies Rubus dilaporkan memiliki aktivitas sebagai antiaging yaitu antielastase, antioksidan, dan antitirosinase. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menelaah aktivitas antiaging secara in vitro pada ekstrak dan isolat dari tanaman R. fraxinifolius dan R. rosifolius. Batang, buah, dan daun kedua tanaman diekstraksi menggunakan alat Soxhlet serta dilakukan skrining aktivitas anti elastase dan antioksidan.  Selanjutnya terhadap ekstrak terpilih dilakukan pemisahan, fraksinasi dan isolasi senyawa. Isolat yang didapat diidentifikasi menggunakan spektrometri FTIR, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, DEPT, HSQC, HMQC, HMBC, dan LC-MS, serta diuji aktivitas antielastase, antitirosinase dan sitotoksisitas pada sel fibroblast secara in vitro. Hasil ekstraksi bertingkat menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak metanol daun R. fraxinifolius memiliki aktivitas antielastase dan antioksidan tertinggi dengan masing-masing IC₅₀ 57,45 dan 4,33 µg/ml. Terhadap fraksi metanol daun R. fraxinifolius (DFM) dilakukan pemisahan menggunakan kromatografi cair vakum dan diperoleh 11 fraksi. Uji antielastase fraksi menunjukkan fraksi paling aktif adalah DFM8. Selanjutnya dilakukan isolasi lebih lanjut terhadap DFM8 dan diperoleh 3 isolat. Hasil elusidasi struktur menunjukkan bahwa ketiga isolat merupakan suatu triterpen pentasiklik tipe ursan. Hasil telaah data pengujian DEPT, HMQC, HSQC, HMBC serta IR dan MS disimpulkan senyawa DFM 8a adalah asam 2,3-glikol, 19α-hidroksi-12-ursen-23,28-dioat (C₃₂H₄₈O₇, BM 544); DFM8b asam 2,3-propanandiol, 19α-hidroksi-12-ursen-28-oat (C₃₃H₅₂O₅, BM 528,38); dan DFM8c asam 2,3-glikol-19α-hidroksi-23,24-nor-12-ursen-28-oat (C₃₀H₄₆O₅, BM 486,33). Ketiga senyawa hasil isolasi ini merupakan senyawa baru dan belum pernah ditemukan sebelumnya. Uji aktivitas antielastase senyawa DFM8a, DFM8b, dan DFM8c memiliki IC₅₀ berturut-turut adalah 122,199; 98,22; dan 54,33 µg/ml, serta antitirosinase dengan IC₅₀ 207,8; 221,5; dan 335,9 µg/ml. Uji toksisitas menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak DFM, fraksi DFM8, dan isolat DFM8b tidak toksik terhadap sel fibroblas NIH/3T3.

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Rubus fraxinifolius and R. rosifolius are Rubus genus, which can be found in the mountain of Indonesia. Both plants have similar fruit morphology: red and edible berries and contain triterpenoid, polyphenols, and flavonoids. Some species of Rubus are reported to have antiaging activity, antielastase, antioxidant, and antityrosinase. This study aims to examine the in vitro antiaging activity of extracts and isolated compounds from R. fraxinifolius and R. rosifolius. The stems, fruits, and leaves of both plants were extracted and screened for antielastase and antioxidant activity. Furthermore, the selected extracts were separated, fractionated, and isolated to yield isolates. The obtained isolates were identified using FTIR spectrometry, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, DEPT, HSQC, HMQC, HMBC, and LC-MS, and also were tested for antielastase, antityrosinase, and cytotoxicity activities in fibroblast cells. The continuous extraction results showed that the methanol extract of R. fraxinifolius leaves had the highest antielastase and antioxidant activity with IC₅₀ 57.45 ppm and 4.33 ppm, respectively. The methanol fraction of R. fraxinifolius (DFM) leaves were separated using vacuum liquid chromatography and obtained 11 fractions. The antielastase assay of fractions gave the most active fraction was DFM8. Then, further isolation of DFM8 was carried out, and three isolates were obtained. The structural elucidation showed that the three isolates were ursane-type of pentacyclic triterpenes. The results of DEPT, HMQC, HSQC, HMBC, IR and MS spectrometry test concluded that the compound DFM 8a was 2,3-glycol, 19α-hydroxy-12-ursen-23,28-dioic acid (C₃₂H₄₈O₇, MW 544); DFM8b 2,3-propanandiol, 19α-hydroxy-12-ursen-28-oic acid (C₃₃H₅₂O₅, MW 528.38); and DFM8c 2,3-glycol-19α-hydroxy-23,24-nor-urs-12-en-28-oic acid (C₃₀H₄₆O₅, MW 486.33). All isolated compounds are new compounds and have never been found before. The IC₅₀ of antielastase activity of DFM8a, DFM8b, and DFM8c were 122.199; 98.22; and 54.33 ppm, respectively, and the IC₅₀ of antityrosinase activity were 207.8; 221.5; and 335.9 ppm, respectively. Toxicity tests showed that the DFM extract, the DFM8 fraction, and the DFM8b were not toxic to NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells.

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"With an extraordinary reputation for authority and accuracy, this landmark biology text continues to be an invaluable learning partner for students and teachers. The authors focus on the "big ideas" of biology: each chapter is organized around key concepts that build in a logical way, and are clearly explained and reinforced by the text discussion and illustration. The straightforward writing style, appropriate level of depth, and judiciously-selected coverage are other hallmarks."

"With an extraordinary reputation for authority and accuracy, this landmark biology text continues to be an invaluable learning partner for students and teachers. The authors focus on the "big ideas" of biology: each chapter is organized around key concepts that build in a logical way, and are clearly explained and reinforced by the text discussion and illustration. The straightforward writing style, appropriate level of depth, and judiciously-selected coverage are other hallmarks."