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"Latar Belakang: Petani sawit seringkali terpajan dengan berbagai macam polusi berupa debu dari pupuk dan pajanan pestisida.Pestisida yang paling sering digunakan adalah organofosfat (OP) dan insektisida karbamat (34%). Tingkat kejadian penyakit pernapasan yang berhubungan dengan pestisida di tempat kerja sebesar 1,17 per 100.000 penuh waktu pekerja setara (FTEs).Tujuan: Menilai faalparu dan kadar kolinesterse serum padapetani sawit di Kuantan Singingi, Propinsi Riau.Metode: Penelitian cross sectional pada petani sawit di Kuantan Singingi, Propinsi Riau  bulan Agustus 2018. Sampel diambil dengan teknik cluster sampling. Variabel yang dinilai adalah karakteristik sosiodemografik, klinis, spirometri dan serum kolinesterase. Analisis data menggunakan program SPSS 20.0 dengan hasil dinyatakan berbeda bermakna bila p<0,05.Hasil: Didapatkan 116 subjek penelitian dengan rerata usia 34,5±8 tahun, berjenis kelamin perempuan (87,1%), tingkat pendidikan terakhir SD (59,5%), tidak merokok (89,7%), dan masa kerja >2 tahun (84,5%). Indeks Massa Tubuh median 24,5 Kg/m² (16,85 – 44,44 Kg/m²) dan rerata kolinesterase serum 8,1±1,5 kU/L. Hasil spirometri menunjukkan kelainan restrikif pada 21,6% dan obstruktif pada 0,9% subjek penelitian. Hasil analisis menunjukkan terdapat  hubungan antara lama pajanan (p=0,035) dengan kelainan faal paru. Analisis korelatif antara lama masa kerja dengan KVP (r_s=-0,205; p=0,027), VEP₁ (r_s=-0,235; p=0,011) dan VEP₁/KVP (r_s=-0,234; p=0,011).Kesimpulan: Rerata kolinesterase serum petani sawit di Kabupaten Singingi, Propinsi Riau sebesar 8,1±1,5 kU/L dan terdapat hubungan antara lama pajanan pestisida dengan kelainan faal paru.

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Background: Palm oil farmers are in risk to be exposed to various kinds of pollution, pesticide and fertilizer. Organophosphate (OP) and carbamate 34% insecticidesare the common pesticides used in palm oil farms. The incidence rate of pesticide-related respiratory diseases at work is 1.17 per 100.000 full-time equivalent workers (FTEs).This studyaims to characterize lung function and serum cholinesterase levels of palm oil farmers in Kuantan Singingi Regency, Riau, Indonesia.Methods: This cross-sectional study involved oil palm farmers in the study location on August 2018 by cluster sampling design. Sociodemographic, clinical, spirometry and serum cholinesterase level characteristics were observed and statistically analyzed.Results: The study involved 116 subjects with mean age of 34.5±8 y.owhich predominated by females (87.1%), elementary school degrees (59.5%), non-smokers (89.7%) and workers with working period >2 years (84.5%). Mean body mass index was 24.5kg/m² (16.85–44.44 Kg/m²) and mean serum cholinesterase was 8.1±1.5kU/L. Spirometric examination showed restrictive (21.6%) and obstructive (0.9%) lung function. There was a significant correlation between length of working period and FVC (r=-0.205; p=0.027), VEP₁ (r=-0.235; p=0.011) and VEP₁/FVC (r=-0.234; p=0.011). There was no significant difference of serum cholinesterase level between abnormal lung function groups (p> 0.05).Conclusions: The mean serum cholinesterase of palm oil farmers was 8.1±1.5kU/L. The study showed there wascorrelation between the duration of exposure to pesticides and lung function abnormalities."

