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"Salah satu pendekatan pengobatan terapi kanker yaitu dengan mengeksplorasi tanaman obat yang mengandung satu atau lebih senyawa yang secara khusus menargetkan sel kanker dengan efek samping yang lebih sedikit. Kopi (Coffea sp.) dilaporkan memiliki sifat antikanker. Dalam budidaya kopi, dihasilkan sekitar 50-60% limbah kulit buah (kaskara). Saat ini olahan kaskara banyak diproduksi sebagai produk makanan dan suplemen karena mengandung protein, polisakarida, dan senyawa aktif, hal ini akan menjadi pendekatan yang menjanjikan untuk mengembangkan terapi kanker yang dapat ditargetkan secara khusus pada sel kanker. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh senyawa metabolit sekunder dari kaskara kopi robusta yang beraktivitas sitotoksik dan mengevaluasi mekanisme kematiaannya terhadap sel Hela dan sel MCF-7 secara in vitro dan in silico serta menentukan kadar senyawa aktifnya. Kaskara kopi robusta diekstraksi menggunakan pelarut etanol 70%, dan dievaluasi mutu ekstrak berdasarkan parameter spesifik dan non spesifik. Selanjutnya dilakukan fraksinasi bertingkat menggunakan pelarut n-heksana, etil asetat, dan metanol-air. Fraksi dilanjutkan isolasi secara kolom kromatografi dan dilakukan pemurnian hingga diperoleh isolat dan dikarakterisasi dengan 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 2D-NMR, LC-MS, UV-Vis dan FT-IR serta diuji aktivitas sitotoksik terhadap sel Hela dan sel MCF-7 secara in vitro dan in silico terhadap protein target Caspase 3 dan Caspase 9. Penetapan kadar senyawa aktif dilakukan dengan KCKT-PDA. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak kaskara kopi robusta memenuhi syarat mutu Farmakope Herbal Indonesia. Hasil pemurnian dan elusidasi kaskara kopi robusta diperoleh sepuluh senyawa: Cas 01: friedelin, Cas 04: asam ursolat,,Cas 06: lufeol merupakan golongan triterpenoid; Cas 02: stigmasterol, Cas 03: beta sitosterol merupakan golongan steroid; Cas 05: tricalysiolide B merupakan golongan diterpenoid; Cas 07: kafein merupakan turunan alkaloid; Cas 08: asam klorogenat, Cas 09: asam kafeat merupakan golongan fenolik, dan Cas 10: katekin yang merupakan golongan flavonoid. Hasil uji aktivitas sitotoksik secara in vitro terhadap kanker serviks (Sel Hela) dan kanker payudara (sel MCF-7) menunjukkan bahwa senyawa kontrol positif (cisplatin) memberikan hasil IC50 19,85 ± 0,14 µg/mL terhadap sel Hela dan IC50 25,87 ± 0,17 µg/mL terhadap sel MCF-7. Senyawa Cas 04 memberikan potensi paling aktif sebagai antikanker yang ditunjukkan dengan data terhadap kanker serviks (Sel Hela) dengan kategori toksik (IC50 25,85 ± 0,17 µg/mL) dan kanker payudara (sel MCF-7) dengan kategori sangat toksik (IC50 12,83 ± 0,15 µg/mL); delapan senyawa (Cas 01, Cas 02, Cas 03, Cas 06, Cas 07, Cas 08, Cas 09, dan Cas 10) masuk dalam kategori toksik dan satu senyawa (Cas 05) dalam kategori kurang toksik. Senyawa teraktif (asam ursolat) menginduksi persinyalan apoptosis melalui jalur intrinsik dengan peningkatan ekspresi gen pada caspase 3 dan caspase 9 yang diukur dengan metode RT-qPCR. Kadar senyawa aktif dalam ekstrak kaskara kopi robusta diperoleh hasil kadar senyawa lufeol sebesar 0,087 ± 0,015%; stigmasterol sebesar 0,126 ± 0,046%; asam ursolat 0,627 ± 0,002%; friedelin 0,539 ± 0,137%; kafein sebesar 3,203 ± 0,069%; asam klorogenat sebesar 0,679 ± 0,003%; asam kafeat sebesar 0,153± 0,003% dan senyawa katekin sebesar 0,359 ± 0,012%. Aktivitas in silico dari senyawa hasil isolasi terhadap protein target caspase 3 dan caspase 9 memperlihatkan bahwa sembilan senyawa (friedelin, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, asam ursolat, lufeol, kafein, asam klorogenat, asam kafeat, katekin) menghasilkan skor penambatan lebih negatif dari kontrol positif serta melibatkan pembentukan ikatan hidrogen, ikatan hidrofobik dan ikatan alkil dalam interaksi pengikatan antara senyawa dengan caspase 3 dan caspase 9. Kesepuluh senyawa hasil isolasi telah dilaporkan terkandung dalam genus Coffea dan keluarga Rubiaceae, tetapi beberapa senyawa (friedelin, asam ursolat, lufeol, tricalysiolide B) baru dilaporkan pertama kali dari bagian kaskara kopi robusta.

