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"Tujuan : Mengetahui tingkat kedalaman anestesi 30 detik setelah pemberianpropofol dosis 2,5 mg/kg berat badan dengan 3,5 mg/kg berat badan.Disain : Prospektif, data dikumpulkan pada satu pusat penelitian dengan uji klinisacak tersamar ganda.yang akan menjalani bedah terencana dengan anesthesia umum fisertakan dalampenelitian ini. Pasien diberikan premedikasi midazolam dan fentanil 5 menit sebeluminduksi. Kemudian pasien diinduksi dengan propofol dosis 2,5 mg/kg berat badan dan 3,5mg/kg berat badan. Tekanan darah, nadi dan saturasi diukur 1 ( satu ) menit sebelum dansesudah induksi. Setelah 30 detik dinilai hilangnya refleks bulu mata dan respon terhadapsungkup muka.Pada keiompok I 24 pasien tidak memberikan respon terhadap sungkup muka, sedangkankelompok II berjumlah 26 pasien. Hasil ini menunjukkan perbedaan yang tidak bermakna( P > 0,05 )Kesimpulan : Pemberian propofol dosis induksi 2,5 mg / kg berat badan memberikan tingkat kedalaman anestesi yang sama dengan dosis 3,5 mg/kg berat badan."

"Tujuan: Mengetahui pengurangan dosis induksi propofol pada kelompok yang diberikan koinduksi ketamin 0,3 mg/kgBB dibandingkan dengan kelompok yang diberikan koinduksi midazolam 0,03 mg/kgBB.Metode: Uji Klinik Tersamar Ganda. Penelitian dilakukan di Instalasi Bedah Pusat RSCM pada hulan November sampai dengan Desember 2006, dengan jumlah sampel 46 pasien dewasa yang menjalani operasi berencana dan anestesia umum. Pasien dibagi secara acak ke dalam 2 kelompok; 23 pasien mendapatkan koinduksi ketamin 0,3 mg/kgBB dan 23 pasien Iainnya mendapatkan midazolam 0,03 mg/kgBB 2 menit sebelum induksi propofol. Induksi propofol dilakukan secara titrasi 30 mg/i0 detik. Dilakukan pencatatan dosis induksi propofol pada end point hilangnya respon verbal dan hilangnya respon terhadap jaw thrust serta respon hemodinamik 1 menit setelah induksi. Analisa statistik untuk melihat perbedaan rerata antara kedua periakuan menggunakan uji-t, sedangkan perbedaan pada dua kelompok data kategori diuji dengan uji chi-square dengan nilai signilikansi p<0,05 dengan interval kepercayaan 93%.Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna secara statistik antara kedua kelompok perlakuan dalarn hal pengurangan dosis induksi propofol dan penurunan tekanan darah 1 manic setelah induksi propofol. Dosis induksi propofol pada kelompok ketamin 0,3 mg/kgBB lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan midazolam 0,03 mg/kgBB. Ketamin 0,3 mg/kgBB lebih sedikit dalam efek penurunan tekanan darah akibat induksi propofol dibandingkan dengan midazolam 0,03 mg/kgBB.

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Objective:

To observe the reduction of propofol induction dose in ketamin co induction 0,3 Mg/Kg BB compare with midazolam coinduction 0,03 mg/kgBB

Methods:

Double blinded randomized clinical trial. The study was conducted at Cipto Mangunkusuma Hospital Central-Surgery Room from November until December 2006 to 46 adult patients who went to elective surgery and general anesthesia Patients were divided randomly into two groups: The group consist of twenty-three patients give co induction ketamin 0,3 mg/kgBW The other twenty-three patients was given with 0,03 mg/kgBW of midazolam coinduction two minutes before the induction propofol. The records doses propofol induction using loss of response to verbal commands and loss. of response to jaw thrust stimulation as end point of induction. This study also observed the homodynamic response one minute after induction. T-test method was performed to identfy the mean difference between the two groups, while Chi Square method was performed to identify the frequency difference (categorical data) between the two groups. A 'p' value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant: with 95% confidence interval.

Conclusion:

There were .significant statistical differences between the two groups in a matter of reducing propofol induction doses and hemodynamic effects one minute after propofol induction. Propofol induction dose was less at ketamine group. Hemodynamic elects one minute after propofol induction, Ketamine 0,3 mg/kgBW was less in reducing blood pressure compared with midazolam 0,03 mg/kgBW."

