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"Kandidiasis oral merupakan infeksi pada lidah dan rongga mulut yang disebabkan oleh genus Candida, terutama Candida albicans. Terapi kandidiasis oral yang paling sering digunakan adalah agen antijamur seperti nistatin dan flukonazol. Namun, penggunaan agen antijamur seringkali digunakan dalam jangka panjang dan ekstensif yang dapat memicu peningkatan resistensi terhadap agen antijamur. Tanaman pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) merupakan salah satu alternatif alami penghasil minyak atsiri yang memiliki aktivitas antikandida. Minyak atsiri pala memiliki aktivitas dalam menghambat pembentukan biofilm C. albicans, serta apabila dikombinasikan dengan flukonazol dapat menimbulkan efek sinergis dan meningkatkan aktivitas antijamur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antijamur minyak atsiri pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) terhadap infeksi jamur C. albicans pada tikus putih jantan galur wistar (Rattus norvegicus) dengan kandidiasis oral, ditinjau dari pemeriksaan kultur dan perubahan nilai CT qPCR pada hari ke-14 setelah induksi kandidiasis oral, hari ke-1, 5, 10, dan 15 setelah terapi. Hasil pemeriksaan kultur menunjukkan m. fragrans oil 50% (P3), m. fragrans oil 100% (P4) serta kombinasi flukonazol 5 mg/kgBB dan m. fragrans oil 12,5% (P5) menunjukkan pola inhibisi pertumbuhan C. albicans yang sama dengan flukonazol 5 mg/kgBB (P1) pada hari ke-10 dan hari ke-15 setelah terapi. Hasil pemeriksaan qPCR menunjukkan m. fragrans oil 100% (P4) menunjukkan perbedaan yang tidak signifikan dibandingkan dengan flukonazol 5 mg/kgBB (P1) pada hari ke-5, hari ke-10, dan hari ke-15 setelah terapi, serta kombinasi flukonazol 5 mg/kgBB dan m. fragrans oil 12,5% (P5) menunjukkan peningkatan nilai Ct yang tinggi sejak hari ke-1 setelah terapi.

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Oral candidiasis is an infection of tongue and oral cavity caused by the genus Candida, especially Candida albicans. The most commonly used therapy for oral candidiasis is antifungal agents such as nystatin and fluconazole. However, the use of antifungal agents is often used long term and extensively which can lead to increased resistance to antifungal agents. The nutmeg plant (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) is one of the natural alternatives for producing essential oils that have anticandida activity. Nutmeg essential oil has activity in inhibiting the formation of C. albicans biofilm, and when combined with fluconazole can have a synergistic effect and increase antifungal activity. This study aims to determine the antifungal activity of nutmeg essential oil (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) against C. albicans fungal infection in wistar strain male white rats (Rattus norvegicus) with oral candidiasis, in terms of culture examination and changes in CT qPCR values on day 14 after induction of oral candidiasis, day 1, 5, 10, and 15 after therapy. The results of the culture examination showed that m. fragrans oil 50% (P3), m. fragrans oil 100% (P4) and combination of fluconazole 5 mg/kgBB and m. fragrans oil 12.5% (P5) showed the same C. albicans growth inhibition pattern as fluconazole 5 mg/kgBB (P1) on day 10 and day 15 after therapy. The results of qPCR examination showed that m. fragrans oil 100% (P4) showed insignificant differences compared to fluconazole 5 mg/kgBB (P1) on day 5, day 10, and day 15 after therapy, and the combination of fluconazole 5 mg/kgBB and m. fragrans oil 12.5% (P5) showed a high increase in Ct value from day 1 after therapy."