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One approach to cancer therapy treatment is to explore medicinal plants that contain one or more compounds that specifically target cancer cells with fewer side effects. Coffee (Coffea sp.) is reported to have anticancer properties. In coffee cultivation, around 50-60% of fruit skin waste (kaskara) is produced. Currently, processed cascara is widely produced as food products and supplements because it contains protein, polysaccharides, and active compounds. This will be a promising approach for developing cancer therapy that can be targeted specifically at cancer cells. This research aims to obtain secondary metabolite compounds from Robusta coffee beans that have cytotoxic activity and evaluate the mechanism of their death on Hela cells and MCF-7 cells in vitro and in silico and determine the levels of active compounds. Robusta coffee beans were extracted using 70% ethanol solvent, and the quality of the extract was evaluated based on specific and non-specific parameters. Next, multilevel fractionation was carried out using the solvents n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol-water. The fraction was then isolated using column chromatography and purified until an isolate was obtained and characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 2D-NMR, LC-MS, UV-Vis and FT-IR and tested for cytotoxic activity against Hela cells and MCF-7 cells. In vitro and in silico against the target proteins caspase 3 and caspase 9. Determination of active compound levels was carried out using HPLC-PDA. The research results show that robusta coffee kascara extract meets the quality requirements of the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia. The results of the purification and elucidation of robusta coffee cascara obtained ten compounds: Cas 01: friedelin, Cas 04: ursolic acid, Cas 06: lupeol is a triterpenoid group; Cas 02: stigmasterol, Cas 03: beta-sitosterol is a class of steroids; Cas 05: tricalysiolide B is a diterpenoid group; Cas 07: caffeine is an alkaloid derivative; Cas 08: chlorogenic acid, Cas 09: caffeic acid which is a phenolic group, and Cas 10: catechin which is a flavonoid group. The results of the in vitro cytotoxic activity test against cervical cancer (Hela cells) and breast cancer (MCF-7 cells) showed that the positive control compound (cisplatin) gave an IC50 of 19.85 ± 0.14 µg/mL against Hela cells and an IC50 of 25.87 ± 0.17 µg/mL against MCF-7 cells. The Cas 04 compound provides the most active potential as an anticancer as shown by data against cervical cancer (Hela cells) in the toxic category (IC50 25.85 ± 0.17 µg/mL) and breast cancer (MCF-7 cells) in the very toxic category ( IC50 12.83 ± 0.15 µg/mL); eight compounds (Cas 01, Cas 02, Cas 03, Cas 06, Cas 07, Cas 08, Cas 09, and Cas 10) are in the toxic category and one compounds (Cas 06) are in the less toxic category. The active compound (ursolic acid) induces apoptotic signaling through the intrinsic pathway with increased gene expression for caspase 3 and caspase 9 as measured by the RT-qPCR method. The levels of active compounds in robusta coffee cascara extract resulted in lufeol compound levels of 0.087 ± 0.015%; stigmasterol was 0.126 ± 0.046%; ursolic acid 0.627 ± 0.002%; friedelin 0.539 ± 0.137%; caffeine of 3.203 ± 0.069%; chlorogenic acid of 0.679 ± 0.003%; caffeic acid was 0.153 ± 0.003% and catechin compounds were 0.359 ± 0.012%. The in silico activity of the isolated compounds against the target proteins caspase 3 and caspase 9 showed that nine compounds (friedelin, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, ursolic acid, lupeol, caffeine, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, catechin) produced docking scores that were more negative than the control positive and involves the formation of hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic bonds and alkyl bonds in the binding interaction between the compound and caspase 3 and caspase 9. The ten isolated compounds have been reported to be contained in the genus Coffea and the Rubiaceae family, but several compounds (friedelin, ursolic acid, lupeol, tricalysiolide B) have only been reported for the first time from the cascara part of robusta coffee."

