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"Perifiton adalah organisme akuatik yang hidup menempel pada substrat serta sensitif pada perubahan lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis struktur komunitas perifiton serta parameter fisika-kimia perairan yang memengaruhi komposisi perifiton. Penelitian dilakukan di Situ Pengarengan, Depok, Jawa Barat dan Laboratorium Ekologi FMIPA UI pada bulan Februari–Mei 2024. Parameter fisika-kimia yang diukur terdiri dari kecerahan, suhu, turbiditas, kecepatan arus, oksigen terlarut (DO), nitrat, fosfat, dan derajat keasaman (pH). Sampel perifiton dicuplik dengan menyikat permukaan tangkai eceng gondok Eichhornia crassipes. Hasil penelitian ditemukan 20 marga perifiton dengan kepadatan perifiton tertinggi berasal dari kelas Cyanophyceae sebesar 25729 plankter/ mm2 dan terendah dari kelas Tubulinea sebesar 45 plankter/mm2. Indeks keanekaragaman perifiton tergolong rendah (H’<1). Indeks kemerataan dan indeks dominansi perifiton menunjukkan penyebaran individu antar marga tidak merata dan terdapat sekelompok marga tertentu yang mendominasi di Situ Pengarengan. Marga yang mendominasi adalah Oscillatoria. Hasil Principal Component Analysis (PCA) menunjukkan parameter oksigen terlarut (DO), kecerahan, kecepatan arus, derajat keasaman (pH) dan suhu memiliki pengaruh yang kuat.

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Periphyton are aquatic organisms that live attached to substrates and are sensitive to environmental changes. This research aims to analyze the structure of the periphyton community as well as the physico-chemical parameters of waters that influence periphyton composition. The research was conducted at Situ Pengarengan, Depok, West Java and the FMIPA UI Ecology Laboratory in February–May 2024. The physico-chemical parameters measured consisted of brightness, temperature, turbidity, current velocity, dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate, phosphate, and degree of acidity (pH). Periphyton samples were sampled by brushing the surface of the water hyacinth stalk Eichhornia crassipes. The results of the research found that 20 periphyton genera with the highest periphyton density came from the Cyanophyceae class of 25729 plankters/mm2 and the lowest from the Tubulinea class at 45 plankters/mm2. The periphyton diversity index is low (H'<1). The evenness index and periphyton dominance index show that the distribution of individuals between clans is uneven and there is a certain group of clans that dominate in Situ Pengarengan. The dominant clan is Oscillatoria. The results of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) show that the parameters of dissolved oxygen (DO), brightness, current velocity, degree of acidity (pH) and temperature have a strong influence."

"Banteng jawa (Bos javanicus javanicus) merupakan spesies yang terancam punah akibat berbagai aktivitas manusia, sehingga perlu dilakukan konservasi secara ex-situ seperti di Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. Masalah baru, yaitu inbreeding, terjadi sehingga dilakukan pertukaran individu banteng jawa berdasarkan rekomendasi Global Species Management Plans (GSMP) untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perilaku reproduksi dan interaksi banteng jawa jantan dan betina yang dipasangkan melalui program GSMP. Subjek penelitian ini adalah satu individu banteng jawa jantan (J1) asal Taman Margasatwa Ragunan, yang dipasangkan dengan satu banteng jawa betina (B1) asal Taman Safari Prigen, serta satu banteng jawa betina (B2) asal Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. Penelitian dilakukan selama dua bulan (Januari—Maret 2024) sebanyak 5 (lima) kali dalam sepekan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan merupakan scan sampling dan ad libitum dengan interval 5 (lima) menit tanpa jeda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persentase perilaku harian tertinggi pada J1 dan B1 merupakan perilaku makan, diikuti dengan perilaku istirahat dan lokomosi. Persentase perilaku sosial positif, seperti approaching dan allogrooming, antara J1 dengan B1 tinggi, tetapi agonistic action juga cukup tinggi. Perilaku sosial yang paling dominan teramati merupakan perilaku approaching yang dilakukan J1 terhadap B1. Perilaku reproduksi berupa sniffing genitalia, licking genitalia, dan flehmen dapat teramati. Persentase perilaku reproduksi antara J1 dengan B1 yang dipasangkan lebih rendah dibandingkan J1 dengan B2, sedangkan perilaku mounting hingga kopulasi tidak teramati.

