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"Firms face entry mode decisions when entering a host country, and this decision often falls into choosing a Majority vs Minority entry mode choice. However, political risk affects the decision to choose the appropriate entry mode choice in host countries. Research shows that generally, the higher the political risk, firms would choose a lower ownership level or minority entry mode choice. While this relationship has been studied, the study of the moderating effect of the Home-Host Country relationship, especially in the context of Majority vs Minority entry mode choice, remains to be explored. Using Transaction Cost Theory, this paper will investigate the relationship between Political Risk and Entry mode choice, with the Home-Host country relationship as the moderating variable. Using a sample of 100 firms based in the United States with subsidiaries worldwide taken by random stratified sampling, I conducted a binary logistic regression. I predict a negative relationship between Political Risk and Equity level and a negative moderating effect of the Home-Host country relationship. Nevertheless, the empirical findings of this paper could not support the theories provided. However, my findings revealed new insights for the Political Risk-Equity Level relationship, emphasising the Home-Host country relationship.

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Banyak perusahaan menghadapi masalah Entry Mode Decision ketika memasuki suatu negara, dan plilihan itu sering terkerucut menjadi pilihan antara pilihan Entry Mode Mayoritas vs Minoritas. Namun, Resiko Politik mempengaruhi keputusan untuk memilih Entry Mode yang tepat di negara tujuan. Pada umumnya, riset menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi Political Risk, perusahaan akan memilih sebuah level kepemilikan yang lebih rendah atau Entry Mode tipe Minoritas. Walaupun, hubungan ini telah dipelajari, riset tentang efek moderasi dari hubungan negara Home-Host, terutama dalam konteks pilihan Entry Mode Mayoritas vs Minoritas masih bisa diteliti. Menggunakan teori Transaction Cost, tulisan ini akan meniliti hubungan antara Political Risk dan pilihan Entry Mode, dengan hubungan negara Home-Host sebagai variabel moderator. Menggunakan 100 sampel perusahaan dari Amerika Serikat dengan anak perusahaan di seluruh dunia yang diambil dengan metode Random Stratified Sampling, saya melaksanakan Binary Logistic Regression. Saya memprediksi sebuah hubungan negatif antara Political Risk dan Equity Level dan efek moderasi negatif dari Home-Host Country Relationship. Namun demikian, hasil penemuan empiris dari tulisan ini tidak dapat mendukung teori-teori yang telah disebutkan. Namun, penemuan saya menunjukkan wawasan baru tentang hubungan Political Risk-Equity Level, dengan penenakan pada Home-Host Country Relationship."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat pengaruh kepemilikan asing terhadap perilaku pengambilan risiko perusahaan non keuangan di bursa efek indonesia periode 2008-2013. Dengan menggunakan dua variable kontrol yaitu leverage dan ukuran perusahaan.Dalam penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa Kepemilikan asing dan leverage berpengaruh secara negatif dan signifikan terhadap perilaku pengambilan risiko perusahaan, sedangkan ukuran perusahaan berpengaruh secara positif dan signifikan terhadap perilaku pengambilan risiko perusahaan.

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This study aims to determine The Impact of Foreign Ownership on Corporate Risk Taking Behavior of non financial companies in Indonesia Stock Exchange period 2008 2013. By using two control variables leverage and company size.

In this study found that foreign ownership and leverage have a negative and significant effect on corporate risk taking behavior, while firm size positively and significantly influence to corporate risk taking behavior."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini merupakan studi kuantitatif yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara religiositas Islam dan intoleransi politik dan efek moderasi kepercayaan politik terhadap hubungan variabel tersebut. Intoleransi politik diukur dengan Political Intolerance Scale yang dikembangkan oleh Sullivan, Marcus, Feldman, Piereson 1981 , religiositas Islam diukur dengan Muslim Religiosity Scale yang disusun oleh El-Menouar 2014 , dan kepercayaan politik diukur dengan Citizen Trust in Government Organizations Scale yang dikembangkan oleh Grimmelikhuijsen Knies 2015 . Responden penelitian ini merupakan 841 orang mahasiswa di Indonesia yang beragama Islam. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa religiositas Islam berkorelasi positif dan signifikan dengan intoleransi politik. Sementara kepercayaan politik tidak berkontribusi menjadi moderator terhadap hubungan religiositas Islam dan intoleransi politik.