"Menelaah efek dari premedikasi ketamin rektal dalam memfasilitasi pemisahan dari orang tua dan pemasangan kateter intravena pada anak-anak , 66 orang anak berumur 3,4 + 1,8 ( mean + SD ) tahun secara acak dibagi dalam 2 kelompok sama banyak. Grup pertama mendapat ketamin per rektal ( 8 mg/kg ) dikombinasi dengan atropin rektal ( 0,02 mg/kg ) dan sebagai kelompok kontrol menerima diazepam per oral dengan dosis 0,4 mg/kg. Lebih dari setengah dari anak-anak pada kelompok ketamin (57,6%) dapat dipisahkan dari orang tua dengan mudah tanpa gelisah, memberontak ataupun menangis, dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol diazepam (42,4%; P>0,05). Akan tetapi secara statistik perbedaan tersebut tidak berbeda secara signifikan. Ada sekitar 78,8% dari anak-anak pada kelompok ketarnin yang menangis pada saat pemasangan kateter intravena, yang secara bermakna lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol (97,0%). Efek samping dan komplikasi tidak berbeda bermakna antara kedua kelompok. Tidak ada satupun anak pada kelompok ketamin yang mengalami desaturasi oksigen (SP02<90%) atau mengalami hipersalivasi. Ketamin 8mg/kg per rektal yang dikombinasikan dengan atropin 0,02 mg/kg per rektal tidak cukup efektif untuk premedikasi anak sebelum induksi meskipun dari segi keamanan tidak berbeda dengan diazepam oral.

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Background: Good premedication in pediatric anesthesia have always been a problem in providing good anesthesia services. Many choices of-drugs prevail with their advantages and shortcomings.Objective: To evaluate the effect of rectal ketamine preoperatively in facilitating parental separation and intravenous cannulation in young children.Design: A randomized, double-blinded clinical trial.Methods: 66 children 3.4 ± 1.8 ( mean ± SD) year of age were randomly assign to two equal groups. One group received rectal ketamine ( 8 mg/kg }combine with rectal atropine (0,02 mg/kg) and for control sedation group received oral diazepam 0.4 mg/kg.Result : Many children in ketamine group (57,6%) are separated easily from their parents without struggling, crying or restlessness, however not significantly more than in diazepam control group (42,4%; P<0.05). However the effectiveness of ketamine to provide adequate analgesia during intravenous cannulation is poor, which is shown by the evidence about 78,8 % of children in ketamine group cried during intravenous catheter insertion. Nevertheless it is significantly less than control group (97,0%). Complication was not significantly different between groups. None of the children in ketamine group had SPO2 < 90% or hyper salivated.Conclusion: Rectal ketamine 8 mg/kg combine with atropine 0.02 mg/kg rectally are unreliable as premedication and when intravenous catheter cannulation is desired before induction of anesthesia is desired."

"Tujuan: Membandingkan angka keberhasilan dan kemudahan pemasangan sungkup faring proseal (LMP) yang difasilitasi rokuroniun dosis 0,2 mg/kg bb dengan rokuronium dosis 0.1 mg/kg bb.Metode: Dilakukan uji klinik tersamar ganda pada 48 pasien yang menjalani operasi berencana dengan anesthesia umum. Pasien dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok, yaitu 24 pasien mendapat rokuronium dosis 0,2 mg/kg bb dan 24 pasien lainnya mendapat rokuronium dosis 0,1 mg/kg bb untuk memudahkan pemasangan LMP. Selama penelitian, dilakukan pengamatan frekuensi dan kemudahan upaya pemasangan serta perubahan hemodinamik. Data numerik akan dianalisis dengan uji t serta data nominal dengan uji x-kuadrat dan uji Fisher.Hasil: Tidak ditemukan perbedaan berrnakna pada angka keberhasilan dan kemudahan pemasangan LMP antara kelompok yang mendapatkan rokuronium dosis 0,2 mg/kg bb dengan rokuronium 0,1 mg/kg bb. lnsiden gerakan, batuk dan relaksasi mandibula tidak berbeda bermakna. Satu kasus dari kelompok yang mendapatkan rokuronium dosis 0,1 mg/kg bb gagal dipasang dan mengalami laringospasme.Kesimpulan: Pemberian rokuronium dosis 0,2 mg/kg bb mempunyai angka keberhasilan dan tingkat kemudahan yang sama dalam pemasangan LMP dengan rokuronium dosis 0,1 mg/kg bb.