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Javan banteng (Bos javanicus javanicus) is a species that is categorized endangered due to various human activities that lead to the need for ex-situ conservation, such as in Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. Another problem that is inbreeding occurred, then the javan banteng were exchanged based on the recommendations of the Global Species Management Plans (GSMP) to solve this problem. This study aims to analyze the reproductive behavior and interactions of male and female javan banteng that was paired through the GSMP. The subject of this study was a male javan banteng (J1) from Taman Margasatwa Ragunan that was paired with a female javan banteng (B1) from Taman Safari Prigen, and a female javan banteng (B2) from Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. This study was conducted from January to March 2024 for 5 days a week. The research methods used were scan sampling and ad libitum with 5 minutes intervals without pause. The results showed that the highest percentage of daily behavior of J1 and B1 was eating behavior, followed by resting and locomotion behavior. Percentage of positive social behaviors, such as approaching and allogrooming between J1 and B1 was high, but the agonistic actions was also quite high. The most dominant social behavior observed was approaching behavior of J1 towards B1. Reproductive behaviors such as sniffing genitalia, licking genitalia, and flehmen were observed. Reproductive behaviors between J1 and B1, that was paired, are found lower than J1 and B2. Mounting and copulation behavior were not observed."

"Harimau sumatra merupakan salah satu spesies endemik Indonesia yang keberadaannya terancam punah (critically endangered) menurut IUCN sehingga diperlukan upaya konservasi. Konservasi harimau sumatra dilakukan Taman Margasatwa Ragunan (TMR) beserta IUCN melalui program GSMP (Global Species Management Plan) yang dilakukan secara collaborative breeding. Collaborative breeding dilakukan dengan memasangkan betina asal TMR dengan jantan hasil pertukaran dengan Medan Zoo untuk mencegah inbreeding. Pemasangan harimau harus melalui proses introduksi dan interaksi keduanya perlu diamati. Oleh karena itu, penelitian dilakukan terhadap pasangan harimau sumatra untuk menganalisis perilaku sosial yang terjadi antara harimau sumatra jantan dan betina yang mungkin mengarah ke perilaku reproduksi. Metode scan sampling dan ad libitum digunakan dalam penelitian selama tiga jam perhari dengan total pengulangan sebanyak 23 kali dari Januari hingga Maret 2024. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan mengamati perilaku sosial dan reproduksi harimau sumatra jantan dan betina di kandang dalam Zona Harimau 1 Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. Hasil dari penelitian ini didominasi oleh perilaku sosial berupa perilaku saling mendekati (♀ 26,29%; ♂ 21,58%). Perilaku chuffing, head rubbing dan sniffing lebih sering dilakukan kedua harimau sumatra dibandingkan dengan perilaku growl dan aggression. Jantan dan betina juga melakukan perilaku reproduksi, yaitu flehmen, sedangkan mating call dan sniffing genitalia hanya dilakukan oleh jantan. Penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya perilaku sosial harimau sumatra yang mengarah pada perilaku reproduksi, yaitu perilaku chuffing, head rubbing, body rubbing, flehmen dan sniffing genitalia.

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The sumatran tiger is one of Indonesia's endemic species that is critically endangered according to the IUCN so that conservation efforts are needed. Sumatran tiger conservation is carried out by Ragunan Zoo (TMR) and IUCN through the GSMP (Global Species Management Plan) by doing collaborative breeding. Collaborative breeding is done by pairing female from TMR with male from Medan Zoo to prevent inbreeding. The pairing of tigers must go through an introduction process and their interactions need to be observed. Therefore, research was conducted on pairs of sumatran tigers to analyze the social behaviors that occurs between male and female sumatran tigers that may lead to reproductive behavior. Scan sampling and ad libitum methods were used in the study for three hours per day with a total of 23 repetitions from January to March 2024. Data were collected by observing the social and reproductive behavior of male and female sumatran tigers in sleeping cages, Tiger Zone 1 of Ragunan Zoo. The results of this study were dominated by social behavior in the form of approaching behavior (♀ 26,29%; ♂ 21,58%). Chuffing, head rubbing and sniffing behaviors were more often performed by both sumatran tigers compared to growl and aggression behaviors. Male and female sumatran tigers also perform reproductive behaviors, such as flehmen, while mating calls and genitalia sniffing are only done by male. This study shows the existence of social behavior of sumatran tigers that lead to reproductive behavior, such as chuffing, head rubbing, body rubbing, flehmen and sniffing genitalia."