"[Angka kejadian penyakit mieloma multipel kecil, yaitu 0,8% di dunia dan 0,6% diAsia Tenggara dari seluruh kasus kanker yang ada. Namun, penyakit ini terjadisecara asimtomatik sehingga sulit didiagnosis, belum dapat disembuhkan, danmudah mempengaruhi organ dalam tubuh. Kulit buah manggis yang jarangdimanfaatkan diketahui mengandung senyawa xanton (polifenolat) yang memilikiaktivitas antikanker. Penelitian in vitro menggunakan sel jalur p3x63ag8 untukmenemukan ada tidaknya efek sitotoksisitas ekstrak etanol kulit buah manggis sertaIC50. Sel dibagi menjadi 9 kelompok, yaitu 1 kelompok kontrol dan 8 kelompokperlakuan dengan konsentrasi 6,25 μg/ml, 12,5 μg/ml, 25 μg/ml, 50 μg/ml, 100μg/ml, 200 μg/ml, 400 μg/ml, dan 800 μg/ml. Data diambil dengan metode MTTassay dan hasilnya berupa nilai optical density. Setelah inkubasi 48 jammenggunakan ekstrak etanol kulit buah manggis, hasil persamaan garis diketahuiIC50 nya adalah 5,41 μg/ml. Analisis statistik dengan Kruskal Wallis menghasilkanadanya perbedaan efek sitotoksik pada konsentrasi yang berbeda . Uji Post Hocdidapatkan perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok kontrol dan kelompok perlakuan6,25 μg/ml dengan kelompok perlakuan lain.;Multiple myeloma disease has small incidence, namely 0,8% in the world and 0,6%in Southeast Asia of all cancer cases. However, the diasease occurs in asymptomaticthat so difficult to be diagnosed, can not be cured, and affects many organs. Themangosteen pericarp which rarely used evidently contain xanthone (polifenolat)compound which have anticancer activity. Research in in vitro manner using celllines p3x63ag8 to discover the presence of cytotoxicity effect of mangosteenpericarp ethanol extract and the IC50. Cells was divided into 9 groups, 1 controlgroup and 8 treatment groups (consentrations: 6,25 μg/ml, 12,5 μg/ml, 25 μg/ml,50 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml, 200 μg/ml, 400 μg/ml, and 800 μg/ml). Data taken by MTTassay method and the result is optical density value. After 48-hours incubationperiod and the result in line equation, found that IC50 was 5.41 ug / ml. Statisticalanalysis with Kruskal Wallis declared differences in the cytotoxic effects ofdifferent concentrations.Post Hoc test found significant difference beetwen thecontrol group and the treatment group of 6.25 ug / ml just than other groups;Multiple myeloma disease has small incidence, namely 0,8% in the world and 0,6%in Southeast Asia of all cancer cases. However, the diasease occurs in asymptomaticthat so difficult to be diagnosed, can not be cured, and affects many organs. Themangosteen pericarp which rarely used evidently contain xanthone (polifenolat)compound which have anticancer activity. Research in in vitro manner using celllines p3x63ag8 to discover the presence of cytotoxicity effect of mangosteenpericarp ethanol extract and the IC50. Cells was divided into 9 groups, 1 controlgroup and 8 treatment groups (consentrations: 6,25 μg/ml, 12,5 μg/ml, 25 μg/ml,50 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml, 200 μg/ml, 400 μg/ml, and 800 μg/ml). Data taken by MTTassay method and the result is optical density value. After 48-hours incubationperiod and the result in line equation, found that IC50 was 5.41 ug / ml. Statisticalanalysis with Kruskal Wallis declared differences in the cytotoxic effects ofdifferent concentrations.Post Hoc test found significant difference beetwen thecontrol group and the treatment group of 6.25 ug / ml just than other groups, Multiple myeloma disease has small incidence, namely 0,8% in the world and 0,6%in Southeast Asia of all cancer cases. However, the diasease occurs in asymptomaticthat so difficult to be diagnosed, can not be cured, and affects many organs. Themangosteen pericarp which rarely used evidently contain xanthone (polifenolat)compound which have anticancer activity. Research in in vitro manner using celllines p3x63ag8 to discover the presence of cytotoxicity effect of mangosteenpericarp ethanol extract and the IC50. Cells was divided into 9 groups, 1 controlgroup and 8 treatment groups (consentrations: 6,25 μg/ml, 12,5 μg/ml, 25 μg/ml,50 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml, 200 μg/ml, 400 μg/ml, and 800 μg/ml). Data taken by MTTassay method and the result is optical density value. After 48-hours incubationperiod and the result in line equation, found that IC50 was 5.41 ug / ml. Statisticalanalysis with Kruskal Wallis declared differences in the cytotoxic effects ofdifferent concentrations.Post Hoc test found significant difference beetwen thecontrol group and the treatment group of 6.25 ug / ml just than other groups]"

"Kanker terutama kanker payudara merupakan penyakit mematikan nomor satu pada wanita di Indonesia. Sejauh ini masih sedikit infomasi mengenai baham alam yang dapat digunakan sebagai pengobatan kanker khususnya kanker payudara. Blumeodendron toksbraii merupakan tanaman berkayu dari keluarga Euphorbiaceae yang dapat ditemui di Kalimantan. Tanaman tersebut diketahui mengandung alkaloid, terpenoid, steroid dan glikosida setelah dilakukan penapisan fitokimia pada tanaman tersebut. Saat ini belum ada penelitian mengenai kandungan senyawa yang tedapat pada tanaman tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengisolasi dan identifikasi senyawa yang terdapat pada tanaman tersebut, serta rmenguji efek sitotoksisitas secara in vitro dari senyawa tersebut. Proses ekstraksi serbuk kulit batang dilakukkan dengan cara maserasi dengan kepolaran bertingkat. Ekstrak yang diperoleh diuji aktivitas antioksidan dan sitotoksik untuk mencari ekstrak yang paling aktif. Hasil uji antioksidan pada ekstrak heksan, diklorometan, dan methanol menunjukkan nilai IC50 secara berturut turut yaitu sebesar 88,33 μg/mL, 74,54 μg/mL, dan 94 μg/mL, serta uji sitotoksik sebesar 121,24 μg/mL, 55 μg/mL,dan 70,71 μg/mL. Ekstrak teraktif diklorometan difraksinasi dengan kromatografi kolom sehingga didapatkan dua isolate, dimana isolat satu merupakan campuran dari dua senyawa, yaitu β-sitosterol, asam 3,4-dihidrobenzoat, dan isolat kedua merupakan campuran dan diduga merupakan paeonilatone-A. Kedua isolat tersebut diuji aktifitas terhadap sitotoksik pada sel kanker MCF-7. Hasil uji sitotoksik terhadap MCF-7 memperoleh nilai IC50 pada masing masing isolat 1 dan 2 sebesar 71 μg/mL, dan 135 μg/mL. Dari data tersebut menyatakan bahwa isolat 1 lebih aktif. Berdasarkan data tersebut, disimpulkan bahwa senyawa 1 lebih aktif, mungkin dikarenakan adanya senyawa fenol yaitu 3,4-dihidroxy benzoat.