"Latar belakang: Stasiun pengisian bahan bakar umum SPBU semakin banyak didirikan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan bensin kendaraan bermotor yang semakin meningkat. Petugas SPBU merupakan profesi yang memiliki risiko tinggi terpajan oleh polutan berbahaya yang berasal dari emisi gas buang kendaraan bermotor dan uap bensin terutama saat melakukan pengisian bensin. Kombinasi pajanan gas buang kendaraan dan uap bensin ini diduga berperan terhadap penurunan faal paru. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian potong lintang yang dilakukan di SPBU wilayah Jakarta Pusat dan Utara pada bulan Agustus 2017-Februari 2018. Sebanyak 97 petugas SPBU diambil pada penelitian ini menggunakan teknik consecutive sampling. Subjek penelitian tersebut mengikuti wawancara dengan kuisioner, pemeriksaan spirometri dan foto toraks. Pengukuran kadar sulfur dioksida SO2 , nitrogen dioksida NO2 , karbonmonoksida CO , ozon O3 , particulate matter 2,5 PM 2,5 dan uap bensin benzene dilakukan di lokasi penelitian. Hasil: Pada penelitian ini didapatkan hasil spirometri normal pada 56,7 subjek, kelainan berupa restriksi sebanyak 42,3 subjek, obstruksi pada 1 subjek dan tidak ada yang mengalami kelainan campuran restriksi dan obstruksi. Sebagian besar subjek 84,6 tidak mengalami keluhan respirasi, sebanyak 10,3 subjek mengalami batuk kering dan 5,1 subjek mengeluh batuk berdahak. Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna secara statistik antara arus puncak ekspirasi APE dengan masa kerja dengan nilai p 0,011 namun tidak didapatkan hubungan yang bermakna dengan parameter kapasitas vital paksa KVP , KVP, volume ekspirasi paksa pada detik pertama VEP1 , VEP1 dan rasio VEP1/KVP. Kesimpulan: Prevalens kelainan faal paru petugas SPBU pada penelitian ini sebesar 43,3 dan keluhan respirasi pada 15,4 subjek. Diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut secara kohort mengenai faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi faal paru pada petugas SPBU.

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Background: To satisfy growing needs of petrol consumption in big city many new petrol stations has been built. Petrol station attendant is considered to have high risk exposure to dangerous pollutant from motor vehicle emission and petrol fumes, especially while filling up petrol tanks. Combination of those exhaust and petrol fumes is suspected to cause the reduction of lung function.

Methods: This research is a cross sectional study done in petrol station in Central Jakarta and North Jakarta region between August 2017 and February 2018. A total of 97 petrol station attendants were taken in this research using consecutive sampling technique. The subjects were interviewed with questionnaires, spirometry and chest radiograph. Measurements of sulfur dioxide SO2 , nitrogen dioxide NO2 , carbon monoxide CO , ozone O3 , particulate matter 2,5 PM 2,5 and steam gasoline benzene concentrations were performed at the study sites.

Results: In this study, normal spirometry results in 56.7 of subjects, abnormalities in the form of restriction in 42.3 of subjects, obstruction in 1 of subjects and none of which experienced mixed disorders of restriction and obstruction. Most subjects 84.6 did not experience respiratory complaints, as many as 10.3 of subjects had a dry cough and 5.1 of subjects complained of cough with phlegm. There was a statistically significant association between peak expiratory flow and duration of work with a p value of 0.011 but no significant association with other parameters such as forced vital capacity FVC , FVC, forced expiratory volume in the first second FEV1 , FEV1 and the ratio of FEV1/FVC.

Conclusion: Prevalence of lung function abnormalities of petrol station attendant in this research is 43,3 and respiratory symptoms at 15,4 subject. Further cohort studies are needed on factors affecting lung function in gas station personnel."