"Anoa dataran rendah kini berstatus terancam punah sehingga perlu dikonservasi secara ex-situ seperti di Taman Margasatwa Ragunan (TMR). Ditemukannya kasus perkawinan sedarah anoa di TMR mendorong mereka untuk terlibat dalam program collaborative captive breeding antarhabitat ex-situ di bawah pedoman Global Species Management Plan (GSMP) untuk meningkatkan keragaman genetik anoa. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis perilaku sosial dan reproduksi anoa jantan di TMR untuk mengevaluasi kesiapannya sebelum dipasangkan dengan anoa betina hasil pertukaran. Pengamatan terhadap satu ekor anoa jantan dewasa dilakukan selama 2 bulan (Januari—Maret 2024) dengan metode scan sampling dan ad libitum, mencakup 60 sampling point dari 38 hari pengamatan. Hasil menunjukkan variasi aktivitas harian dan kecenderungan berinteraksi secara sosial dan reproduktif oleh anoa jantan, ditandai dengan perilaku approaching, vocalization, dan sniffing (termasuk flehmen) meski terhalang pagar pemisah dengan anoa betina di kandang sebelahnya. Anoa jantan secara keseluruhan menunjukkan ketertarikan dan pendekatan aktif untuk berinteraksi sosial dan reproduksi, sehingga dapat mendukung potensi keberhasilan program breeding.

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The lowland anoa is an endangered species which requires ex-situ conservation efforts like those at Taman Margasatwa Ragunan (TMR). Inbreeding cases discovered at TMR prompted their participation in a collaborative captive breeding program guided by the Global Species Management Plan (GSMP) aimed at increasing the genetic diversity of anoa. This study focused on observing the social and reproductive behavior of a male anoa at TMR as part of evaluating his readiness to be paired with an exchange-bred female anoa. The observation of one adult male anoa was conducted for two months (January—March 2024) using scan sampling and ad libitum method, covering 60 sampling points from 38 observation days. The results revealed that male anoa engaged in various daily activities and exhibited a propensity for social and reproductive behaviors, such as approaching, vocalization, and sniffing (including flehmen), despite being separated by fences from a female anoa in the adjacent enclosure. The overall observations suggest that male anoa displayed interest and actively sought social and reproductive interactions, supporting the potential success of the breeding program."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian terhadap perilaku sosial dan reproduksi bekantan Nasalis larvatus Wurmb, 1781 di Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi interaksi sosial bekantan jantan dengan bekantan betina dalam kelompok, mengevaluasi interaksi sosial apa saja yang terjadi antarbekantan betina, serta mengevaluasi perilaku reproduksi pada bekantan jantan dan betina. Metode yang digunakan yaitu scan sampling dan ad libitum dengan interval waktu 5 lima menit tanpa jeda. Waktu pengamatan dalam satu hari yaitu selama 6 jam 30 menit dan dilaksanakan pada bulan Februari-April 2017. Subjek pengamatan yaitu satu kelompok bekantan yang terdiri dari satu jantan J dan dua betina B1 dan B2 . Interaksi sosial yang terjadi menunjukkan rendahnya perilaku agresi dan tingginya perilaku afiliatif. Perilaku reproduksi antara J dengan B2 ditemukan lebih tinggi dibanding antara J dengan B1. Berdasarkan uji t yang dilakukan pada ? =0,05, frekuensi perilaku reproduksi antara kedua pasangan berbeda secara signifikan dengan nilai P = 0,18. Frekuensi vokalisasi tertinggi dilakukan oleh J yang didominasi oleh vokalisasi bernada rendah, sedangkan vokalisasi yang dilakukan betina cenderung bernada tinggi. Perilaku branch shake dan threat yang ditujukan untuk objek selain bekantan lebih sering dilakukan oleh jantan daripada betina. Selama pengamatan subjek jarang terlihat memanfaatkan kolam dan ditemukan pula beberapa perilaku yang diduga stereotipe.

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The research about social and reproductive behaviour of proboscis monkey Nasalis larvatus Wurmb, 1781 in Taman Margasatwa Ragunan has been done. The purposes of the research are to evaluate the social interactions between male and females in the group, to evaluate kind of interactions that happened between the females, and to evaluate the reproduction behaviours between male and females. The methods that are used are scan sampling and ad libitum with 5 five minutes interval without pause. The time of observation in one day is 6 hours and 30 minutes long and was done on February April 2017. The subject of the research is one group of proboscis monkey consists of one male J and two females B1 and B2. The social interactions that happened shows aggression behaviours are lower than affiliative behaviours. The reproduction behaviours between J and B2 are found higher than in J and B1.