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Purpose: To compare success rate and ease grade on LMP insertion facilitated with rocuronium 0.2 mg/kgBW with rocuronium 0.1 mg/kgBW.

Methods: We performed a randomized, double-blind study in 48 patients under general anesthesia. Patients were randomized into two groups; 24 patients had rocuronium 0.1 mg/kgBW and others had rocuronium 0.2 mg/kgBW to facilitated LMP insertion. During the research, we observed the success rate and ease grade and also haemodynamic changes. For statistical analysis we used t-test, chi-square test and Fisher's test.

Results: There were no differences in patients who had rocuronium 0.1 mglkgBW and rocuronium 0.2 mg/kgBW to facilitated LMP insertion for success and ease grade. There were no significance in movement incidences; cough and mandibula relaxation. There is one patient from rocuronium 0.1 mg/kgBW group that failed because of laryngospasm.

Conclusion: LMP insertion with rocuronium 0.1 mg/kgBW and rocuronium 0.2 mg/kgBW have the same success rate and ease grade."

"[ABSTRAKLatar Belakang. Manajemen jalan nafas merupakan salah satu tahap yang paling penting dalam bidang anestesiologi. Salah satu jenis Alat bantu jalan nafas yang telah dipergunakan secara luas adalah Laringeal Mask Airway (LMA/Sungkup Laring). Pada pemasangan sungkup laring tanpa menggunakan pelumpuh otot membutuhkan kedalaman anestesi yang cukup, Tes klinis yang mudah, akurat dan aplikatif diperlukan untuk menghindari terjadinya komplikasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan trapezius squeezing test dan jaw thrust sebagai indikator kedalaman anestesi pada pemasangan sungkup laring dengan propofol sebagai agen induksiMetode. Sebanyak 128 pasien di randomisasi ke dalam 2 kelompok yaitu jaw thrust dan trapezius squeezing test. Seluruh pasien mendapatkan premedikasi dengan midazolam 0.05 mg/kgBB dan Fentanyl 1 mcg/kgBB. Induksi menggunakan propofol titrasi. Manuver jaw thrust dan trapezius squeezing test dilakukan setiap 15 detik. Saat respon motorik hilang dilakukan pemasangan sungkup laring. Dicatat keberhasilan pemasangan, dosis propofol, tekanan darah, laju jantung, dan insiden apneu.Hasil. Keberhasilan pada kelompok jaw thrust 93.8%, sedangkan trapezius squeezing test yang 90.6%. Penggunaan rerata propofol pada kelompok jaw thrust yaitu sebesar 120.34 mg, sedangkan pada kelompok trapezius squeezing test yaitu sebesar 111,86 mg. Insiden apneu yang pada kelompok jaw thrust terjadi pada 10 (15.6%) pasien, sedangkan pada kelompok trapezius squeezing test sebesar 11 (17.2%) pasien. Tidak terdapat perubahan hemodinamik yang berarti pada kelompok jaw thrust sedangkan sedangkan pada kelompok trapezius squeezing test terdapat perubahan hemodinamik yang berarti di menit ke 3 dan ke 4Kesimpulan. Trapezius squeezing test tidak lebih baik daripada jaw thrust sebagai indikator klinis dalam menilai kedalaman anestesia pada insersi sungkup laring.