"Latar belakang penelitian: Polisi lalu lintas merupakan profesi yang mempunyai risiko sangat besar untuk terpajan zat-zat polutan yang berasal dari asap kendaraan bermotor. Jenis polutan utama pada polusi udara di luar ruangan yaitu karbon monoksida, karbon dioksida, sulfur oksida, nitrogen oksida, volatile organic compounds (VOC) seperti hidrokarbon, particulate matter dan ozon yang akan memberikan efek berupa penurunan fungsi paru. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi faal paru polisi lalu lintas yang bekerja di wilayah Jakarta Timur. Metode penelitian : Penelitian ini merupakan bagian dari penelitian besar Wilayah Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang dan Bekasi (JABODETABEK). Penelitian dilakukan di wilayah Jakarta Timur bulan Oktober-Nopember 2012 dengan desain uji potong lintang. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan total sampling melalui kuesioner Pneumobile Project Indonesia, pemeriksaan spirometri, foto toraks PA dan pengukuran kadar CO ekspirasi dan semua subyek akan diminta untuk melakukan demonstrasi penggunaan alat pelindung diri. Hasil : Seratus tujuh puluh subjek ikut dalam penelitian ini, menunjukkan 83 orang (48,2%) berumur 41 ? 50 tahun dengan status gizi berat badan lebih 90 orang (52,9 %) , perokok aktif 91 orang (53,5 %) dan IB ringan 53 orang (31,2%). Dari Seratus tujuh puluh subjek, dengan masa tugas lebih dari 10 tahun tercatat sebanyak 132 orang (77,5%) dan 111 orang (65,3%) mempunyai kebiasaan pemakaian masker buruk, dengan photo torax normal sebanyak 163 orang (95,9%). Hasil statistk menunjukkan, penurunan nilai faal paru meliputi restriksi ringan sebesar 9,45% atau 16 orang dan obstruksi ringan sebanyak 8 orang (4,7%), serta campuran tercatat 2 orang (1,2%). Selain itu, dari keseseluruhan data yang didapat, 7 orang yang berumur 51-60 tahun dan 7 orang dengan status gizi berat lebih memiliki restriksi ringan. Dari hasil penelitian, didapatkan 11 orang dengan pemakaian masker buruk dan 12 orang subjek yang memiliki masa kerja lebih dari 10 tahun juga memiliki restriksi ringan, secara statistik ditemukan hubungan yang bermakna antara umur, indeks brikman terhadap faal paru (p<0.05). tapi tidak ditemukan hubungan yang bermakna antara status gizi, masa tugas, lama tugas, foto thoraks dan kebiasaan merokok serta pemakaian APD terhadap faal paru polisi lalu lintas (p>0.05). Kesimpulan : Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara faal paru dengan seluruh faktor yang diteliti.

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Background: Air pollution due to road traffic is a serious health hazard and thus the traffic policemen who are continuously exposed to pollutant, may be at an increased risk. Types of main pollutants in the outdoor air pollution will significantly influence lung function. This study determined the factors that affect pulmonary function of traffic policemen working in the area of East Jakarta.

Method: This study is a part of the major research in the areas of Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi (JABODETABEK). A cross sectional study was conducted among traffic policemen of East Jakarta Region in the period of October-November 2012. This study has assessed respiratory clinical symptoms using questionnaires of Pneumobile Project Indonesia, examined spirometry lung function, chest x-ray, and expiratory CO measurement.

Results: A total of 170 subjects were included in this study. Most of them aged 41 to 50 years (48.2%), were over weight (52.9%), active smokers (53.5%), had low Brinkman Index (31.2%), have worked more than 10 years (77.5%), did not use masker (65.3%), and had normal chest x ray (95.9%). Results of Spirometry examination showed mild restriction in 16 subjects (9.4%), mild obstruction in 8 subjects (4.7%) and mixed problems in 2 subjects (1.2%). This study showed that 11 policemen who did not use masker and 12 policemen with history of work more than 10 year had mild lung restriction. There are significant association between age, Brinkman Index with lung function (p<0.05), but no significant association was found between nutritional status, smoking history, working history, chest x-ray, use a masker with pulmonary function of traffic policemen (p>0.05).

Conclusion: This study showed that age and Brinkman Index significantly affected lung function, but there was no significant association found between lung function with nutritional status, history of smoking, working history, chest x-ray abnormalities, and use of masker among traffic policemen."