"Infeksi sistemik yang disebabkan oleh spesies kandida memiliki tingkat mortilitas tinggi. Spesies yang sering menginfeksi diantaranya adalah Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, dan Candida krusei. Saat ini, telah banyak ditemukan beberapa kasus resistensi dalam pengobatan infeksi kandida. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut, diperlukan alternatif pengobatan baru. Bahan alam dikenal sebagai alternatif pengobatan yang potensial karena efek toksik rendah dan sumbernya yang melimpah. Minyak atsiri Pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt.).merupakan salah satu bahan alam yang telah diketahui memiliki aktivitas antikandida Namun, mekanisme penghambatannya belum ditemukan. Dalam ulasan ini, kami mencoba mengkaji mekanisme penghambatan minyak atsiri Pala terhadap Candida sp. berdasarkan kandungan kimianya dan dibandingkan dengan obat antikandida yang sudah ada. Selain itu, juga akan dibahas beberapa metodologi yang dapat digunakan untuk pengujiannya berdasarkan studi literatur. Dari hasil ulasan ini, didapatkan beberapa kandungan kimia minyak atsiri Pala yang memiliki potensi penghambatan terhadap Candida sp. yaitu, α-pinene, β-pinene, terpinen-4-ol, dan limonene. Komponen kimia yang terkandung dalam minyak atsiri Pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) menunjukan bahwa minyak atsiri ini berpotensi sebagai antikandida dengan multitarget. Namun, untuk memgonfirmasi potensi tersebut diperlukan studi lebih lanjut menggunakan beberapa metode diantaranya kuantifikasi biomassa sel dengan pengujian kristal violet, pengujian akivitas mitikondria dengan MTT, identifikasi potensi penghambatan dengan Time Addition Assay, observasi kerusakan permukaan sel menggunakan Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), kuantifikasi gen menggunakan qPCR, identifikasi protein responsif, dan pengujian efek inhibisi di bawah tekanan osmotik.

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Systemic infections caused by candida species have a high mortality rate. Species that often infect them are Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, and Candida krusei. At present, there have been many cases of resistance found in the treatment of candida infections. To overcome this problem, we needed new alternative treatments. Natural products already known as potential alternative treatment because of their low toxic effect and exist abundantly. Nutmeg essential oil (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) is one of the natural ingredients that has known to have anticandida activity. However, the mechanism of inhibition has not found. In this review, we try to examine the inhibition mechanism of Nutmeg essential oil against Candida sp. based on its chemical content and compare with commercial anticandida. Also, several methodologies that can use for testing are based on literature studies as well. From the results of this review, it has found that some of the chemical content of nutmeg essential oil has the potential as anticandida. There are α-pinene, β-pinene, terpinen-4-ol, and limonene. The chemical components contained in Nutmeg essential oil (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) show that this essential oil has the potential to be a multitarget anticandida. However, to confirm this potential, further studies are needed. There are several methods can be used including quantification of cell biomass with crystal violet assay, testing of mitochondrial activity with MTT assay, identification of inhibitory potential with Time Addition Assay, observation of cell surface damage using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), quantification of genes using qPCR, identification of responsive proteins, and testing inhibitory effect under osmotic pressure.

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"Indonesia adalah negara tropis yang memiliki kelembaban tinggi, kondisi ini memudahkan manusia untuk mengalami infeksi akibat jamur. Salah satu jamur yang dapat menginfeksi manusia adalah Candida albicans. C. albicans dapat menyebabkan kandidiasis yang merupakan infeksi jamur dengan insiden tinggi. Perawatan antijamur dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan obat antijamur. Infeksi jamur sering terjadi yang menyebabkan penggunaan obat antijamur mengalami resistensi, oleh karena itu, kebutuhan untuk memeriksa senyawa aktif dari bahan alami yang memiliki aktivitas antijamur perlu ditingkatkan. Salah satu tanaman yang tersebar di Indonesia yang dikenal memiliki berbagai manfaat kesehatan adalah Tanduk Cananga (Artabotrys hexapetalus (L.f) Bhandari). Tanduk Cananga telah diketahui memiliki aktivitas antijamur dalam ekstrak metanol dari daun. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menguji aktivitas antijamur ekstrak dan fraksi diklorometana dari kulit tanduk Kanenanga. Metode ekstraksi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut heksana dan diklorometana. Diikuti dengan fraksinasi menggunakan metode kromatografi kolom. Tes aktivitas antijamur dilakukan secara in vitro dengan metode mikrodilusi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan ekstrak diklorometana kulit tanduk Cananga memiliki aktivitas antijamur terhadap Candida albicans dengan konsentrasi penghambatan minimum 200 μg/mL. Fraksi Dichloromethane I dan II memiliki aktivitas antijamur Candida albicans dengan konsentrasi penghambatan minimum 50 μg/mL, fraksi diklorometana III, IV, V, VI, VII, dan VIII memiliki aktivitas antijamur terhadap Candida albicans dengan konsentrasi penghambatan minimum 100 μg/mL mL. Disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak dan fraksi diklorometana memiliki aktivitas antijamur terhadap Candida albicans.