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ABSTRAKThis quantitative study was aimed to examine the correlation between Muslim religiosity and political intolerance whereas political trust as moderator variable towards its correlation. Political intolerance was measured by Political Intolerance Scale which developed by Sullivan, Marcus, Feldman, Piereson 1981 , Muslim religiosity was measured by Muslim Religiosity Scale which developed by El Menouar 2014 , and political trust was measured by Citizen Trust in Government Organizations Scale which developed by Grimmelikhuijsen Knies 2015 . Respondents of this study were 841 Moslem college students. Results indicated that there is significant positive correlation between Muslim religiosity and political intolerance. Meanwhile, political trust was not contributing as moderator variable towards the correlation between Muslim religiosity and political intolerance. "

"FDI menjadi salah satu instrumen penting bagi pertumbuhan ekonomi suatu negara. FDI pun membawa sejumlah dampak positif yang terhadap perekonomian host country seperti transfer teknologi, peningkatan SDM, dan pendapatan pajak bagi negara. Sejumlah penelitian pun membuktikan bahwa FDI memiliki peranan penting bagi pertumbuhan ekonomi, baik bagi kelompok developed maupun emerging economies. Namun, terlepas dari kontribusinya, arus masuk FDI menimbulkan sejumlah perdebatan karena berpotensi memberikan dampak buruk terhadap lingkungan seperti peningkatan emisi lingkungan ataupun kerusakan lingkungan bagi host country. Hal ini seringkali diakibatkan oleh sejumlah perusahaan yang memaksimalkan keuntungan dengan berinvestasi di negara-negara yang peraturan lingkungannya tidak memadai sehingga menimbulkan eksternalitas negatif bagi lingkungan host country. Lebih lanjut, kualitas institusi politik memainkan peranan penting dalam kualitas lingkungan yang dimiliki suatu negara. Sejumlah studi pun menemukan hasil yang berbeda mengenai dampak FDI dan kualitas institusi politik terhadap degradasi lingkungan, seperti hubungan positif antara FDI serta kualitas kelembagaan terhadap degradasi lingkungan atau FDI dan institusi politik yang justru menurunkan degradasi lingkungan. Lebih lanjut, bagaimana fenomena yang terjadi baik pada kelompok developed maupun emerging countries di Asia Pasifik?. Dalam rangka mengetahui dampak FDI dan institusi politik terhadap degradasi lingkungan, peneliti menggunakan metode regresi data panel Fully Modified OLS (FMOLS). Penelitian ini menemukan hasil yang berbeda antara kelompok developed dan emerging economies terkait dampak FDI dan institusi politik terhadap degradasi lingkungan. Hal ini disebabkan karena terdapat sejumlah perbedaan karakteristik antar kelompok.

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FDI is one of the important instruments for the economic growth of a country. FDI also brings a number of positive impacts on the host country's economy, such as technology transfer, human resource development, and tax revenue for the country. A number of studies also prove that FDI has an important role for economic growth, both for the developed and emerging economies groups. However, regardless of its contribution, FDI inflows have caused a number of debates because they have the potential to have a negative impact on the environment such as increased environmental emissions or environmental damage to the host country. This is often caused by a number of companies maximizing profits by investing in countries where the environmental regulations are inadequate, creating negative externalities for the host country's environment. Furthermore, the quality of political institutions plays an important role in the quality of a country's environment. A number of studies also found different results regarding the impact of FDI and the quality of political institutions on environmental degradation, such as a positive relationship between FDI and institutional quality on environmental degradation or FDI and political institutions that actually reduce environmental degradation. Furthermore, how is the phenomenon that occurs in both the developed and emerging countries groups in Asia Pacific? In order to determine the impact of FDI and political institutions on environmental degradation, the researcher uses the Fully Modified OLS (FMOLS) panel data regression method. This study found different results between the developed and emerging economies groups regarding the impact of FDI and political institutions on environmental degradation. This is because there are a number of differences in characteristics between groups. "

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh perilaku risk taking terhadap tingkat investment efficiency dengan efektivitas dewan komisaris dan keberadaan komite pemantau risiko sebagai moderasi. Perusahaan yang memiliki tingkat perilaku risk taking yang tinggi akan cenderung melakukan investasi meskipun proyek investasi tersebut memiliki Net Present Value negatif. Efektivitas dewan komisaris dan adanya komite pemantau risiko dalam perusahaan diprediksi dapat mempengaruhi investment efficiency. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan metode regresi multinomial logistik dengan sampel 307 perusahaan 921 observasi yang terdaftar di BEI tahun 2013-2015. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan semakin tinggi perilaku risk taking akan meningkatkan kemungkinan over-investment. Akan tetapi, semakin rendah perilaku risk taking tidak terbukti meningkatkan kemungkinan under-investment. Efektivitas dewan komisaris terbukti memperlemah pengaruh positif perilaku risk taking terhadap kemungkinan terjadinya over-investment. Akan tetapi, efektivitas dewan komisaris tidak terbukti memperlemah pengaruh negatif perilaku risk taking terhadap kemungkinan terjadinya under-investment. Keberadaan komite pemantau risiko terbukti memperlemah pengaruh negatif perilaku risk taking terhadap kemungkinan terjadinya under-investment. Namun keberadaan komite pemantau risiko tidak terbukti memperlemah pengaruh positif perilaku risk taking terhadap kemungkinan terjadinya over-investment.