Based on the t test that has been done in 0,05, the frequencies of the reproduction behaviours in these two couples is significantly different with P value 0,18. The highest frequency of vocalization is done by J with low tone vocalization domination, while the vocalization by females tend to be in high tone. The branch shake and threat behaviours that are shown to other objects besides proboscis monkey are more frequently done by male rather than female. During observation, subjects are rarely seen to use the pond and some behaviours that expected as stereotype are found. "

"Kondisi di penangkaran berbeda dengan kondisi di habitat alami. Hal tersebut dapat memengaruhi perilaku, salah satunya ialah perilaku pengasuhan. Telah dilakukan penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui perilaku pengasuhan monyet hitam sulawesi Macaca nigra di Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. Subjek penelitian terdiri dari tiga individu yaitu induk betina, induk jantan dan anak. Pengambilan data perilaku pengasuhan M. nigra menggunakan metode focal animal sampling dan ad libitum sampling dengan interval waktu 10 menit tanpa jeda selama 25 hari dengan total waktu pengamatan 7500 menit. Pengamatan dilakukan selama lima hari dalam satu minggu. Waktu pengamatan dalam satu hari dimulai dari pukul 09.00--15.00 WIB. Perilaku pengasuhan yang teramati meliputi perilaku menggendong, menelisik, mendekat, istirahat, bergerak, kontak tubuh, menyusui dan penolakan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa induk betina mendominasi perilaku pengasuhan, sementara induk jantan hanya melakukan perilaku penolakan. Rerata persentase perilaku pengasuhan tertinggi yang dilakukan induk yaitu menggendong 29,45 10,97 dan terendah yaitu perilaku penolakan 0,12 0,21.

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Conditions in captivity are different from those in natural habitats. It can affect animal behavior, one of them is parenting behavior. Research has been conducted to know the parenting behavior of celebes black macaques Macaca nigra in Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. Subject of the study consists of three individuals, female parent, male parent and infant. Data of parenting behavior of M. nigra is collected using focal animal sampling and ad libitum sampling methods with 10 minutes interval without interlude for 25 days with a total time of 7500 minutes. Observations were made five days a week. Observation time in one day starting from 09 00 to 15 00 pm. Parenting activities observed include cradling, allogrooming, approaching, resting, moving, body contact, nipple contact and rejection. The results show that the female parent dominates parenting behavior, while the male parent only show rejecting behavior. The highest percentage of parenting behaviors performed by the parent was cradling 29,45 10,97 and the lowest was rejection behavior 0,12 0,21."

"Harimau sumatra menurut IUCN merupakan hewan dengan status terancam punah (Critically endangered), sehingga untuk mencegah dari kepunahan, dibutuhkan peningkatan populasi. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengamati dan menganalisis perilaku sosial dari harimau sumatra jantan dan betina yang mengarah pada perilaku reproduksi. Pengambilan data diambil menggunakan metode focal sampling dan ad libitum. Dilakukan selama tiga jam per hari dan interval lima menit dengan ulangan 18 hari, mulai dari April hingga Mei 2023. Subjek penelitan adalah harimau sumatra jantan dan betina di Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan melihat perilaku sosial yang mengarah ke perilaku reproduksi pada harimau sumatra. Pengamatan dilakukan pada kandang tidur dengan adanya pemisah antara harimau sumatra jantan dan betina. Hasil yang di dapat dari penelitian ini adalah adanya perbedaan perilaku sosial pada kedua harimau sumatra. Perbedaan perilaku meliputi interaksi jantan mendekati betina (11,61±7,32), betina mendekati jantan (1±0), vokalisasi (102,6±35,59), menggeram (136,72±84,16), dan sifat agresif (27,08±20,78). Terdapat korelasi suhu dan kelembaban terhadap salah satu perilaku sosial harimau sumatra betina (Sig. (2-tailed) < 0,05) yaitu perilaku interaksi betina terhadap jantan (Sig. (2-tailed) = 0,044). Harimau sumatra jantan dan betina menunjukkan perilaku sosial seperti, adanya interaksi, vokalisasi, dan agresivitas, namun tidak di dapat perilaku sosial yang mengarah kepada perilaku reproduksi.