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Indonesia is a tropical country that has high humidity, this condition makes it easy for humans to experience infections due to fungi. One fungus that can infect humans is Candida albicans. C. albicans can cause candidiasis which is a fungal infection with a high incidence. Antifungal treatment can be done using antifungal drugs. Fungal infections often occur causing the use of antifungal drugs to experience resistance, therefore, the need to examine active compounds from natural substances that have antifungal activity needs to be increased. One of the plants that are spread in Indonesia that is known to have various health benefits is the Cananga Horn (Artabotrys hexapetalus (L.f) Bhandari). Cananga horn has been known to have antifungal activity in methanol extracts from the leaves. This research was conducted to examine the antifungal activity of extracts and dichloromethane fraction from the horn bark of Kanenanga Horn. The extraction method used in this study is the maceration method using hexane and dichloromethane solvents. Followed by fractionation using column chromatography methods. Antifungal activity tests were carried out in vitro by the microdilution method. The results of this study indicate dichloromethane extracts of the skin of the Cananga Horn horn have antifungal activity against Candida albicans with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 200 μg/mL. Dichloromethane fractions I and II have antifungal activity Candida albicans with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 50 μg/mL, dichloromethane fractions III, IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII have antifungal activity against Candida albicans with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 100 μg/mL mL. It was concluded that dichloromethane extracts and fractions had antifungal activity against Candida albicans."

"Minyak cengkeh dari bunga cengkeh Sygyzium aromaticum umumnya diisolasi dari cengkeh kering. Teknik pengeringan pada cengkeh yang biasa dilakukan oleh petani adalah dengan menjemur cengkeh di terik matahari. Karakteristik minyak cengkeh sangat dipengaruhi oleh penanganan pasca panen seperti pengeringan dan penyimpanan. Pada penelitian ini, telah dilakukan studi mengenai pengaruh proses pengeringan dengan sinar matahari dan penyimpanan cengkeh terhadap kandungan dan komposisi minyak atsiri yang dihasilkan. Pengeringan dilakukan dengan menjemur cengkeh di bawah sinar matahari hingga kandung airnya mencapai 12-14. Pengaruh penyimpanan cengkeh dipelajari terhadap minyak yang diisolasi dari bunga cengkeh kering yang sudah disimpan selama 6 bulan. Minyak atsiri dari setiap perlakuan diperoleh dengan metode destilasi uap terhadap bunga cengkeh dan komposisi kimianya dianalisa dengan metode Kromatografi Gas/Spektrometer Massa KG/SM. Senyawa-senyawa mayor yang terdeteksi pada minyak atsiri bunga cengkeh dari Manado dan Toli-toli yaitu eugenol, eugenol asetat, dan kariofilena. Pengeringan terhadap cengkeh Manado dan Toli-toli menyebabkan kenaikan kandungan eugenol masing-masing sebanyak 5,187 dan 7,511. Sementara itu, penyimpanan terhadap cengkeh Toli-toli selama 6 bulan menyebabkan kenaikan kandungan eugenol sebanyak 7,382.

