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"Karaginan dapat digunakan sebagal pengental berdasarkan mekanisme pembentukan gel. Penelitian inl memanlaatkan karaginan mumi domestik dalam formulasi losio. Karaginan dapat berfungsi sebagai stabilisator dalam losio. Penelitian ini menggunakan kappa dan iota karaginan dengan konsentrasi 0.3%; 0,5%; 0,7%; dan 0,9% sebagai pengental, kemudian dit)andingkan dengan losio yang menggunakan Hidroksietilselulose (HEC). Evaluasi yang dilakukan meliputi tes organoleptis, pengukuran viskositas dan sifat alir, diameter globul rata-rata, pH, uji sentrifugasi, stabilitas fisik pada suhu 40''C. kamar, dan selama penyimpanan tiga bulan, fmezeAhaw dan cycling test. Hasil terbaik dipilih berdasarkan pengukuran pH. stabilitas tisik selama tiga bulan pada suhu 40®C, kamar, dan 4®C, freezeAhew dan cycling test.

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Carrageenan can be used as a thickener based on the characteristic of geiling mechanism. The purpose of this research is to use domestic refine carrageenan in the lotion. The function of carrageenan as a stabilizer can effect the stability lotion. The experiments had been done using kappa-iota carrageenan (1:3) 0,3%; 0,5%; 0,7%; and 0,9% as a thickener compared to Hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC). The evaluation consisted of organoleptic test, viscosity and flowing characteristic test, diameter globule test, pH value measurement, centrifiigation test, physical stability in elevated temperature {40®C) test, stability in room (29^-32,5®), and 4®C temperature during three months, fireeze/thaw and cycling test. The t)est result was based on pH value measurement, physical stability in elevated temperature (40'^C) test, stability in room (29*» -32,5®C). and 4®C, freeze/thaw and cycling test Key word: carrageenan, lotion, thickener, stabilizer, stability test."

"ABSTRAKPada riset ini telah dilakukan studi pembuatan gemuk bio foodgrade NLGI No.2, melalui proses saponifikasi-pelarutan-pendinginan-homogensasi. Penelitian ini berdasarkan penelitian sebelumnya oleh Morway, et al. yang memformulasikan gemuk sodium stearat alginat menggunakan minyak mineral, di mana pada penelitian ini akan digunakan palm oil dalam menghasilkan gemuk yang memiliki kualitas yang baik dalam memberikan efektifitas pelumasan nilai ketahanan ausnya tinggi dengan dropping point yang tinggi, serta dapat diaplikasikan pada industri makanan dan obat-obatan karena bersifat biodegradable dan edible tidak beracun . Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam dua tahap. Penelitian tahap pertama dilakukan dengan mensintesis gemuk hanya menggunakan sodium stearat kompleks sebagai thickener, yaitu sodium stearat dan sodium asetat sebagai agen pengompleks untuk mengetahui performa gemuk sodium stearat tanpa tambahan alginat. Tahap kedua dilakukan menggunakan sodium alginat sebagai thickener dengan tambahan sabun sodium stearat kompleks. Pada tahap pertama, sintesis gemuk diawali dengan pembuatan sabun sodium stearat kompleks yaitu penambahan base oil dan material lainnya secara bertahap dengan pemanasan. Seluruh sisa material diaduk secara kontinyu dan dilanjuti dengan pendinginan, penambahan aditif, dan homogenisasi. Pada tahap kedua, sintesis gemuk didahului dengan pengadukan alginat dengan air dan sebagian base oil tanpa adanya pemanasan, untuk dicampurkan dengan sabun sodium stearat kompleks yang dibuat setelahnya. Setelah itu, dilakukan uji karakteristik gemuk yang terdiri dari penetration test ASTM D-217 , dropping point test ASTM D-566 , four ball test D-4172 , dan bleeding test ASTM D-1742 . Gemuk sodium stearat terbaik dihasilkan dengan komposisi thickening agent 18 dengan tingkat konsistensi NLGI 2, nilai dropping point 96 C, nilai keausan sebesar 5,2 mg, serta oil separation sebesar 0,35 . Sementara itu, gemuk sodium stearat alginat terbaik dihasilkan dengan komposisi thickening agent 31 dengan tingkat konsistensi NLGI 2, nilai dropping point 133 C, nilai keausan sebesar 5,7 mg, serta oil separation sebesar 9,87.

