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"Industri kelapa sawit berperan penting dalam perekonomian Indonesia. Namun, penyakit Busuk Pangkal Batang oleh Ganoderma boninense mengancam perkebunan kelapa sawit. Pengembangan agen biokontrol diperlukan sebagai alternatif dari penggunaan fungisida. Pada penelitian sebelumnya, kultur tunggal Bacillus siamensis LDR, Bacillus sp. TKA6A, dan Stenotrophomonas maltophilia G17 berhasil menghambat pertumbuhan Ganoderma boninense. Pada penelitian ini, ketiga bakteri tersebut disatukan sebagai ko-kultur. Uji Antagonis dan Antibiosis dilakukan untuk melihat kemampuan ko-kultur dalam menghambat Ganoderma boninense. Efektivitas hambatan direpresentasikan sebagai nilai Persentase Hambatan Pertumbuhan Radial (PHPR). Uji Antagonis dilakukan dengan metode pour plate dan paper disc dual culture pada medium Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) dan Plate Count Agar (PCA). Berdasarkan pengujian, nilai PHPR pada metode pourplate mencapai 100% di kedua medium, sedangkan pada metode dual culture, nilai PHPR pada medium PCA (46,88%) lebih tinggi dibandingkan medium PDA (32,80%). Sementara itu, Fermentasi ko-kultur bakteri pada uji antibiosis dilakukan di dalam medium NB dengan dua variabel perlakuan, yakni lama fermentasi dan sumber karbon. Uji Antibiosis dengan filtrat hasil fermentasi dilakukan dengan metode Pour plate dan agar well diffusion. Uji antibiosis dengan metode pour plate memperoleh hambatan sebesar 100% pada ketiga variasi medium fermentasi, dan 94,94% pada variasi 5 hari di medium NB+Glukosa. Di samping itu, nilai PHPR pada metode agar well diffusion berkisar dalam rentang 22.57% sampai 43,74%. Perlu dilakukan analisis lebih lanjut mengenai kandungan senyawa antifungi yang dapat dihasilkan oleh ko-kultur tersebut serta pengembangan aplikasi ko-kultur pada tahap pembibitan kelapa sawit.

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The oil palm industry is crucial to the economic growth of Indonesia. However, Basal Stem Rot disease caused by Ganoderma boninense poses a significant threat. This study aimed to develop biocontrol agents as an alternative to environmentally harmful fungicides. Previous research demonstrated that single cultures of Bacillus siamensis LDR, Bacillus sp. TKA6A, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia G17 inhibit Ganoderma boninense. In this research, the inhibiton activities against Ganoderma boninense of these strains in co-culture were evaluated through antagonist and antibiosis assays, presenting results as Growth Inhibition Rates (GIR). Antagonistic tests, conducted using the pour plate method and paper disc dual culture on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and Plate Count Agar (PCA) media, showed 100% inhibition with the pour plate method on both media. The dual culture method revealed higher GIR on PCA (46.88%) compared to PDA (32.80%). Antibiosis tests involved fermenting the co-culture in Nutrient Broth (NB) medium with varying fermentation durations and carbon sources. The pour plate method using fermentation filtrate achieved 100% inhibition across all media variations, with 94.94% in the 7-day NB+Glucose medium. GIR values from the agar well diffusion method ranged from 22.57% to 43.74%. Further analysis is required to identify antifungal compounds produced by the co-culture and to develop applications for co-culture in palm oil nurseries.

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"Sektor kelapa sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) berperan penting dalam perekonomian nasional, tetapi terancam oleh infeksi Ganoderma boninense yang menyebabkan penyakit Busuk Pangkal Batang (BPB). Salah satu upaya pengendalian penyebaran fungi fitopatogen yaitu menggunakan bakteri antagonis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji potensi antagonis ko-kultur Bacillus siamensis LDR dan Stenotrophomonas maltophilia G17 terhadap Ganoderma boninense melalui uji antagonis dan antibiosis. Uji antagonis dilakukan menggunakan metode dual culture berupa pour plate dan disc delayed culture pada medium. Filtrat ko-kultur yang difermentasi selama 5 dan 7 hari pada Nutrient Broth (NB) dan NB dengan tambahan glukosa digunakan untuk uji antibiosis menggunakan metode agar well diffusion dan pour plate. Uji antagonis maupun uji antibiosis dilakukan pada medium Plate Count Agar (PCA) dan Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA). Potensi antagonis dan antibiosis ko-kultur bakteri terhadap fungi diukur berdasarkan diameter pertumbuhan fungi yang menunjukkan hambatan menggunakan rumus Growth Inhibition Rate (GIR). Hasil uji antagonis menunjukkan hambatan pertumbuhan fungi mencapai 69.63% ± 2,46% pada metode disc delayed culture sedangkan pada metode pour plate mencapai 100%. Sementara, filtrat hasil fermentasi ko-kultur bakteri berusia 5 hari dan 7 hari menghasilkan senyawa antifungi yang menghambat pertumbuhan fungi uji dengan GIR mencapai 100% pada metode pour plate dan 48,20% ± 2,23% pada metode agar well diffusion. Filtrat hasil fermentasi selama 5 hari menunjukkan performa antibiosis yang lebih baik. Sementara, penambahan glukosa pada proses fermentasi tidak meningkatkan performa antibiosis. Selanjutnya, perlu dilakukan identifikasi senyawa antifungi yang dihasilkan oleh ko-kultur B. siamensis LDR dan S. maltophilia G17.