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Clove bud oil Sygyzium aromaticum are generally isolated from dried cloves. Conventional drying technique that commonly used by farmer is drying under sunlight. Characteristics of clove oil is strongly influenced by post harvest handling which are drying and storage. This study have been investigated the effects of sun drying process and storage of the content and composition of essential clove oil. Drying of clove was conducted under sunlight until the moisture content reached 12 14. The influence of storage to the clove oil was studied by isolated the oil from dried clove buds that have been stored for 6 months. Essential oil of each treatment is obtained by steam distillation method of clove and their chemical composition was analyzed by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometer GC MS. The major compounds contained in the clove of Manado and Toli toli are as follow eugenol, eugenol acetate, and carryophyllene. Drying of the Manado and Toli toli cloves caused 5.187 and 7,511 increase of eugenol for each. Meanwhile, the storage of clove Toli toli after 6 months led to the increase in the content of eugenol as much as 7.382."

"Cengkeh merupakan salah satu bumbu rempah asli dari kepulauan Maluku, Indonesia. Cengkeh mengandung minyak atsiri yang memberikan aroma yang disukai oleh banyak orang. Senyawa yang paling banyak berperan dalam pemberian aroma dan rasa pada cengkeh adalah eugenol. Eugenol telah diketahui memiliki aktivitas farmasi yang luas seperti: anti-mikroba, anti-inflamsi, antioksidan, dan anti kanker. Cengkeh dapat mengandung eugenol hingga lebih dari 80 dari keseluruhan komposisi senyawa kimianya, sangat disayangkan bila Indonesia sebagai negara penghasil cengkeh terbesar di dunia, hanya memiliki informasi minimum tentang cengkeh dikarenakan sedikitnya penelitian dan publikasi mengenai cengkeh dari Indonesia.Selain eugenol cengkeh juga mengandung banyak senyawa volatil dalam minyak atsirinya, pada penelitian kali ini dilakukan fraksionasi dan identifikasi senyawa-senyawa volatil dari minyak atsiri yang didapat dengan metode destilasi uap yang menghasilkan yield sebesar 5,23325. Hasil dari analisis dengan GC-MS menunjukan terdapat 36 senyawa dalam minyak cengkeh, dan setelah dilakukan ekstraksi cair-cair LLE muncul 1 senyawa baru yaitu ? -ylangen, sehingga total terdapat 37 senyawa. Pada percobaan perbandingan fraksionasi menggunakan Solid Phase Extraction SPE dengan eluen H2O-ACN-MeOH dan H2O-MeOH-DCM, didapatkan campuran eluen pertama mampu memfraksionasikan lebih baik dari pada campuran eluen kedua.Pada uji aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan pengujian aktivitas pada minyak cengkeh, aktivitas setelah di LLE, dan aktivitas beberapa fraksi SPE. Aktivitas antioksidan diuji dengan menggunakan metode DPPH dan diukur dengan instrumen UV-Vis. Nilai IC50 minyak cengkeh jawa sebesar 5,3912 ppm, minyak hasil LLE dengan persen penurunan eugenol 93,7672 IC50nya menjadi 45,9220 ppm. Dari perbandingan data IC50 fraksi A8, A9, B1 eluen H2O-ACN-MeOH dan fraksi A10, B1, B2 eluen H2O-MeOH-DCM dapat disimpulkan bahwa selain eugenol dan senyawa fenolik, ada senyawa lain yang memiliki aktivitas antioksidan namun dengan nilai IC50 yang cukup tinggi yaitu karyofilen.

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Cloves are one of the spices native of Maluku in Indonesia. Cloves contain essential oil giving likeable aroma especially the flower. The biggest contributor for cloves aroma and taste is eugenol. Eugnol hads been showed to have wide range of pharmacological activities, such as antimicrobial, anti inflamatory, anti oxidant, and anti cancer. Cloves contain eugenol up to 80 of its chemical composition and have benificial that can be obtained from cloves. It was such unfortune if Indonesia as the biggest cloves production in the world only have limited information about cloves due to small number of research and publication about cloves from Indonesia.In addition to eugenol, clove also contains many volatil compounds in its essential oils. In this study fractionation and identification of volatil compounds performed on essential oils obtained by steam distillation method that yielding a yield of 5.23325.