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The research objective is to examine the effect of risk taking to investment efficiency with board of commissioners'effectiveness and the presence of risk monitoring committee as the moderating variable. Firm with higher level of risk taking tend to invest in a project, even such project probably giving them negative Net Present Value. Board of commissioners' effectiveness and the presence of risk monitoring committee in a firm are also predicted to have impact on investment efficiency. Therefore, the effect of risk taking on investment efficiency through board of commissioners'effectiveness and risk monitoring committee are predicted. In this research, we use multinomial logistic model. This research takes 307 companies 921 observations that are listed in Indonesia's Stock Exchange BEI from 2013 to 2015. The empirical study shows that higher risk taking more likely to increase the probability of being in over investment. However, there are no significant effect on negative relationship between risk taking and the likelihood of being in under investment. Board of commissioners effectiveness weaken the positive effect of risk taking and the likelihood of being in over investment but board of commissioners'effectiveness didn't weaken the negative relationship between risk taking and likelihood of being in under investment. The presence of risk monitoring committee significantly weakens the negative relationship between risk taking and the likelihood of being in under investment but the presence of risk monitoring committee didn't weaken the positive relationship between risk taking and the likelihood of being in over investment."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan utuk mengetahui pengaruh hubungan politik dan agency costs terhadap efisiensi investasi perusahaan. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga menguji efek moderasi agency costs atas pengaruh hubungan politik terhadap efisiensi investasi. Hubungan politik dalam perusahaan diukur pada tingkat dewan komisaris dan direksi. Proksi agency costs yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah expense ratio, yaitu selling, general, and administrative SGA expense yang diskalakan dengan total penjualan. Penelitian ini menggunakan sampel perusahaan yang terdaftar di BEI tahun 2014 hingga 2015. Berdasarkan kriteria yang telah ditetapkan, sampel yang digunakan adalah sebanyak 271 perusahaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hubungan politik berdampak negatif dan signifikan terhadap efisiensi investasi. Sedangkan, agency costs tidak berpengaruh terhadap efisiensi investasi. Namun demikian, ketika berperan sebagai variabel moderasi, agency costs mampu memberikan pengaruh signifikan atas dampak hubungan politik terhadap efisiensi investasi.

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This research examines how political connections and agency costs affects investment efficiency. Besides, it also examines how agency costs moderates the relationship between political connections and investment efficiency. Political connections is being measured on the boards level.

Agency costs is calculated by using expense ratio which refers to selling, general, and administrative SGA expense scaled by total sales. Based on the criteria in determining the sample from firms listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange IDX during 2014 2015, this study has 271 firms as the sample.

The results suggest that political connections has negative impact on investment efficiency. Meanwhile, agency costs does not affect investment efficiency. However, this study also finds that agency costs can significantly moderates the relationship between political connections and investment efficiency."

"Penelitian ini membahas mengapa mayoritas penduduk di Indonesia beragama Islam, namun partai-partai Islam tidak pernah menang. Dari literatur sebelumnya dijelaskan peran struktur negara pada masa Orde Baru dan elit politik Islam yang tidak kredibel membuat pemilih muslim lebih memilih partai lain (partai non-Islam). Sementara dalam penelitian ini lebih melihat perilaku pemilih muslimnya. Faktor sosiologis yang meliputi ritual ibadah, keterlibatan dalam kelompok sosialkeagamaan, dan orientasi Islam politik berhubungan dengan pilihan politik muslim dan menyebabkan adanya aliran politik. Selain itu, pada faktor psikologis, adanya hubungan afeksi atau kedekatan partai dan tokoh dengan pilihan politik muslim. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui survey. Jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini sebesar 100 pemilih muslim yang berasal dari partai politik yang berbeda. Penarikan sampel menggunakan cluster random sampling. Dari hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa faktor sosiologis yang meliputi ritual ibadah, keterlibatan dalam kelompok sosial-keagamaan, dan orientasi Islam politik memiliki hubungan dengan perilaku memilih. Sementara faktor psikologis yang meliputi afeksi partai dan afeksi tokoh tidak memiliki hubungan dengan perilaku memilih.