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ABSTRACTBackground. Airway management is one of the most important phase in anesthesiology. One of airway device that have been used generally is Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA). Laryngeal mask insertion without muscle relaxant requires a level of depth anesthesia. An easy, accurate, an applicable clinical indicator were required to avoid complication. This study was determine the comparison trapezius squeezing test and jaw thrust as indicator of depth of anesthesia in laryngeal mask insertion with propofol as induction agent.Methods. 128 patient have been randomize in to 2 group that are jaw thrust and trapezius squeezing test. All patients were received premedication with midazolam 0.05 mg/kg and fentanyl 1 μg/kg. Induction were done by propofol titration. Jaw thrust and trapezius squeezing test maneuver were done in every 15 second. When motoric respond negative the laryngeal mask were inserted. The successful of laryngeal mask insertion was recorded, propofol consumption, blood pressure, heart rate, and incidence of apnea were also documented.Result. Laryngeal mask successfully inserted in 93.8% patients in jaw thrust group, and 90.6% in trapezius squeezing test group. Mean of propofol consumption in jaw thrust group is 120.34 mgs, and in trapezius squeezing test is 11.86 mgs. Incident of apnea in jaw thrust group happened in 10 patients (15.6%), and in trapezius squeezing test group happened in 11 patient (17.2%). Hemodynamic in jaw thrust group relatively stable but in trapezius squeezing test there is significant hemodynamic changing in minute third and fourth.Conclusion. Trapezius squeezing test is not better than jaw thrust as clinical indicators of depth of anesthesia for laryngeal mask insertion.;Background. Airway management is one of the most important phase in anesthesiology. One of airway device that have been used generally is Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA). Laryngeal mask insertion without muscle relaxant requires a level of depth anesthesia. An easy, accurate, an applicable clinical indicator were required to avoid complication. This study was determine the comparison trapezius squeezing test and jaw thrust as indicator of depth of anesthesia in laryngeal mask insertion with propofol as induction agent.Methods. 128 patient have been randomize in to 2 group that are jaw thrust and trapezius squeezing test. All patients were received premedication with midazolam 0.05 mg/kg and fentanyl 1 μg/kg. Induction were done by propofol titration. Jaw thrust and trapezius squeezing test maneuver were done in every 15 second. When motoric respond negative the laryngeal mask were inserted. The successful of laryngeal mask insertion was recorded, propofol consumption, blood pressure, heart rate, and incidence of apnea were also documented.Result. Laryngeal mask successfully inserted in 93.8% patients in jaw thrust group, and 90.6% in trapezius squeezing test group. Mean of propofol consumption in jaw thrust group is 120.34 mgs, and in trapezius squeezing test is 11.86 mgs. Incident of apnea in jaw thrust group happened in 10 patients (15.6%), and in trapezius squeezing test group happened in 11 patient (17.2%). Hemodynamic in jaw thrust group relatively stable but in trapezius squeezing test there is significant hemodynamic changing in minute third and fourth.Conclusion. Trapezius squeezing test is not better than jaw thrust as clinical indicators of depth of anesthesia for laryngeal mask insertion., Background. Airway management is one of the most important phase in anesthesiology. One of airway device that have been used generally is Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA). Laryngeal mask insertion without muscle relaxant requires a level of depth anesthesia. An easy, accurate, an applicable clinical indicator were required to avoid complication. This study was determine the comparison trapezius squeezing test and jaw thrust as indicator of depth of anesthesia in laryngeal mask insertion with propofol as induction agent.Methods. 128 patient have been randomize in to 2 group that are jaw thrust and trapezius squeezing test. All patients were received premedication with midazolam 0.05 mg/kg and fentanyl 1 μg/kg. Induction were done by propofol titration. Jaw thrust and trapezius squeezing test maneuver were done in every 15 second. When motoric respond negative the laryngeal mask were inserted. The successful of laryngeal mask insertion was recorded, propofol consumption, blood pressure, heart rate, and incidence of apnea were also documented.Result. Laryngeal mask successfully inserted in 93.8% patients in jaw thrust group, and 90.6% in trapezius squeezing test group. Mean of propofol consumption in jaw thrust group is 120.34 mgs, and in trapezius squeezing test is 11.86 mgs. Incident of apnea in jaw thrust group happened in 10 patients (15.6%), and in trapezius squeezing test group happened in 11 patient (17.2%). Hemodynamic in jaw thrust group relatively stable but in trapezius squeezing test there is significant hemodynamic changing in minute third and fourth.Conclusion. Trapezius squeezing test is not better than jaw thrust as clinical indicators of depth of anesthesia for laryngeal mask insertion.]"

"Latar belakang: Kulit buah manggis diketahui memiliki banyak khasiat seperti antioksidan, antiinflamasi, antitumor, antivirus, antibakteri, antifungi, antihistamin, antimalaria dan lainnya. Dalam menjalankan perannya, banyak zat aktif yang ,menghambat penyembuhan fraktur sehingga diperlukan peran antioksidan. Tujuan: Mengetahui efek ekstrak kulit buah manggis terhadap penyembuhan tulang. Metode dan Bahan: Penelitian ini menggunakan model fraktur yaitu defek femur kiri-kanan pada 6 ekor mencit (12 femur). Kemudian diaplikasikan ekstrak kulit buah manggis dosis 20 mg/kg BB (3 femur kiri) dan 40 mg/kg BB (3 femur kiri) serta saline water sebagai kontrol (6 femur kanan) pada hari ke 2, 4 dan 6. Pada hari ke 7, semua mencit dikorbankan. Selanjutnya ukuran diameter defek dievaluasi dengan dental digital radiography. Hasil: Terdapat penurunan ukuran diameter defek pada femur mencit yang diaplikasikan ekstrak kulit buah manggis dosis 40 mg/kg BB namun tidak berbeda bermakna bila dibandingkan dengan kontrol (saline water). Kesimpulan: Aplikasi ekstrak kulit buah manggis dosis 40 mg/kg BB dapat menurunkan ukuran diameter defek pada tulang.