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Cancer, especially breast cancer, is the number one deadly disease for women in Indonesia. So far there has been little information about natural drugs that can be used to treat cancer, especially breast cancer. Blumeodendron toxbraii is a woody plant of the Euphorbiaceae family that can be found in Kalimantan. The plant has been known to contain alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids and glycosides. Currently there has been no research on the compound contents found in these plants. The aim of this research is to isolate and identify the compounds contained in these plants, and to test the cytotoxicity effects of these compounds in vitro. The process of extracting bark powder is done by maceration with different polarities. The extract obtained was tested for antioxidant and cytotoxic activity to find the most active extract. The results of antioxidant tests on hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol extracts showed IC50 values of 88,33 μg/mL, 74,54 μg/mL, and 94,1 μg/mL, and cytotoxic test showed 121,24 μg/mL, 55 μg/mL, and 70,71 μg/mL respectively. The most active extract of dichloromethane was fractionated by column chromatography to obtain two isolates, where the first isolate was a mixture of two compounds, namely β-sitosterol, 3,4-dihydrobenzoic acid, and the second isolate was a mixture and suspected to be paeonilatone-A. Both isolates were tested for cytotoxic activity in MCF-7 cancer cells. The cytotoxic test results of MCF-7 obtained IC50 values in isolates 1 and 2 respectively 71 μg/mL, and 135 μg/mL. From these data it was stated that isolate 1 was more active. Based on these data, it was concluded that compound 1 was more active, possibly due to the presence of a phenolic compound, namely 3,4-dihydroxy benzoate."

"Pendahuluan. Kanker payudara merupakan jenis kanker terbanyak ke-3 di dunia dan menjadi kanker yang paling sering menyerang wanita. Terapi farmakologis kanker payudara saat ini masih sangat minim dan dibutuhkan temuan baru untuk menjadi alternatif dalam terapi kanker payudara. Tanaman temu kunci (Kaempferia pandurata) adalah tanaman endemis di Asia yang diketahui memiliki berbagai aktivitas biologis, salah satunya sebagai antikanker dengan komponen bioaktif terbesarnya, yaitu pinostrobin. Hal ini mendorong peneliti untuk menguji aktivitas antikanker pinostrobin beserta sediaan nanopartikelnya terhadap sel kanker payudara.Hasil. Uji TEM dan UV-Vis pada nanopartikel pinostrobin menunjukkan ukuran nanopartikel dibawah 200 nm dengan nilai yield sebesar 99,43% sehingga kualitas nanopartikel pinostrobin cukup ideal untuk digunakan sebagai obat. Uji MTT menunjukkan isolat pinostrobin dan sediaan nanopartikelnya memiliki aktivitas antikanker yang baik. Hasil uji sediaan nanopartikel menunjukkan aktivitas antikanker yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan isolatnya, sementara kedua sediaan menunjukkan aktivitas antikanker yang lebih baik pada sel MDAMB-231 dibandingkan sel MCF-7. Seluruh hasil uji memperlihatkan aktivitas antikanker yang cukup baik dengan nilai IC50 < 100 μg/mL.Kesimpulan. Sediaan nanopartikel pinostrobin berhasil dibuat dengan ukuran dan nilai yield yang baik. Aktivitas antikanker nanopartikel pinostrobin lebih baik dibandingkan isolat pinostrobin, sementara aktivitas antikanker pada sel MDAMB-231 lebih baik dibanding MCF-7 pada kedua sediaan. Pinostrobin dan sediaan nanopartikelnya dapat digunakan sebagai obat yang potensial terhadap kanker payudaraPendahuluan. Kanker payudara merupakan jenis kanker terbanyak ke-3 di dunia dan menjadi kanker yang paling sering menyerang wanita. Terapi farmakologis kanker payudara saat ini masih sangat minim dan dibutuhkan temuan baru untuk menjadi alternatif dalam terapi kanker payudara. Tanaman temu kunci (Kaempferia pandurata) adalah tanaman endemis di Asia yang diketahui memiliki berbagai aktivitas biologis, salah satunya sebagai antikanker dengan komponen bioaktif terbesarnya, yaitu pinostrobin. Hal ini mendorong peneliti untuk menguji aktivitas antikanker pinostrobin beserta sediaan nanopartikelnya terhadap sel kanker payudara.

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Introduction. Breast cancer has become a major issue across the world, being the 3rd most common cancer in the world and the most common cancer on women. Pharmacological therapies of breast cancer are still minimal, therefore, a need for new alternative drug for breast cancer is needed. Kaempferia pandurata is an endemic plant in Asia which is known for its biological activity, of which is anticancer activity with its most abundant bioactive compound, pinostrobin. This research is conducted to analyze the anticancer activity of pinostrobin and its nanoparticle to breast cancer cell.

Method. The rhizome of Kaempferia pandurata is dried and extracted using maseration with n-Hexane solvent. The extract then isolated using the recristalization method in methanol solvent to produce pinostrobin crystal. Pinostrobin is manufactured into nanoparticle using chitosan and sodium alginate polymer, which then analyzed using TEM and UV-Vis test. The pinostrobin and its nanoparticle counterpart is tested in MTT assay to show its inhibitory activity. The test is expressed with inhibition percentage and IC50 value.

Results. TEM and UV-Vis test to nanoparticle of pinostrobin showed the nanoparticle’s dimension of <200 nm with yield of 99.43%, an ideal quality as a drug delivery carrier. MTT assay showed good anticancer activity from both pinostrobin and its nanoparticle. Better activity is shown by MDAMB-231 cell line, while nanoparticle of pinostrobin showed better IC50 value. The test showed good anticancer activity with IC50 value of <100 μg/mL.