The results of the analysis with GC MS showed 36 compounds in cloves oil, and after liquid liquid extraction LLE appeared 1 new compound ylangene, bringing a total of 37 compounds. In fractionation comparison experiments using Solid Phase Extraction SPE with H2O ACN MeOH and H2O MeOH DCM eluents, the first eluent mixture was able to fractionate better than the later.In the antioxidant activity assay, the test was performed on clove oil, oil after LLE, and several SPE fractions. Antioxidant assay performed using DPPH methods, and measured using UV Vis instrument. IC50 of clove oil of Java amount 5.3912 ppm, LLE oil with percentage decrease of eugenol 93.7672 it IC50 become 45.920 ppm. From the comparison of IC50 data fractions A8, A9, B1 eluen H2O ACN MeOH and fractions A10, B1, B2 eluen H2O MeOH DCM can be concluded that in addition to eugenol and phenolic compounds, there are other compounds that have antioxidant activity but with high IC50 value such as caryophillene."

"Pendahuluan: Candida sp. Menyumbang 40.9% dari seluruh kasus di seluruh dunia. Namun, resistensi obat terus meningkat akibat kemampuan jamur ini untuk beradaptasi. Oleh karena itu, obat antijamur alternatif untuk melawan kandidiasis invasive sangat dibutuhkan. Beberapa studi menunjukkan bahwa propolis, sebuah produk dari sarang lebah yang bertekstur seperti lilinn, memiliki sifat antijamut. Walaupun demikian, studi yang menyelidiki efektivitas Propolis Brunei (PB) sebagai obat antijamur alternatif masih langka. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi efek PB terhadap pertumbuhan candida albicans (CA). Metode: Studi ini menggunakan metode difusi agar dan mikrodilusi. Melalui difusi agar, peneliti mengevaluasi zona inhibisi. Sedangkan, melalui mikrodilusi, peneliti mengevaluasi optical density difference (ODD), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), dan percentage of inhibition (%I). CA ATCC 90028 dipaparkan dengan ekstrak etanol propolis dengan tiga konsentrasi berbeda: 50 mg/ml, 70 mg/ml, dan 100 mg/ml. Flukonazole diguanakan sebagai control positif. Hasil: Rerata zona inhibisi PB 50 mg/ml (10 mm), 70 mg/ml (9 mm), dan 100 mg/ml (11,5 mm) lebih rendah daripada flukonazol (15,5 mm). ODD PB 100 mg/ml lebih tinggi dari tes sampel yang lainnya (0.0703 nm). %I PB 50 mg/ml (79.15%), 70 mg/ml (91.18%), dan 100 mg/ml (92.76%) lebih tinggi daripada flukonazol (21.82%). MIC adalah 50 mg/ml. Kesimpulan: PB memiliki efek antifungal terhadap pertumbuhan CA. Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antaran zona inhibisi dan ODD PB jika dibandingkan dengan flukonazol. Terdapat korelasi negatif antara zona inhibisi dan ODD ketika membandingkan ketiga konsentrasi PB. Terdapat korelasi positif diantara konsentasi PB dan %I.