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ABSTRACTThis research studies the manufacturing of foodgrade NLGI No.2 biogrease via saponification dilution ndash cooling homogenization process. This research is based on previous study by Morway, et al. which formulated sodium stearate alginate grease using mineral oil, which in this study will be used vegetable oil palm oil in order to manufacture grease which has good quality in providing the effectiveness of lubrication high wear resistance value with high dropping point, and its applicability to the food and medicine industries due to its biodegradability and edibility non toxic . This study is conducted in two stages. The first stage is performed by synthesizing greases only using complex sodium stearate as a thickener, i.e. sodium stearate and sodium acetate as a complexing agent , to determine the performance of sodium stearate grease without additional alginate. The second stage is to use sodium alginate as a thickener with the addition of complex sodium stearate soap. In the first stage, the manufacturing of grease begins with synthesizing complex sodium stearate soap where the addition of base oil and other materials are thereafter carried out gradually with heating and continuous stirring, which is then followed by cooling, addition of additive, and homogenizing. In the second stage, the grease synthesis is preceded by alginate stirring with water and part of the base oil in the absence of heating, to be mixed with the complex sodium stearate soap which is synthesized thereafter. Subsequently, grease characteristic tests consisting of penetration test ASTM D 217 , dropping point test ASTM D 566 , bleeding test ASTM D 1742 and four ball test D 4172 are performed. The best sodium stearate grease was synthesized with a thickening agent composition of 18 with a consistency level of NLGI 2, dropping point value of 96 C, wear value of 5.2 mg, and oil separation of 0.35 . Meanwhile, the best sodium stearate alginate grease was produced with a 31 thickening agent composition with a consistency level of NLGI 2, dropping point value of 133 C, wear value of 5.7 mg, and oil separation of 9.87."

"Pada penelitian ini dibuat gemuk bio yang ramah lingkungan menggunakan bahan dasar minyak biji kapuk randu yang memiliki kadar asam trigliserida sebanyak 25-28% yang dapat berpontensi menjadi gemuk. Pengental yang digunakan adalah sabun litium 12-hidroksistearat dan litium kompleks dengan asam azelat sebagai agen pengompleks. Berat gemuk yang dihasilkan sebanyak 200 gram dengan rasio perbandingan jumlah campuran komposisi minyak dasar dan pengental sabun yaitu 85%:15%, 88%:12%, 89%:11%, 90%:10%, 93%:7% dan 95%:5%. Gemuk yang dihasilkan telah dilakukan pengujian, yaitu uji penetrasi, uji dropping point dan uji four ball. Gemuk terbaik yang dihasilkan dengan sabun litium 12-hidroksistearat pada komposisi 90%:10% sedangkan gemuk terbaik yang dihasilkan dengan sabun litium kompleks pada komposisi 89%:11%. Berdasarkan uji Penetrasi dan uji four-ball gemuk yang dihasilkan adalah gemuk NLGI (National Lubricating Grease Institute) 2, namun nilai dropping point didapatkan sebesar 158 ? dan 130 ?.

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This research studied bio-grease production based on cottonseed oil which has a triglyceride acid content of 25-28% that has the potential to become grease. The Thickener is lithium 12-hydroxystearic soap and lithium complex soap with azelaic acid added as a complexing agent. The weight of the grease produced was 200 grams with the ratio of the total mixture composition of base oil and thickening agent are 85%:15%, 88%:12%, 89%:11%90%:10%, 93%:7% and 95%:5%. The resulting grease will be tested, namely penetration test, dropping point test, and four-ball test. The best grease with lithium 12-hydroxy stearate soap is grease at 90%:10%of composition ratio and the best grease lithium complex soap at 89%:11%. Based on the penetration and four-ball tests, the bio grease is NLGI (National Lubricating Grease Institute) 2, but the dropping point values were 158 ? and 130 ?."