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This study discusses why the majority of the population in Indonesia are Muslims, but the Islamic parties have never won. From the literature previously described the role of state structures in the New Order and the political elite of Islam is not credible make Muslim voters prefer the other party, while this research is looking at the behavior of Muslim voters. Sociological factors which include the ritual of worship, involvement in socio-religious groups, and the orientation of political Islam have relationship with political choice of muslim voters and make a political cleavages in islamic societies. Moreover, in the psychological factors, including affection of parties and leader have relationship with political choice of muslim voters. This study uses a quantitative method with data collection through surveys. The number of samples is 100 Muslim voters who come from different political parties. Sampling using cluster random sampling. From the research found that the sociological factors that include rituals, involvement in socioreligious groups, and the orientation of political Islam have relationship with voting behavior. While psychological factors that include affection of party and leader have no relationship with voting behavior."

"Remaja merupakan agregat berisiko yang rentan mengalami kecelakaan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara pengetahuan dan perilaku keselamatan diri anak SMP dengan risiko kecelakaan di sekolah. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional dengan melibatkan 219 siswa SMP Negeri 10 Bekasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 56,7% responden dengan pengetahuan tinggi dan 56,5% responden dengan perilaku baik memiliki risiko rendah kecelakaan di sekolah. Hasil uji korelasi menyatakan tidak ada hubungan antara pengetahuan dan perilaku keselamatan diri dengan risiko terjadinya kecelakaan di sekolah (p= 0,240, p= 0,585, α= 0,05). Hasil penelitian ini dapat dijadikan evidence based pentingnya diterapkan pendidikan kesehatan mengenai keselamatan diri di sekolah.

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Adolescents are the risk aggregate that often have accidents. The purpose of study to examine the relationship between knowledge and behaviour personal safety among student with the risk accidents in school. This study used cross sectional design involved 219 students in SMP Negeri 10 Bekasi. The result showed 56,7% adolescents who high knowledge and 56,5% adolescents who good behaviour have low risk accidents in school. Based on correlation test, there wasn’t relationship between knowledge and behaviour personal safety among student with the risk accidents in school (p= 0,240, p= 0,585, α= 0,05). This study can be used evidence based to apply personal safety education in school."

"ABSTRAKMasih terdapat perdebatan mengenai apakah religiusitas memiliki hubungan organik dengan konservatisme politik. Studi-studi sebelumnya telah menunjukkan bahwa terdapat peran penting faktor lain, seperti perbedaan individu dan keterlibatan politik dalam menguatkan asosiasi antar keduanya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji hubungan tersebut dalam konteks Indonesia (N=230) dan dinamikanya dengan salah satu emosi yang memengaruhi ideologi politik, yaitu disgust. Dalam konteks penelitian ini, emosi disgust diukur dari disgust sensitivity. Disgust sensitivity merupakan istilah untuk tingkat kepekaan jijik seseorang terhadap berbagai stimulus yang berpotensi membahayakan kesehatan individu. Hasil ini mendukung klaim bahwa religiusitas memiliki asosiasi dengan konservatisme politik, tetapi tidak ditemukan bukti bahwa disgust memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan dalam memoderasi hubungan tersebut.

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ABSTRACT

There is still an ongoing debate about whether religiosity has an organic association with political conservatism. Previous studies have shown that there is an important role of the other variables, such as individual differences and political engagement in strengthening the link. This study intends to test the association in Indonesian context (N= 230) and its dynamic with one of the emotions affecting ideology, namely disgust. In this context of study, disgust is measured through disgust sensitivity. Disgust sensitivity is a term for how sensitive an individual toward various potentially harmful stimulus to health. These findings support the claim that religiosity is associated with political conservatism, but there is no evidence found that disgust has a significant influence in moderating the relationship.

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"Skripsi ini membahas pengaruh risiko kebangkrutan terhadap kepemilikan institusional dengan variabel kontrol kapitalisasi pasar dan likuiditas saham. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan model regresi data panel Generalized Least Square.

Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa investor institusional cenderung meningkatkan kepemilikan sahamnya pada perusahaan dengan risiko kebangkrutan yang rendah, kapitalisasi pasar yang tinggi, dan likuiditas saham yang tinggi.

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This thesis discusses the effect of bankruptcy risk on institutional ownership with market capitalization and stock liquidity as variable controls. This research is a quantitative study with a Generalized Least Square panel data regression model.

The results of the study found that institutional investors tend to increase their ownership in companies with a low risk of bankruptcy, high market capitalization, and high stock liquidity."