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Background: Peel of mangosteen has many benefits such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antihistamine, antimalarial and others. It has a lot of active substances contained therein as xanthones, anthocyanins, phenols, tannins and others. In bone fractures, an increase of free radicals that are supposed to inhibit the bone fractures healing that required the antioxidants.

Objective: To examine the effect of mangosteen peel extract on bone healing.

Methods and Materials: This study uses fracture model that defects on left-right femur in 6 mice (12 femur). Then applied mangosteen peel extract doseges of 20 mg/kg (3 left femur), 40 mg/kg (3 left femur) and saline water as a control (6 right femur) on days 2, 4 and 6. On day 7, all mice were sacrificed. Furthermore, the diameter size of the defect was evaluated with dental digital radiography.

Results: There was a decrease in the diameter of the femoral defect in mice that are applied mangosteen peel extract dose of 40 mg/kg, but not significantly different when compared with saline water.

Conclusion: The application of mangosteen peel extract 40 mg/kg BW dosage can reduce the diameter size of the bone defect."

"Pendahuluan: Kulit buah manggis memiliki khasiat antioksidan, antitumor, antiinflamasi, antialergi, antibakteri, antijamur dan antivirus. Kulit buah manggis memiliki kandungan zat aktif xanton, antosianin, tanin, fenol, dan lainnya. Proses penyembuhan fraktur tulang terdiri dari fase inflamasi sampai fase remodeling dengan khasiat antiinflamasi dan antioksidan yang berperan dalam proses penyembuhan fraktur tulang. Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh ekstrak kulit buah manggis terhadap penyembuhan tulang. Metode dan Bahan: Penelitian ini menggunakan enam ekor mencit (12 femur) yang terdiri dari 6 femur kanan diaplikasikan saline water, 3 femur kiri diaplikasikan ekstrak kulit buah manggis dosis 5 mg/kg, dan 3 femur kiri dengan dosis 20 mg/kg pada hari ke 2,4,6. Pembuatan defek dilakukan dengan bur bulat pada femur sebelum aplikasi. Semua mencit dikorbankan pada hari ke 7 dan selanjutnya ukuran diameter defek dievaluasi dengan alat digital radiografi. Hasil: Terdapat penurunan ukuran diameter defek pada dosis 5 mg/kg yang tidak berbeda bermakna (p > 0,05) dengan saline water dan dosis 20 mg/kg. Kesimpulan: Aplikasi ekstrak kulit buah manggis dapat menurunkan ukuran diameter defek tulang.

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Background: Pericarp of mangosteen has effects of antioxidant, antitumor, antiinlammatory, antialergy, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral. Pericarp of mangosteen contains active substances of xanthone, anthocyanin, tannins, phenols, and more. Bone fracture healing process consists of the inflammatory phase to a phase of remodeling with antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties that play a role in process of bone fracture healing.

Objective: Examine the extract of mangosteen peel on bone fracture healing.

Material and Methods: This study uses six mice (12 femur) consisting of 6 right femur that was applied saline water, 3 left femur was applied the extract of mangosteen peel with a dose of 5 mg/kg, and 3 left femur with a dose of 20 mg/kg on day 2, 4, 6. Defect is created with a round bur in femur before application. All mice were sacrificed on day 7 and then the diameter of defect is evaluated by means of digital radiography.

The Results: There was a decrease of the diameter of defects at the dose of 5 mg/kg that were not significantly different (p > 0.05) with saline water and a dose of 20 mg/kg.

Conclusion: Applications of mangosteen peel extract can decrease the size of diameter of bone defect."