"Latar Belakang dan Tujuan: Penerbang bekerja di lingkungan ketinggian yang terpajan gaya G dan seiring peningkatan gaya Gz akan berbanding lurus dengan penurunan curah jantung dan oksigenasi otak hal ini akibat perubahan pertukaran gas di paru dalam kondisi hipergravitasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kapasitas difusi paru pada penerbang pesawat tempur serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Metode: Penelitian potong lintang yang dilaksanakan bulan Februari 2019 di Madiun dilakukan pada subjek laki-laki di instansi X Madiun. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 44 orang dipilih secara total sampling. Wawancara dilakukan untuk mengisi kuesioner data dasar, jam terbang dan lama berolahraga. Dilakukan pengukuran spirometri dan DLCO dengan menggunakan alat penggukur spirometri dan DLCO portable (Easyone TM Pro Lab). Hasil: Penelitian ini mendapatkan hasil sebagian besar peserta (93,2%) memiliki nilai spirometri yang normal hanya 3 peserta (6,8%) mengalami kelainan obstruksi dan tidak didapatkan kelainan restriksi sama sekali dengan nilai rerata VEP1 prediksi 103,3±10,60 % dan nilai median VEP1/KVP 84,5% dengan nilai minimum 63,5% dan nilai maksimum 92,5%. Pada nilai uji DLCO diperoleh hasil sebagian besar peserta (93,2%) memiliki nilai yang normal dan terdapat nilai DLCO mengalami penurunan ringan pada 3 peserta (6,8%) pada kelompok perokok. Kesimpulan: Nilai kapasitas difusi paru dan pemeriksaan spirometri pada penerbang secara umum normal terdapat sebagian kecil yang mengalami penurunan ringan namun tidak mempunyai hubungan yang bermakna antara parameter DLCO dengan usia, IMT, jam terbang tempur, total jam terbang, menit olahraga dalam sepekan serta indeks Brinkman dan nilai parameter spirometri.

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Background: Pilot works in the high environment that exposed by G force. Increasing G force led to linear decreases in cardiac output and blood oxygenation of the brain. Thus, likely due to decreased lung gas exchange capacity in hypergravity. This study aims to investigate the pulmonary diffusing capacity test among Fighter pilots in Madiun.

Methods: This study used cross sectional method conducted on February 2019 in Madiun. The total subjects consist of 44 Fighter pilots based on total sampling. Interview was done to fill out question about sociodemografic and smoking habit, flight hour data and physical fitness. Lung function measurement was done using portable spirometry and DLCO equipment (Easyone TM Pro Lab).

Result: Spirometri result was found in the standard normal range in 41 subjects (93,2%) only 3 subject (6,8%) get obstruction abnormalities and none of them get restriction result. Average VEP1 prediction was 103,3±10,60 % and median range for VEP1/KVP was 84,5(63,5-92,5) %. Lung diffusion capacity measurement was found to be normal in 41 subject (93,2%) and to be deficient in 3 subject (6,8%) in smoker.

Conclusion: This study demosntrated that diffusion capacity and spirometry test in Fighter pilots generally in normal range. Lung diffusion capacity has no association with age, BMI, flight hour, physical fitness, Brinkman index and spirometry parameters."

"Latar belakang: Gangguan kognitif memiliki prevalens yang tinggi pada orang dengan penyakit paru obstruktif kronik (PPOK) dan dapat menunjukkan hambatan kognitif di berbagai aspek, termasuk waktu reaksi. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat perbandingan waktu reaksi pada kelompok pengemudi taksi PT “X” di Jakarta yang PPOK dan bukan PPOK.Metode: Total 99 orang pengemudi taksi PT “X” di Jakarta dilibatkan dalam penelitian potong lintang ini dan menjalani beberapa pemeriksaan. Kuesioner dan wawancara dilakukan untuk mendapatkan informasi tentang karakteristik dasar, latar belakang pendidikan, faktor pekerjaan dan status merokok. Pemeriksaan spirometri dan uji bronkodilator dilakukan untuk menilai faal paru dan mendeteksi gangguan saluran napas. Versi Indonesia dari uji Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-Ina) digunakan untuk menilai adakah gangguan kognitif pada subjek. Waktu reaksi subjek diukur dengan menggunakan alat reaction timer Lakassidaya L-77 (Biro Konsultasi Departemen Kesehatan, Keselamatan dan Produktivitas Kerja, Yogyakarta, Indonesia).Hasil: Proporsi PPOK pada pengemudi taksi PT “X” di Jakarta adalah 9,47%, dengan 84,62% dari pengemudi taksi dengan PPOK memiliki gangguan kognitif. Hasil rerata waktu reaksi pada kelompok PPOK lebih lambat bila dibandingkan dengan kelompok bukan PPOK yaitu sebesar 252,18 milidetik dibandingkan dengan 202,73 milidetik.Kesimpulan: Proporsi PPOK pada pengemudi taksi PT “X” di Jakarta adalah sebesar 9,47%. Sebagian besar dari pengemudi taksi yang PPOK tersebut memiliki gangguan kognitif yang dapat mempengaruhi waktu reaksi dan selanjutnya dapat berpengaruh terhadap performa mengemudi.