Conclusion. Nanoparticle of pinostrobin has been manufactured with decent yield and dimension. Better anticancer activity is shown in pinostrobin nanoparticle while anticancer activity of MDAMB-231 cell is superior than MCF-7 cell for both samples. Pinostrobin can be considered as potential drug for breast cancer."

"[Buah manggis (Garcinia mangostana Linn) merupakan salah satu buah tropis dari Asia Tenggara seperti Indonesia dan kulitnya biasanya digunakan sebagai obat tradisional untuk mengatasi inflamasi dan mikroorganisme. Selain itu, kulit buah manggis juga diperkirakan dapat digunakan sebagai antikanker. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh ekstrak etanol kulit buah manggis terhadap viabilitas sel Raji secara in vitro melalui uji sitotoksisitas. Ekstrak etanol kulit buah manggis didapatkan melalui proses maserasi dan evaporasi dengan rotary evaporator. Ekstrak dibagi menjadi beberapa konsentrasi, yaitu 6,25 μg/ml, 12,5 μg/ml, 25 μg/ml, 50 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml, 200 μg/ml, 400 μg/ml, dan 800 μg/ml, kemudian diujikan ke sel Raji dan diinkubasi selama 48 jam. Uji sitotoksisitas yang digunakan adalah metode MTT-assay. Sifat sitotoksisitas ekstrak tersebut ditentukan oleh nilai IC50, lalu uji kemaknaan yang digunakan adalah Kruskal-Wallis. Hasil analisis menunjukkan nilai IC50 sebesar 3,07 μg/ml (p = 0,02). Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah ekstrak etanol kulit buah manggis bersifat sitotoksik kuat terhadap viabilitas sel Raji dan ditemukan adanya perbedaan bermakna antar kelompok. Hasil uji Post Hoc memperlihatkan terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok kontrol dan kelompok perlakuan dengan konsentrasi 6,25 μg/ml dengan kelompok perlakuan lain.;Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn) is one of tropical fruit from south east Asia such as Indonesia and its pericarp usually used as traditional medicine for anti-inflammatory and anti-microorganism. Mangosteen pericarp is also expected can be used as anticancer. The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro cytotoxicity of mangosteen pericarp ethanol extract on viability of Raji cells. The extract was obtained by maceration and evaporation process with rotary evaporator. The extract was divided into several concentration, such as 6.25 μg/ml, 12.5 μg/ml, 25 μg/ml, 50 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml, 200 μg/ml, 400 μg/ml, and 800 μg/ml, then it was tested with Raji cells and incubated during 48 hours. The cytotoxic effect against Raji cells is evaluated by MTT-assay. The cytotoxicity level of the extract is determined by IC50 value, then the significance test is used Kruskal-Wallis. The result of analysis showed that IC50 value was 3.07 μg/ml (p = 0.02). The conclusion of this research were the mangosteen pericarp ethanol extract has high cytotoxicity for viability Raji cells and there was a significant difference between groups. Post Hoc test result showed there were significant difference between control and 6.25 μg/ml group which compared with other groups;Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn) is one of tropical fruit from south east Asia such as Indonesia and its pericarp usually used as traditional medicine for anti-inflammatory and anti-microorganism. Mangosteen pericarp is also expected can be used as anticancer. The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro cytotoxicity of mangosteen pericarp ethanol extract on viability of Raji cells. The extract was obtained by maceration and evaporation process with rotary evaporator. The extract was divided into several concentration, such as 6.25 μg/ml, 12.5 μg/ml, 25 μg/ml, 50 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml, 200 μg/ml, 400 μg/ml, and 800 μg/ml, then it was tested with Raji cells and incubated during 48 hours. The cytotoxic effect against Raji cells is evaluated by MTT-assay. The cytotoxicity level of the extract is determined by IC50 value, then the significance test is used Kruskal-Wallis. The result of analysis showed that IC50 value was 3.07 μg/ml (p = 0.02). The conclusion of this research were the mangosteen pericarp ethanol extract has high cytotoxicity for viability Raji cells and there was a significant difference between groups. Post Hoc test result showed there were significant difference between control and 6.25 μg/ml group which compared with other groups, Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn) is one of tropical fruit from south east Asia such as Indonesia and its pericarp usually used as traditional medicine for anti-inflammatory and anti-microorganism. Mangosteen pericarp is also expected can be used as anticancer. The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro cytotoxicity of mangosteen pericarp ethanol extract on viability of Raji cells. The extract was obtained by maceration and evaporation process with rotary evaporator. The extract was divided into several concentration, such as 6.25 μg/ml, 12.5 μg/ml, 25 μg/ml, 50 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml, 200 μg/ml, 400 μg/ml, and 800 μg/ml, then it was tested with Raji cells and incubated during 48 hours. The cytotoxic effect against Raji cells is evaluated by MTT-assay. The cytotoxicity level of the extract is determined by IC50 value, then the significance test is used Kruskal-Wallis. The result of analysis showed that IC50 value was 3.07 μg/ml (p = 0.02). The conclusion of this research were the mangosteen pericarp ethanol extract has high cytotoxicity for viability Raji cells and there was a significant difference between groups. Post Hoc test result showed there were significant difference between control and 6.25 μg/ml group which compared with other groups]"