"Daun mangkokan memiliki khasiat untuk mengatasi kerontokan rambut yang telah dibuktikan oleh penelitian sebelumnya. Namun, metode ekstraksi yang digunakan kurang efektif untuk mengektraksi flavonoid yang diduga sebagai senyawa aktif yang bertanggungjawab atas masalah kerontokan rambut. Flavonoid juga memiliki kelarutan lipid yang buruk sehingga dibutuhkan sistem penghantaran yang baru, yaitu fitosom. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk membuat formulasi sediaan losio fitosom ekstrak daun mangkokan (Nothopanax scutellarium, Merr.) menggunakan metode ekstraksi dengan green solvent yang optimal. Ionic liquids meliputi; (BMIM)Br, (BMIM)BF4, (BMIM)Cl, (BMIM)HSO4, (HMIM)Br digunakan untuk mengekstraksi senyawa flavonoid dibandingkan dengan metode konvensional. Pelarut (BMIM)Cl dengan garam pemisahan NaCl memiliki kadar total flavonoid sebesar (360.57 mg/g). Penetapan kadar kuersetin diperoleh pelarut yang optimum adalah (BMIM)BF4 dengan garam pemisahan NaCl dengan kadar (26.13 mg/g). Hasil menunjukkan bahwa metode ekstraksi konvensinal, yaitu ekstrak metanol daun mangkokan memiliki kadar total flavonoid (411.08 mg/g) dan kuersetin (127.1 mg/g) yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan ionic liquid. Namun dalam sifat ramah lingkungan, dan efisiensi waktu pelarut ionic liquid perlu dipertimbangkan. Formula losio fitosom yang diuji aktivitas pertumbuhan rambutnya dengan parameter panjang rambut, dan bobot rambut. Data dianalisis menggunakan anova two way diperoleh hasil losio fitosom memiliki aktivitas yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan minoxidil 2% dengan nilai signifikansi (p=0,0001).

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Mangkokan leaves have efficacy to curing hair loss which has been proven by previous studies. However, the extraction method used is not effective for extracting flavonoids that are thought to be active compounds responsible for hair loss problems. Flavonoids have poor lipid solubility. New delivery system called phytosome was needed. The purpose of this study was to formulate phytosome lotion of mangkokan leaves extract (Nothopanax scutellarium, Merr.) using an optimal green solvent extraction method. Ionic liquids include; (BMIM) Br, (BMIM)BF4, (BMIM)Cl, (BMIM)HSO4, (HMIM)Br were used to extract flavonoid compounds. (BMIM)Cl solvent with NaCl separation salt has the higher total flavonoid level of (360.57 mg/g). Determination of quercetin levels obtained that (BMIM)BF4 with NaCl salt separation as the optimum solvent with quercetin levels (26.13 mg/g).

The results showed that the convensinal extraction method; methanol extract of mangkokan leaves had the highest total flavonoid (411.08 mg/g) and quercetin (127.1 mg/g) levels among ionic liquids. Ionic liquids characterization such as environmentally friendly, and the time efficiency of extraction were needed to be considered. The phytosome lotion formula was tested for hair growth activity with parameters of hair length and hair weight. Data were analyzed using two way ANOVA. The result obtained that phytosome lotion had better activity than 2% Minoxidil with a significance value (p = 0.0001)."

"Tomato (Solanum lycopersycum L.) that the fruit mainly contained lycopene, beta carotene, vitamin C and vitamin E indECated that the fruit had antioxidant activity. These compound were known able to prevent and retention of free radECal forming whECh can cause aging and chronEC disease. This research, tomato with different concentration 0,5%, 1%, 2%, and 3% were formulated in cream. PhysECal stability test including the storage at three different temperatures including cool temperature (4oC), room temperature, and high temperature (40+2oC), mechanECal test, and cycling test. Measurement of antioxidant activity tomato cream that using DPPH method pursuant to value of DPPH retention (EC50). This research resulted that shown tomato cream 0,5% 1%, 2%, and 3% have physECal stability with storage at cool temperature (4oC), room temperature, and high temperature (40+2oC). Tomato cream 1%, 2%, and 3% reach minimum value of retention DPPH (EC50) but tomato cream 0,5% not reach minimum value of retention DPPH (EC50). Cream tomato 1% have the best physECal stability and cream tomato extract 3% have the best antioxidant activity."