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Background: Cognitive impairment is prevalent in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and is detrimental to work performance, including reaction time. This study investigates the comparison of reaction times between taxi drivers with COPD and without COPD.Method: This cross-sectional study included 99 male taxi drivers of a taxi company in Jakarta, Indonesia, as subjects. Subjects were questioned and examined to obtain their basic characteristics, educational backgrounds, occupational factors, and smoking status. Lung function tests were used to detect respiratory airway disorders. The Indonesian version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-Ina) test was used to determine cognitive impairment. The reaction times were measured using reaction timer Lakassidaya L-77 (The Occupational Health, Safety, and Work Productivity Consultative Bureau, Yogyakarta, Indonesia).Result: The proportion of COPD was 9.47%, and 84.62% of which had cognitive impairment. The mean reaction time of the COPD group was slower than the non-COPD group (252.18 ms vs. 202.73 ms).Conclusion: The proportion of taxi drivers with COPD in this study was 9.47%. Most of them had a cognitive impairment, which affected their reaction time and ultimately impaired their driving performance."

"[ABSTRAKPM2,5 dapat masuk ke alveoli dan menjadi pemicu terjadinya inflamasi sehingga menyebabkan penurunan fungsi paru. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis secara spasial hubungan antara konsentrasi PM2,5 udara dalam rumah dengan penurunan fungsi paru pada ibu rumah tangga sekitar industri Desa Sukadanau, Kecamatan Cikarang Barat, Kabupaten Bekasi tahun 2015. Desain penelitian cross sectional modifikasi geographical epidemiology pada 125 ibu rumah tangga berusia 20-45 tahun yang akan diperiksa fungsi parunyamenggunakan spirometri serta 125 sampel PM2,5 udara dalam rumah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 58,4% ibu rumah tangga yang mengalami penurunan fungsi paru. Hasil analisis multivariat dapat disimpulkan bahwa ibu rumah tangga berusia 20-45 tahun yang tinggal di rumah dengan konsentrasi PM2,5 tidak memenuhi syarat berisiko 2,4 kali lebih besar mengalami penurunan fungsi paru dibandingkan ibu rumah tangga yang tinggal di dalam rumah dengankonsentrasi PM2,5 memenuhi syarat setelah dikontrol variabel ventilasi dan pajanan asap rokok. Analisis spasial menunjukkan RW 5 dan RW 8 Desa Sukadanau, Kecamatan Cikarang Barat merupakan wilayah RW dengan zona prioritas untuk dilakukan intervensi kesehatan.