"Kanker serviks adalah salah satu kanker yang menjadi penyebab kematian tersering pada perempuan di seluruh dunia. Terapi yang menjadi pilihan dalam dunia kedokteran adalah bedah, kemoterapi, dan/atau radioterapi. Akan tetapi, muncul masalah yang diakibatkan oleh efek samping yang besar akibat dari pengobatan kanker serviks tersebut. Ekstrak etanol 96% daun kumis kucing (EEKK) dan ekstrak etil asetat daun kumis kucing (EAKK) memiliki potensi sebagai alternatif pengobatan kanker serviks karena memiliki efek samping yang relatif kecil dibandingkan pengobatan konvensional. Penelitian ini terdiri atas uji kualitatif serta kuantitatif. Uji kualitatif yang dilakukan adalah fitokimia dan kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT) untuk mengetahui kandungan yang ada di ekstrak daun kumis kucing. Uji kualitatif meliputi uji MTT assay menggunakan 8 dosis dari setiap kelompok EEKK dan EAKK terhadap sel HeLa. Hasil fitokimia yang diperoleh adalah diidentifikasinya senyawa flavonoid, tanin, glikosida, alkaloid, dan steroid pada EEKK dan EAKK. Hasil MTT assay menunjukkan nilai IC₅₀ untuk EEKK dan EAKK sebesar 10,557 µg/mL dan 8,577 µg/mL, berturut-turut. Perbedaan yang bermakna antar varian konsentrasi ditemui pada masing-masing ekstrak (p≤0.05).

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Cervical cancer is one of the most common causes of death among women worldwide. Therapies that become an option in medicine are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiotherapy. However, many problems arise due to the large side effects resulting from the treatment of cervical cancer. 96% ethanolic extract of cat whiskers (EECW) and ethyl acetate extract of cat whiskers (EACW) leaves has potential as an alternative treatment for cervical cancer because it has relatively small side effects compared to conventional treatment. for cervical cancer. This study consists of qualitative and quantitative tests. Qualitative tests carried out were phytochemicals and thin layer chromatography (TLC) to determine the content in cat leaf mustache extract. Qualitative tests included MTT assay testing using 8 doses of each EECW and EACW group against HeLa cells. Phytochemical results obtained were identified flavonoid compounds, tannins, glycosides, alkaloids, and steroids in EECW and EACW. MTT assay results showed IC50 values for EECW and EACW were 10,557 ug/mL and 8,577 ug/mL, respectively. Significant differences between concentration variants were found in each extract (p≤0.05)."

"Sitronelol dan geraniol dilaporkan mempunyai aktivitas antibakteri,antiinflamasi dan sitotoksik terhadap beberapa sel kanker. Hasil uji sitotoksiksitronelol dan geraniol terhadap sel kanker murine leukimia P388 menunjukkanbahwa, sitronelol dan geraniol mempunyai aktivitas sitotoksik terhadap sel kankertersebut. Untuk meningkatkan aktivitas sitotoksik, kedua senyawa tersebut dirancangmenjadi sejumlah senyawa ester dan diskrining virtual terhadap reseptor proteinproviral insertion site in Moloney murine leukemia virus-1 Pim1 kinase denganperangkat lunak Molegro Virtual Docker MVD . Hasil skrining virtual menunjukkanbahwa senyawa ester hasil rancangan mempunyai potensi sebagai antikanker dandisintesis 8 senyawa ester terpilih yaitu sitronelil kaproat, geranil kaproat, sitronelilisobutirat, geranil isobutirat, sitronelil 2,2-dimetil butirat, geranil 2,2-dimetil butirat,sitronelil kaprilat dan geranil kaprilat. Senyawa ester hasil sintesis dianalisis awalmenggunakan KLT, dimurnikan menggunakan kolom kromatografi, dielusidasistrukturnya menggunakan FTIR dan NMR serta dianalisis spektro massanyamenggunakan GCMS. Analisis toksisitas senyawa ester hasil sintesis dengan metodeBSLT menunjukkan bahwa, ester sitronelol dan geraniol hasil sintesis toksik terhadaplarva udang Artemia salina dengan nilai LC50 1,21-1,96 ?g/mL, sehingga berpotensisebagai senyawa antikanker. Hasil uji aktivitas sitotoksik terhadap sel murineleukimia P388 secara in vitro dengan metode MTT menunjukkan bahwa, estersitronelol dan geraniol hasil sintesis sitotoksik terhadap P388 dengan nilai IC50 10,63-37,69 ?g/mL. Aktivitas sitotoksik ester sitronelil kaproat yang disintesis dari asamkaproat minyak inti sawit sekitar 4 kali lebih kuat daripada sitronelol. Senyawa yangaktivitas sitotoksiknya lebih tinggi daripada senyawa induk, selanjutnya diujisitotoksik terhadap sel kanker payudara MCF7 dengan metode alamar blue. Hasil ujisitotoksik ini menunjukkan bahwa senyawa ester sitronelil isobutirat, sitronelil 2,2-dimetil butirat, geranil isobutirat dan geranil 2,2-dimetil butirat sitotoksik terhadapMCF7 dengan nilai IC50 1,32-4,83 ?g/mL. Hidrofobisitas log P senyawaberpengaruh terhadap aktivitas sitotoksik.