"Latar belakang. Emergence agitation (EA) merupakan gangguan perilaku sementara yang sering terjadi pascaanestesia inhalasi dan berpotensi membahayakan pasien. Pemberian propofol 1-3 mg/kg di akhir anestesia inhalasi mencegah EA tetapi memperpanjang waktu pindah ke ruang pulih. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui efektivitas propofol dosis 0,5 mg/kg di akhir anestesia untuk menurunkan kejadian EA pasien anak yang menjalani anestesia umum inhalasi. Propofol dinilai efektif jika dapat menurunkan kejadian EA tanpa memperpanjang waktu pindah.Metode. Penelitian uji klinik acak tersamar ganda terhadap anak usia 1-5 tahun yang menjalani anestesia umum inhalasi di RSCM pada bulan Mei – Agustus 2018. Sebanyak 108 subjek didapatkan dengan metode konsekutif yang dirandomisasi menjadi dua kelompok. Kelompok propofol (n=54) mendapat propofol 0,5 mg/kg di akhir anestesia, sedangkan kontrol (n=54) tidak mendapat propofol. Kejadian EA, waktu pindah, hipotensi, desaturasi dan mual-muntah pascaoperasi dicatat. EA dinilai dengan skala Aono dan Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED). Analisis data menggunakan uji chi-square dan t tidak berpasangan.Hasil. Kejadian EA pada kelompok propofol sebesar 25,9% sedangkan kontrol 51,9% (RR = 0,500; IK 95% 0,298-0,840; p=0,006). Rerata waktu pindah kelompok propofol lebih lama (9,51 ± 3,93 menit) dibandingkan kontrol (7,80 ± 3,57 menit) (selisih rerata 1,71 menit; IK 95% 0,28-3,14; p=0,020). Hipotensi didapatkan pada satu pasien (1,9%) pada kelompok propofol sedangkan pada kontrol tidak ada. Mual-muntah terjadi pada lima pasien (9,3%) pada kelompok propofol dan delapan pasien (14,8%) pada kontrol. Tidak ada desaturasi pada kedua kelompok.Simpulan. Pemberian propofol dosis 0,5 mg/kg di akhir anestesia secara statistik tidak efektif namun secara klinis efektif menurunkan kejadian EA pasien anak yang menjalani anestesia umum inhalasi.

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Background. Emergence agitation (EA) is a common transient behavioral disturbance after inhalational anesthesia and may cause harm. Propofol 1-3 mg/kg administration at the end of inhalational anesthesia prevents EA but prolongs transfer time to recovery room. This study evaluated the effectivity of propofol 0,5 mg/kg at the end of anesthesia to reduce the incidence of EA in children undergoing general inhalational anesthesia. Propofol was considered effective if could reduce the incidence of EA without prolonging transfer time.Method. This was a double-blind randomized clinical trial on children aged 1-5 years old underwent general inhalational anesthesia in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. One hundred eight subjects were included using consecutive sampling method and randomized into two groups. Propofol group (n=54) was given propofol 0,5 mg/kg at the end of anesthesia while control group (n=54) was not. Incidence of EA, transfer time, postoperative hypotension, desaturation and nausea-vomiting were observed. Aono and Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) scale were used to assess EA. Statistical tests used were chi square and unpaired t test.Result. Incidence of EA in propofol group was 25,9% while in control group was 51,9% (RR = 0,500; 95% CI 0,298-0,840; p=0,006). Mean transfer time in propofol group was longer (9,51 ± 3,93 minute) than control group (7,80 ± 3,57 minute) (mean difference 1,71 minute; 95% CI 0,28-3,14; p=0,020). Hypotension was found in one patient (1,9%) in propofol group while in control group there was none. Nausea-vomiting was found in five patients (9,3%) in propofol group and eight patients (14,8%) in control. There was no desaturation in both groups.Conclusion. Administration of propofol 0,5 mg/kg at the end of anesthesia statistically ineffective but clinically effective in reducing the incidence of EA in children undergoing general inhalational anesthesia."

"Preterm low birth weight (PLBW) infants are more likely to die during the neonatal period and PLBW survivors face neurodevelopmental problems, respiratory problems, and congenital anomalies. It is said that the poor periodontal health of the pregnant woman is a potential risk factor of PLBW. This investigation aims to study the oral hygiene and gingival inflammation condition of 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy women and relate to the putative periodontal pathogen bacteriae as the probable cause of PLBW. The plaque index (Pll), calculus index (CI), and bleeding on probing (BOP) of the subjects ofboth groups were measured and compared. Maternal infection during pregnancy has been demonstrated to perturb cytokines and hormone- regulated gestation because of the translocation of the infection. The level of gingival cervicular fluid prostaglandin E2 (PG E2), interleukin 1β (lL-1β), lL-6, tumor necrotizing factors a (TNF-a) are usually highly correlated with those in amnion fluid of pregnant women withoutbacterial vaginosis (BV) and with intact placental membrane. It is concluded that the periodontal health of pregnant women must be in good condition to prevent the risk of having PLBW still need to beanticipated due to the presence of the inflammation signs."