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ABSTRACTFine particles more dangerous because they penetrate more deeply into the lung and may reach the alveolar region and reduce lung function. The aim of this study was to analys spatially association between indoor fine particles and lung function levels among housewife around steel industry. A cross sectional design study combine with geographical epidemiology of 125 houses that the unit analysis were 125 housewives from 20 to 45 years. The results showed that there were 58,4% housewives had decline lung function. Multivariate analysis concluded that housewives aged 20-45 years with indoor fine particles (PM2,5) inadequate 2.4 times risk higher to reduced lung function than adequate indoor fine particles after controlled by ventilation and tobacco smoke exposure. Spatial analysis concluded that RW 5 and RW 8 Sukadanau, West Cikarang were in priority zone with very high risk area.;Fine particles more dangerous because they penetrate more deeply into the lungand may reach the alveolar region and reduce lung function. The aim of this studywas to analys spatially association between indoor fine particles and lung functionlevels among housewife around steel industry. A cross sectional design studycombine with geographical epidemiology of 125 houses that the unit analysiswere 125 housewives from 20 to 45 years. The results showed that there were58,4% housewives had decline lung function. Multivariate analysis concluded thathousewives aged 20-45 years with indoor fine particles (PM2,5) inadequate 2.4times risk higher to reduced lung function than adequate indoor fine particles aftercontrolled by ventilation and tobacco smoke exposure. Spatial analysis concludedthat RW 5 and RW 8 Sukadanau, West Cikarang were in priority zone with veryhigh risk area.;Fine particles more dangerous because they penetrate more deeply into the lungand may reach the alveolar region and reduce lung function. The aim of this studywas to analys spatially association between indoor fine particles and lung functionlevels among housewife around steel industry. A cross sectional design studycombine with geographical epidemiology of 125 houses that the unit analysiswere 125 housewives from 20 to 45 years. The results showed that there were58,4% housewives had decline lung function. Multivariate analysis concluded thathousewives aged 20-45 years with indoor fine particles (PM2,5) inadequate 2.4times risk higher to reduced lung function than adequate indoor fine particles aftercontrolled by ventilation and tobacco smoke exposure. Spatial analysis concludedthat RW 5 and RW 8 Sukadanau, West Cikarang were in priority zone with veryhigh risk area.;Fine particles more dangerous because they penetrate more deeply into the lungand may reach the alveolar region and reduce lung function. The aim of this studywas to analys spatially association between indoor fine particles and lung functionlevels among housewife around steel industry. A cross sectional design studycombine with geographical epidemiology of 125 houses that the unit analysiswere 125 housewives from 20 to 45 years. The results showed that there were58,4% housewives had decline lung function. Multivariate analysis concluded thathousewives aged 20-45 years with indoor fine particles (PM2,5) inadequate 2.4times risk higher to reduced lung function than adequate indoor fine particles aftercontrolled by ventilation and tobacco smoke exposure. Spatial analysis concludedthat RW 5 and RW 8 Sukadanau, West Cikarang were in priority zone with veryhigh risk area., Fine particles more dangerous because they penetrate more deeply into the lungand may reach the alveolar region and reduce lung function. The aim of this studywas to analys spatially association between indoor fine particles and lung functionlevels among housewife around steel industry. A cross sectional design studycombine with geographical epidemiology of 125 houses that the unit analysiswere 125 housewives from 20 to 45 years. The results showed that there were58,4% housewives had decline lung function. Multivariate analysis concluded thathousewives aged 20-45 years with indoor fine particles (PM2,5) inadequate 2.4times risk higher to reduced lung function than adequate indoor fine particles aftercontrolled by ventilation and tobacco smoke exposure. Spatial analysis concludedthat RW 5 and RW 8 Sukadanau, West Cikarang were in priority zone with veryhigh risk area.]"

"Latar belakang. Kegiatan penyelaman memerlukan kesiapan fisik dan mental yang tinggi karena lingkungan bawah air bukan merupakan lingkungan normal bagi manusia. Pengetahuan dan prosedur serta pelatihan penyelaman yang memadai merupakan kebutuhan mutlak yang dibutuhkan setiap peselam, Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Seselam Kodikal Surabaya, untuk mengevaluasi faal paru (KV, KVP, VEP, dan VVM) siswa dikbrevet TNI AL.Metodologi. Dilakukan studi eksperi mental pra dan post test tanpa kontrol pada 31 orang siswa pendidikan brevet di sekolah penyelaman TNI AL, yang telah melalui seleksi, dengan umur antara 20 - 30 tahun. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan pengukuran tinggi badan, berat badan, lingkaran dada inspirasi, lingkaran dada ekspirasi dan status gizi serta pengukuran feat paru sebelum dan setelah pelatihan. Siswa menjalani pelatihan selam selama rentang waktu 12 minggu.Hasil. Pada penelitian ini terlihat bahwa seluruh siswa pendidikan dalam kondisi sehat setelah pelatihan. Temuan penelitian adalah sebagai berikut.1. Pengukuran TB, BB dan S.gizi sebelum dan setelah pelatihan didapatkan peningkatan yang sangat bermakna (p < 0,01), dan sesuai dengan hasil perhitungan deltanya.2. Didapatkan penurunan LDE yang sangat bermakna (p < 0,01), dan didukung dengan hasil perhitungan deltanya.3. Didapatkan penurunan rasio VEP,fKVP, tetapi masih di atas nilai normal (> 80%).4. Didapatkan peningkatan VVM yang sangat bermakna (p < 0,01), tetapi tidak ditunjang dengan perhitungan CI 95%.5. Analisis multivariat antara K.V setelah pelatihan dengan KVP (p < 0,05) sebelum pelatihan ternyata mempunyai hubungan yang positif bermakna.6. Analisis multivariat antara KVP setelah pelatihan dengan KVP (p < 0,05) sebelum pelatihan ternyata mempunyai hubungan yang positif bermakna.7. Analisis multivariat antara VVM setelah pelatihan dengan KV (p < 0,05), KVP (p 0,05) dan VVM (p < 0,01) sebelum pelatihan ternyata mempunyai hubungan yang positif bermakna.