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IUCN has declared that Sumatran tiger has a status of critically endanger species and so to prevent it from extinction the raise of population is needed. This study aims to observed and analyze the social behavior of male and female sumatran tiger. This study also aims to observe if the social behavior will lead to reproductive behavior. The observation method use in this study is focal sampling, with addition of adlibitum. Data was collected by observing the social behavior that lead to reproductive behavior of sumatran tiger for 3 hours and five minute interval per day with 18 repetitions, starting from April to May 2023. The research subject were male sumatran tiger and female sumatran tiger in Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. Observation were carried out in sleeping cages with a separation between male and female tiger. The result of this study were that there are differences of social behavior between male and female tiger including, male approach it’s conspecies (11,61±7,32), female approach it’s conspecies (1±0), vocalization (102,6±35,59, growling (136,72±84,16), and aggressive behavior (27,08±20,78). There is a correlation between temperature and humidity on one of the female sumatran tiger’s social behavior (Sig. (2-tailed) < 0,05) on female approach it’s conspecies (Sig. (2- tailed) = 0,044). Both male and female sumatran tiger shown social behavior including, interaction between each other, vocalization, and aggressive behavior but no social behavior that lead to reproductive behavior."

"Pengelompokkan sosial dan kondisi lingkungan yang tercipta di kebun binatang dapat memengaruhi perilaku reproduksi gajah sumatra. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi dan menganalisis perilaku reproduksi tahap pre-copulatory sebagai perilaku diurnal pada gajah sumatra (Elephas maximus sumatranus, Temminck 1847) jantan adolescence di Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. Penelitian dilakukan selama masa Pemberlakuan Pembatasan Kegiatan Masyarakat (PPKM) level 3 di DKI Jakarta. Waktu pengamatan dimulai pukul 08.00—14.00 WIB dengan interval waktu 15 menit selama 60 hari. Metode pengamatan yang digunakan adalah continuous focal sampling dan ad libitum untuk mengamati perilaku pre-copulatory meliputi flehmen, agonistic, reaching over, drive, erection, dan attempt mount. Penelitian pula dilakukan untuk mengamati perilaku harian dan perilaku interaksi sosial. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perilaku harian dan interaksi sosial tertinggi gajah sumatra jantan adolescence di TMR yaitu makan (55,26%) dan conspecific play (0,96%). Gajah sumatra jantan adolescence hanya menunjukkan perilaku flehmen kepada gajah betina yang dikandangkan bersama dengan persentase sebesar 0,114% (0,107%: alpha female; 0,007%: betina subordinat). Perilaku flehmen ditunjukkan oleh gajah jantan adolescence saat betina urinasi di hari ke-11 hingga 14. Peneliti menyimpulkan bahwa gajah sumatra jantan adolescence yang terdapat di TMR sudah melewati inisiasi pubertas dengan menunjukkan perilaku reproduksi pre-copulatory yaitu flehmen kepada gajah betina dewasa.

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Social groupings and environmental conditions in zoos can affect the reproductive behaviour of elephant. This study evaluated the pre-copulatory behaviour as diurnal pattern of adolescent male sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus, Temminck 1847) at Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. Observations have been carried out sixty days during the implementation of the third level of community activity restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic in the DKI Jakarta province, starting from 8 a.m. to 2 p.m. with an interval of 15 minutes. Continuous focal sampling and ad libitum were employed as study methods to observe the pre-copulatory behaviour, including flehmen, agonistic, reaching over, drive, erection, and attempt mount. Furthermore, the researcher observed daily and social interaction behaviour. Daily behaviour and social interaction behaviour of adolescent male sumatran elephant in TMR dominated by feeding (55.26%) and conspecific play (0.96%). The results showed that adolescent male sumatran elephant only performed flehmen behaviour to female elephant, caged together with 0.114% (0.017%: alpha female; 0.007%: subordinate female). Flehmen’s behaviour was shown by an adolescent male sumatran elephant when a female elephant urinated on days 11—14. Thus, this study reports that adolescent male sumatran elephant passed the initial of puberty by showing flehmen as precopulatory behaviour to female elephant."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian terhadap enam ekor gajah sumatera di Taman Margasatwa Ragunan yang terdiri dari dua jantan Harli dan Pangeran dan empat betina Mulyani, Putri, Agustin, dan Lestari, yang bertujuan untuk mengamati perilaku harian individu dan perilaku sosial gajah sumatera. Pengamatan ke-6 ekor gajah sumatera dilakukan selama 40 hari yang dimulai pada 05 Februari mdash;07 April 2018 pukul 08.00 mdash;15.00 WIB. Metode yang digunakan yaitu scan sampling dan ad libitum sampling dengan interval waktu 30 menit tanpa jeda. Perilaku harian yang diamati meliputi perilaku makan, minum, berkubang, bergerak, dan istirahat, sedangkan perilaku sosial yang diamati meliputi perilaku parental care, feeding behaviour, bermain dan interaksi terhadap perawat satwa. Dari hasil pengamatan didapatkan bahwa perilaku harian individu gajah sumatera didominasi oleh perilaku bergerak dengan rerata persentase sebesar 86,85 , sedangkan perilaku sosial gajah sumatera di dominasi oleh perilaku parental care dengan rerata persentase sebesar 26,62.