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Citronellol and geraniol have been reported as an antibacterial, anti inflammatory andcytotoxic against some cancer cells. The cytotoxic test result both of citronellol andgeraniol against murine leukemia P388 cancer cells showed that citronellol andgeraniol have cytotoxic activity against the cancer cells. To enhance the cytotoxicactivity both of the compounds, the compounds were designed into a number of estercompounds and virtual screened against the target receptor of proviral insertion sitein Moloney murine leukemia virus 1 Pim1 kinase using Molegro Virtual Docker MVD software. The virtual screening result showed that citronellol and geraniolesters have potential as anticancer and 8 ester compounds selected that are citronellylcaproate, geranyl caproate, citronellyl isobutyrate, geranyl isobutyrate, citronellyl2,2 dimethyl butyrate, geranyl 2,2 dimethyl butyrate, citronellyl caprylate and geranilcaprylate further synthesized. The synthesized ester compounds were preliminaryanalyzed by TLC, purified by column chromatography, elucidated the molecularstructure using FTIR and NMR and analyzed the mass spectra using GCMS. Toxicityanalysis of ester compounds by BSLT method showed that, citronellol and geraniolesters toxic against Artemia salina Leach shrimp larvae with LC50 values of 1.21 1.96mg mL, thereby potentially as anticancer compound. The result of in vitro cytotoxicactivity of esters against murine leukemia P388 cancer cells by MTT method showedthat, citronellol and geraniol esters cytotoxic against P388 cancer cells with IC50values of 10.63 37.69 g mL. The cytotoxic activity of citronellyl caproate thatsynthesized from caproic acid of palm kernel oil was about 4 more active thancitronellol. Ester compounds that have higher cytotoxic activity than startingcompound, then were tested for cytotoxic activity against breast MCF7 cancer cellsby alamar blue method, The result showed that citronellyl isobutyrate, citronellyl 2,2 dimethyl butyrate, geranyl isobutyrate and geranyl 2,2 dimethyl butyrate activeagainst MCF7 cancer cells with IC50 values of 1.32 4.83 g mL. Hydrophobicity logP of ester compounds effect on the cytotoxic activity."

"[Kanker merupakan salah satu penyebab kematian utama di dunia, termasuk Indonesia. Berbagai penelitian dilakukan untuk mencari alternatif terapi kanker. Kulit manggis dipercaya mempunyai kandungan senyawa yang bersifat sitotoksik terhadap sel kanker. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek sitotoksisitas ekstrak etanol kulit manggis terhadap sel limfoma Hodgkin. Ekstrak yang digunakan berasal dari proses ekstraksi kulit manggis dengan pelarut etanol menggunakan Vaccum Rotary Evaporator pada tekanan 1 atm dengan suhu 60o C. Ekstrak kulit manggis diberikan dalam 8 konsentrasi berbeda yaitu 6,25 μg/ml, 12,5 μg/ml, 25 μg/ml, 50 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml, 200 μg/ml, 400 μg/ml, dan 800 μg/ml. Sitotoksisitas dinilai dengan uji MTT-assay untuk mendapat nilai IC50. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol kulit manggis mempunyai efek sitotoksik terhadap sel limfoma Hodgkin dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 5.6 μg/ml. Uji kemaknaan menggunakan uji Kruskal-Wallis menunjukkan nilai p = 0.008 (p ≤ 0.05). Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini yaitu ekstrak etanol kulit manggis mempunyai efek sitotoksik kuat terhadap sel Limfoma Hodgkin.;Cancer is one of the leading cause of death in the world, including Indonesia. Various studies have been done to seek alternative cancer therapy. Mangosteen pericarp is believed to have substance that are cytotoxic to cancer cells. The purpose of this study is to determine the in vitro cytotoxicity of mangosteen pericarp ethanol extract on Hodgkin Lymphoma cells. The extract used in this study is obtained from the mangosteen pericarp extraction using Vacuum Rotary Evaporator at a pressure of 1 atm and temperature of 60o C. Mangosteen pericarp extract is given in eight different concentration of 6.25 ug / ml, 12.5 pg / ml, 25 mg / ml, 50 pg / ml, 100 pg / ml, 200 mg / mL, 400 mg / ml, and 800 ug / ml. Cytotoxicity was assessed using MTT-assay test to obtain IC50 values. The results showed that ethanol extract of mangosteen pericarp has a cytotoxic effect on Hodgkin lymphoma cells with IC50 value of 5.6 ug / ml. The data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test and had a p value of 0.008 (p ≤ 0.05). The conclusion of this study is that ethanol extract of mangosteen pericarp has a strong cytotoxic effect on Hodgkin lymphoma cells, Cancer is one of the leading cause of death in the world, including Indonesia. Various studies have been done to seek alternative cancer therapy. Mangosteen pericarp is believed to have substance that are cytotoxic to cancer cells. The purpose of this study is to determine the in vitro cytotoxicity of mangosteen pericarp ethanol extract on Hodgkin Lymphoma cells. The extract used in this study is obtained from the mangosteen pericarp extraction using Vacuum Rotary Evaporator at a pressure of 1 atm and temperature of 60o C. Mangosteen pericarp extract is given in eight different concentration of 6.25 ug / ml, 12.5 pg / ml, 25 mg / ml, 50 pg / ml, 100 pg / ml, 200 mg / mL, 400 mg / ml, and 800 ug / ml. Cytotoxicity was assessed using MTT-assay test to obtain IC50 values. The results showed that ethanol extract of mangosteen pericarp has a cytotoxic effect on Hodgkin lymphoma cells with IC50 value of 5.6 ug / ml. The data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test and had a p value of 0.008 (p ≤ 0.05). The conclusion of this study is that ethanol extract of mangosteen pericarp has a strong cytotoxic effect on Hodgkin lymphoma cells]"