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Background . Diving requires a high degree of physical and mental fitness, as the underwater world is not the natural habitat of human beings. Adequate knowledge of diving and diving procedures as well as driving training are an absolute must for every diver. This research was carried out at the Kodikal Diving School in Surabaya in order to evaluate the pulmonary physiology (VC, FVC, FEV1 and MVV) of students at the diving school which issues diving certificates (Dikbrevet) of the Indonesian Navy.Methodology . An experimental study of pre-tests and post-tests without control was performed on 31 students at the diving school (Dikbrevet) of the Indonesian Navy, aged between 20 and 30, who had previously passed a selection. The data were collected by measuring body height, weight, girth of the chest on inspiration and expiration as well as the nutritional state, and by measuring the pulmonary physiology before and after the training. . Students underwent a diving training during a period of 12 weeks.Results . In this study it appeared that all students were in a healthy condition after the training. The findings of the study are as follows:1. There was a quite significant increase in body height, weight and the nutritional state after the training ( p < 0.01 ) compared to the body height, weight and the nutritional state before the training, and this was in accordance with the delta calculation.2. There was a quite significant reduction of the chest measurement on expiration ( p 0.01 ), which was supported by the results of the delta calculation.3. There was a reduction in the FEV11 FVC ratio, which, however, was still above the normal value (> 80 % ).4. There was a quite significant increase of the MVV ( p < 0.01 ), however this was not supported by the Cl calculation 95 %.5. A multivariate analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between the VC after the training and the FVC ( p < 0.05 ) before the training.6. A multivariate analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between the FVC (p < 0.05 ) before the training.7. A multivariate analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between the MVV after the traing with the VC (p < 0.05 ), FVC (p < 0.05) and the MVV ( p < 0.01 ) before the training."

"Bleep test telah lama di gunakan untuk memprediksi ambilan oksigen maksimal (VO2maks) pada atlet di Indonesia. Namun hasil pemeriksaan tersebut tidak sebaik hasil yang dilaporkan di luar negeri. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan rumus koreksi yang dapat memberikan hasil yang lebih mendekati hasil pemeriksaan VO2maks baku emas.Penelitian uji potong lintang ini telah merekrut subjek sejumlah 190 orang. Sebanyak 12 subjek diekslusi karena tidak mengikuti keseluruhan penelitian. Seluruh subjek menjalani pemeriksaan fisis: tanda vital, postur, panjang tungkai dan pemeriksaan laboratorium: treadmill test, asam laktat pre-post treadmill, spirometri, denyut nadi maksimal, serta pemeriksaan lapangan: bleep test, suhu, dan kelembaban ruangan. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis sesuai kaidah yang berlaku menggunakan SPSS.Hasil analisis mendapatkan pemodelan rumus prediksi baru yaitu rumus Ruli: VO2maks = 49,795 + 0,238 (Total Shuttle) + (-0,173) (BB) + (-0,086) (DNM_Lap) + 0,229 (Suhu_Lap). Uji validitas internal dan uji reliabilitas menggunakan Bland-Altman menunjukkan rumus ini cukup baik dan dapat digunakan, namun uji validitas eksternal masih diperlukan sebelum rumus ini dapat digunakan secara luas pada atlet junior laki laki.

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The bleep test has long been used to predict maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) in Indonesian athletes. However, the results of these examinations are not as good as the results reported abroad. This research was conducted to obtain a correction formula that can provide results closer to the gold standard VO2max examination results.

This cross-sectional study recruited 190 subjects. Twelve subjects were excluded because they did not follow the whole study. All subjects underwent a physical examination: vital signs, posture, leg length, and laboratory tests: treadmill test, pre-post treadmill lactic acid, spirometry, a maximum pulse, and field examinations: Bleep test, temperature, room humidity. The data obtained were analyzed according to the proper method using SPSS.

The results of the analysis obtained a new predictive modeling formula, namely the Ruli formula: VO2max = 49.795 + 0.238 (Total Shuttle) + (-0.173) (BW) + (-0.086) (HRmax Field) + 0.229 (Field Temp). Internal validity and reliability tests using Bland-Altman show that this formula is quite good and can be used. However, an external validity test is still needed before this formula can be widely used in male junior athletes."