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The oil palm sector (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) plays a crucial role in the national economy but is threatened by Ganoderma boninense, causing Basal Stem Rot (BSR). One strategy to control the spread of this phytopathogenic fungus is to employ antagonistic bacteria. This research aims to assess the antagonistic potential of co-cultured Bacillus siamensis LDR and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia G17 against G. boninense through antagonism and antibiosis assays. Antagonism assays were conducted using pour plate and disc delayed culture methods. Fermented co-culture filtrates (5 and 7-day) in Nutrient Broth (NB) and NB supplemented with glucose were utilized for antibiosis assays, using agar well diffusion and pour plate methods. Both assays were conducted on Plate Count Agar (PCA) and Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) media. Potency of bacterial co-culture against G. boninense were evaluated based on the inhibition diameter of fungal growth, calculated using the Growth Inhibition Rate (GIR) formula. The antagonism assay results showed fungal growth inhibition of 69.63% ± 2.46% with the disc delayed culture, while the pour plate achieved 100% inhibition. Meanwhile, the filtrate from the 5 and 7-day fermented bacterial co-culture produced antifungal compounds that inhibited fungal growth by 100% using the pour plate and 48.20% ± 2.23% using the agar well diffusion. The 5-day fermented filtrate showed better antibiosis performance. The addition of glucose during the fermentation process did not enhance antibiosis performance. Further identification of antifungal compounds produced by the B. siamensis LDR and S. maltophilia G17 co-culture is needed."

"Kendala yang sering dihadapi pada pertanian adalah hama tanaman yang dapat mengganggu produktivitas tanaman pangan. Pemberantasan hama sering menggunakan pestisida kimiawi yang dapat berdampak buruk pada lingkungan dan tanaman. Salah satu alternatif mengatasi permasalahan tersebut adalah dengan menggunakan mikroorganisme sebagai biokontrol bagi hama tanaman. Mikroorganisme diketahui berpotensi sebagai agen biokontrol, dan aktivitas tersebut dapat diuji dengan  Antibiosis. Aktivitas antibiosis terlihat sebagai kemampuan menghambat pertumbuhan suatu mikroorganisme terhadap mikroorganisme lain. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan uji antibiosis dan aktivitas enzim dari empat isolat basil Gram negatif yaitu TTM, TTO, TKL, TTH, terhadap fungi Fusarium oxysporum dan Ganoderma boninense. Keempat isolat bakteri difermentasikan dalam medium Nutrient broth (NB) selama 6, 9, dan 12 hari, pada suhu inkubasi 39oC. Uji antibiosis dilakukan secara kualitatif dengan menggunakan cylinder diffusion method. Hasil uji antibiosis menunjukkan bahwa hanya isolat TTH dan TTM yang memiliki potensi untuk menghambat fungi Ganoderma boninense  dalam fermentasi hari ke 6,9, dan 12. Hasil uji aktivitas enzim menunjukkan bahwa hanya isolat TTO yang memiliki aktivitas kitinolitik.