"Indonesia merupakan negara biodiversitas tinggi yang memiliki 7.000 dari 30.000 jenis tumbuhan yang dapat digunakan sebagai obat tradisional. Salah satunya tanaman bajakah tampala (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk.) yang mengandung berbagai senyawa antioksidan sehingga diperkirakan dapat mengakibatkan kematian pada sel kanker. Beberapa studi menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak bajakah tampala dapat mengakibatkan apoptosis pada sel T47D kanker payudara selama 24 jam. Namun, penelitian terkait uji sitotoksisitas ekstrak bajakah tampala terhadap sel kanker payudara MCF-7 belum ditemukan sehingga penelitian ini perlu dilakukan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk menemukan konsentrasi optimal ekstrak bajakah tampala yang dapat menghambat 50% proliferasi sel. serta mengetahui efek sitotoksisitas ekstrak bajakah tampala. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan sel MCF-7 dan batang bajakah tampala yang diekstraksi dengan metode maserasi menggunakan etanol 96%. Selanjutnya, dilakukan uji MTT dan flow cytometry. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ekstrak etanol bajakah tampala memiliki nilai IC50 sebesar 104 ppm dan menghasilkan efek sitotoksisitas yang dapat menyebabkan apoptosis pada sel MCF-7. Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak bajakah tampala dengan pelarut etanol 96% tergolong dalam kelompok senyawa yang bersifat kurang aktif sebagai antikanker.

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Indonesia is a high biodiversity country with 7,000 of 30,000 plant species that can be used as traditional medicine. One of them is the bajakah tampala plant (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk.) which contains various antioxidant compounds that are assumed can cure cancer. Further studies revealed that bajakah tampala extract can induce apoptosis in T47D breast cancer cell lines. However, studies related to the cytotoxicity test of bajakah tampala extract on MCF-7 breast cancer cells have not been discovered. Hence, it is necessary to analyze the cytotoxicity effect of bajakah tampala extract on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. This study aimed to find the optimal concentration of bajakah tampala extracts that can inhibit 50% of cell proliferation and to know the cytotoxicity effect of bajakah tampala extract. This research used MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines and bajakah tampala stems. The stems were extracted by maceration method using 96% ethanol. These research methods are viability tests with MTT reagents and anti-cancer activity tests using flow cytometry. The results showed that the ethanol extract of bajakah tampala has an IC50 value of 104 ppm and can induce an apoptosis effect in MCF-7 cells. This study concludes that the anti-cancer activity of bajakah tampala extract is weak against MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines."

"ABSTRACTKanker serviks dan payudara adalah dua jenis kanker terjadi pada wanita dan termasuk yang paling mematikan. Menurut Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, kanker serviks dan payudara terjadi cukup banyak di Indonesia, yaitu dengan angka 0,8 dari seluruh jenis kanker. Terapi yang menarget sel kanker secara spesifik sangat diperlukan. Penelitian ini mengeksplor efek propolis Indonesia dari lebah Tetragonula biroi terhadap sel kanker serviks HeLa dan payudara MCF-7. Ekstrak etanol propolis didapatkan dari propolis padatan dan karang. Sebanyak 250 ppm ekstrak propolis ditambahkan kepada sel kanker untuk analisis. Aktivitas anti kanker propolis diuji menggunakan metode MTT Assay, kemudian didapatkan nilai persentase inhibisi pertumbuhan sel kanker. Ekstrak propolis tersebut juga dianalisis dengan sistem LC-MS/MS untuk mengidentifikasi komponen antikanker yang ada, serta dengan Spektrofotometer UV-Vis untuk kuantifikasi flavonoid dan polifenol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa propolis karang memiliki efek sitotoksik yang lebih tinggi dengan persentase inhibisi sebesar 92,42 untuk MCF-7 dan 86,81 untuk HeLa, sedangkan propolis padatan menginhibisi pertumbuhan MCF-7 dan HeLa sebesar 87,60 dan 77,27. Pada kedua jenis propolis dapat ditemukan senyawa antikanker dari golongan flavonoid, fenol, sesquiterpene, dan steroid. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa propolis memiliki potensial untuk terapi antikanker, namun masih harus dilaksanakan penelitian lanjutan.

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ABSTRACTCervical and breast cancer are some of the deadliest forms of cancer that may occur in women. According to the Indonesian Ministry of Health, cervical and breast cancer makes up 0,8 of all cancer cases in Indonesia. A form of therapy that specifically targets cancer cells has been a hot topic in novel researches. This research explores the effect of propolis from Indonesian bee Tetragonula biroi on human cancer cell lines HeLa and MCF 7. Ethanolic extract of the Propolis was obtained from raw propolis. 250 ppm of the samples were added to the cell lines. Subsequently, propolis rsquo activity in inhibiting cell growth was analyzed using the MTT Assay method. The inhibition percentage was then obtained. The propolis extracts were also analyzed by LC MS MS to identify anticancer components that exist, also with Spectrophotometer UV Vis to identify the amount of flavonoids and polifenols present in the extract. The results show that rough propolis has the higher cytotoxic effect with inhibition percentages of 92.42 for MCF 7 and 86.81 for HeLa cells, while smooth propolis inhibits MCF 7 growth by 87.60 and HeLa by 77.27. Anticancer components were also found in both types of propolis in forms of phenols, flavonoids, sesquiterphenes, and steroids. It may be concluded in this study that while propolis has potential as an anticancer agent, future research is still very much needed."