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Introduction: Among all cases, candida species accounts for 40.9% cases worldwide. However, drug-resistance is rising due to its adaptive nature. Thus, an alternative anti-fungal drug to combat invasive candidiasis is needed. Studies have shown that propolis, a wax-like beehive product, possess anti-fungal properties. Still, studies investigating the effectiveness of Brunei propolis (BP) as an alternative anti-fungal drug are still scarce. This study aims to evaluate the effects of BP against the growth of Candida albicans (CA). Methods: Researcher conducted agar diffusion and micro-dilution method. Through agar diffusion, inhibition zone was evaluated. Meanwhile, through micro-dilution, the author evaluated the optical density difference (ODD), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and percentage of inhibition (%I). CA ATCC 90028 was tested against Propolis extract in three different concentrations: 50 mg/ml, 70 mg/ml, and 100 mg/ml. Fluconazole was the positive control. Results: The mean inhibition zone of BP 50 mg/ml (10 mm), 70 mg/ml (9 mm), and 100 mg/ml (11.5 mm) are lower than fluconazole (15.5 mm). ODD of BP 100 mg/ml is higher than other test samples (0.0703). %I of BP 50 mg/ml (79.15%), 70 mg/ml (91.18%), and 100 mg/ml (92.76%) are higher than fluconazole (21.82%). MIC value is 50 mg/ml. Conclusion: BP possess anti-fungal effects towards CA. There is a significant association between inhibition zone and ODD of BP with respect to fluconazole. There is a negative association between all BP concentrations. There is a positive association between BP concentration and %I."

"The prevalence of Candida albicans infections is increasing in the society. Therefore, an effective and affordable antifungal drug with minimal side effect is needed. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a traditional herb which has an antifungal effect in its volatile oil. Objective: to investigate antifungal effect of volatile oil from Zingiber officinale var. rubrum against C. albicans in vitro, to determine the optimum concentration, and finally to determine the correlation between the various concentrations of the oil and the inhibition zone. Material and method: Strain C. albicans tested was obtained from the Departement of Parasitology, Medical Faculty, University of Indonesia. Volatile oil of Zingiber officinale var. rubrum was produced from water and steam distillation of fresh ginger in BALLITRO, Bogor. Concentrations of the volatile oil used were 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 3.125%, 1.56% and 0.78%. Methods used were colony counting and disk diffusion method (by using 6 mm blank disk). The specimens were divided into two groups, treatment group (C. albicans with application of volatile oil) and control group (C. albicans without application of volatile oil). Result: There was a significant decrease in the amount of C. albicans colonies from 3.125% to 6.25% of concentration. The amount of C. albicans colonies at concentration 6.25% was also significantly lower than in the control group. Moreover, there was strong and positive correlation between the concentration of the volatile oil and the inhibition zone. Conclusion: Volatile oil from Zingiber officinale var. rubrum has an antifungal effect agains C. albicans in vitro with optimum concentration at 6.25%. Increasing concentrations of the oil correlates with increasing inhibition zone."

"The side effects of many antifungal drugs make it necessary to find an herbal alternative with reduced side effects. Many herbals are known to have an antifungal effect, including ginger with its volatile oil composition. However, the specific antifungal effect and optimal concentration of the volatile oil from Zingiber officinale var. amarum agains C. albicans is not yet known. This research was done to verify the antifungal effect of Zingiber officinale var. amarum volatile oil on C. albicans, to determine its optimal concentration, and to determine the relation between the volatile oil concentration and the inhibition zone. material and method: The C. albicans strain was obtained from Departement of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia and the volatile oil was provided by water and steam distillation at BALITTRO, Bogor. The colonies were double counted in two steps. First, the volatile oil at concentrations of 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125%, 1.56% and 0.78% were applied for treatment, whereas in the second step concentration of 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, and 50% were used. In the disk diffusion method, the volatile oil concentrations of 100%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25% and 3.125% were applied in triplicate in Petri dishes containing C. albicans by using 6 mm blank disks. Result: Mann-Whitney test showed the significant decrease of the colonies between 6.25% and 3.125% of the volatile oil concetration (a = 0.021), and also between the volatile oil concentration 6.25% and the control group (a = 0.014). The Spearman test showed a positive and strong correlation between the volatile oil of Zingiber officinale var. amarum and its inhibition zone (r = 0.91). Conclusion: The volatile oil of Zingiber officinale var. amarum has an antifungal effect against C. albicans with an optimal concentration of 6.255%, and increasing volatile oil concentration is followed by increasing inhibition zone."