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A study of six sumatran elephants in Taman Margasatwa Ragunan consisting of two males Harli and Pangeran and four females Mulyani, Putri, Agustin, and Lestari, were aimed at observing the individual daily behavior and social behavior of sumatran elephants. The observation of the six sumatran elephants was conducted for 40 days starting on 05 February mdash 07 April 2018 at 08.00 15.00 WIB. The method used is scan sampling and ad libitum sampling with time interval 30 minutes without pause. Daily behaviors observed included eating, drinking, wallowing, moving, and resting behaviors, while observed social behaviors included parental care behavior, feeding behavior, play and interaction with animal keepers. From the observation result, it is found that the daily behavior of sumatran elephant is dominated by moving behavior with the average percentage of 86.85, while the social behavior of sumatran elephant is dominated by parental care behavior with the average percentage of 26.62."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian terhadap empat individu lutung jawa (Trachypithecus auratus) jantan dan betina di Pusat Primata Schmutzer, Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengamati interaksi individu jantan dan betina lutung jawa serta menganalisis kondisi pengelolaannya berdasarkan indikator kesejahteraan satwa di Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. Interaksi yang diamati adalah interaksi dari lima pasangan, yaitu P1 (jantan 1 dan betina 1), P2 (jantan 2 dan betina 2), P3 (jantan 1 dan betina 2), P4 (jantan 2 dan betina 1), serta P5 (jantan 1 dan jantan 2).  Pengamatan interaksi dilakukan dengan metode scan sampling dan ad libitum dalam interval waktu 5 menit tanpa jeda. Kondisi kesejahteraan dilihat berdasarkan pengamatan langsung dan wawancara. Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan frekuensi interaksi perilaku afiliatif dan seksual paling besar terjadi pada pasangan jantan 1 dan betina 1, sedangkan interaksi perilaku agonistik paling sering terjadi antara jantan 1 dan jantan 2. Kesejahteraan lutung jawa di Pusat Primata Schmutzer, Taman Margsatwa Ragunan termasuk sangat baik, namun ada beberapa hal yang perlu diperhatikan seperti luas kandang peragaan dan konsistensi jenis serta berat pakan sesuai untuk menghindari konflik antara individu. Jumlah pengunjung tidak memiliki korelasi signifikan dengan sebagian besar perilaku lutung jawa. Berdasarkan hasil Uji Korelasi Jenjang Spearman, jumlah pengunjung hanya berkorelasi signifikan terhahap perilaku sitting close dan allogrooming (sig.< 0,05).

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Research has been carried out on four Javan langurs (Trachypithecus auratus) at the Pusat Primata Schmutzer, Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. This study was conducted to observe the interaction of individual male and female javan langurs and analyze the management conditions based on animal welfare indicators in the Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. The interactions observed were the interactions of five pairs, namely P1 (male 1 and female 1), P2 (male 2 and female 2), P3 (male 1 and female 2), P4 (male 2 and female 1), and P5 (male 1 and male 2). Interaction observations were carried out using scan sampling and ad libitum methods at 5 minute intervals without pause. Welfare conditions are seen based on direct observations and interviews. Based on the observation, highest frequency of the interaction of affiliative and sexual behavior occurred in the male 1 and female 1 pair, while the agonistic behavior interaction occurred most frequently between male 1 and male 2. The welfare of the Javan langur at the Pusat Primata Schmutzer, Taman Margasatwa Ragunan is very good, but there are several things that need to be considered such as the area of ​​the display cage and the consistency of the type and weight of the feed to avoid conflict between individuals. The number of visitors doesn’t have significant correlation with most behaviors of javan langurs. According to the result of Spearman Rank Correlation test, number of visitors was significantly correlated only with sitting close and allogrooming behavior (sig. < 0,05)."