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One of the common challenges in agriculture is the presence of plant pests that can disrupt the productivity of food crops. Pest control often relies on the use of chemical pesticides, which can have negative impacts on the environment and plants. One alternative to address this issue is the utilization of microorganisms as biocontrol agents for plant pests. Microorganisms are known to have the potential as biocontrol agents, and this activity can be tested through antibiosis. Antibiosis activity is observed as the ability to inhibit the growth of one microorganism by another. In this study, antibiosis and enzyme activity tests were conducted on four isolates of Gram-negative bacteria, namely TTM, TTO, TKL, and TTH, against the fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Ganoderma boninense. The four bacterial isolates were fermented in Nutrient Broth (NB) medium for 6, 9, and 12 days at an incubation temperature of 39°C. The antibiosis test was qualitatively performed using the cylinder diffusion method. The results of the antibiosis test showed that only the TTH and TTM isolates had the potential to inhibit the Ganoderma boninense fungi during the 6th, 9th, and 12th days of fermentation. The enzyme activity test results indicated that only the TTO isolate exhibited chitinolytic activity."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian tentang potensi antagonis bakteri Gram-positif Bacillus siamensis LDR terhadap pertumbuhan 2 isolat Asp. niger ABP dan ART memiliki selesai. Uji antagonis dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode kultur ganda yang berbeda, yaitu: kultur cakram ganda dan kultur piring tuang. Hasil pengujian pada metode kultur cakram ganda menunjukkan bahwa B. siamensis LDR mampu menghambat pertumbuhan diameter Asp. niger ART (44,83%) dan ABP (39,95%). Sedangkan pada metode pelat tuang, kultur, B. siamensis LDR mampu menghambat pertumbuhan Asp. niger ART (87,98%) dan ABP (92,43%). Fermentasi senyawa antijamur dari B. siamensis telah dilakukandengan metode fermentasi menggunakan media Potato Dextrose Broth untuk inkubasi 10, 12 dan 14 hari. Filtrat hasil fermentasi digunakan sebagai pelarut untuk medium medium PDA dan PDB dalam uji antibiotik. Uji antibiotik menunjukkan bahwa efektivitas terbesardiperoleh dari filtrat fermentasi 14 hari. Hasil pengujian pada media PDA berdasarkan diameter pertumbuhan koloni menunjukkan terhambatnya pertumbuhan Asp. niger ART (74,53%) dan ABP (62,13%). Sedangkan penghambatan pertumbuhan pada medium PDB yang ditentukan berdasarkan produksi biomassa menunjukkan penurunan sebesar 79,80% pada Asp. niger ART dan 51,22% pada Asp. niger ABP versus kontrol. Uji antibiosis dengan metode difusi cakram pada waktu inkubasi media fermentasi hari ke 14 juga selesai. Hasil pengujian pada metode difusi cakram menunjukkan bahwa penghambatan pertumbuhan Asp. niger ART dan ABP pada konsentrasi 2.500 ppmhingga 20.000 ppm.ABSTRACTResearch on the potential antagonist of Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus siamensis LDR to the growth of 2 isolates of Asp. niger ABP and ART have finished. The antagonist test was carried out using different multiple culture methods, namely: double disc culture and pour plate culture. The test results on the double disc culture method showed that B. siamensis LDR was able to inhibit the growth of Asp diameter. niger ART (44.83%) and ABP (39.95%). While in the pour plate method, culture, B. siamensis LDR was able to inhibit the growth of Asp. niger ART (87.98%) and ABP (92.43%). Fermentation of antifungal compounds from B. siamensis has been carried outby fermentation method using Potato Dextrose Broth media for incubation 10, 12 and 14 days. The fermented filtrate was used as a solvent for PDA and PDB medium in the antibiotic test. Antibiotic tests show that the greatest effectiveness obtained from 14 days fermentation filtrate. The test results on PDA media based on the diameter of the colony growth showed inhibition of Asp growth. niger ART (74.53%) and ABP (62.13%). Meanwhile, the inhibition of growth in the GDP medium which was determined based on biomass production showed a decrease of 79.80% in Asp. niger ART and 51.22% on Asp. niger ABP versus control. Antibiosis test using the disc diffusion method at the incubation time of the 14th day of fermentation media was also completed. The test results on the disc diffusion method showed that the inhibition of the growth of Asp. niger ART and ABP at a concentration of 2,500 ppmup to 20,000 ppm."

"Ganoderma lucidum (hereafter G. lucidum) has been known as a food and raw material used in the development of medications because of its high content of polysaccharides, or ?-glucans, which support the immune function. In this work, subcritical water was applied to utilize G. lucidum for the extraction of polysaccharides at temperatures of 373–463K and a pressure level of 4.0 MPa using a semi-batch system. Furthermore, these extracts were atomized and contacted with hot air to produce microsphere particles. During extraction, thermal softening of G. lucidum occurred, allowing the removal of the polysaccharides and protecting other constituents in G. lucidum via hydrolysis. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed that the microsphere particles formed were spherical and dimpled or shriveled particles with diameters varying from 1 to 6 ?m. Characteristics of the molecular mass revealed that main massed peaks of water soluble products were distributed at around 688–2636 m/z with a peak-to-peak mass difference of 162 m/z, consistent with the repeating unit of the glucans."

"Beberapa tahun terakhir terjadi penyakit pada tanaman karet yang disebabkan oleh jamur Pestalotiopsis sp yang menyebabkan gugur daun karet secara massif. Pestalotiopsis sp tumbuh dan berkembang pada wilayah dengan curah hujan dan kelembaban udara yang cukup tinggi dan lembab. Kebun Pusat Penelitian Karet Sembawa merupakan kebun yang digunakan dalam melakukan penelitian dan mengembangkan tanaman karet. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji secara spasial dan temporal fenomena gugur daun tanaman karet akibat Pestalotiopsis sp serta curah hujan dan kelembaban pada wilayah kebun Pusat Penelitian Karet Sembawa. Sentinel 2A merupakan citra satelit yang memiliki resolusi spasial dan temporal yang cukup baik dan sering digunakan dalam melakukan monitoring tanaman khususnya hutan dan perkebunan. NDVI digunakan dalam yang mendeteksi tingkat gugur daun pada tanaman karet melalui citra Sentinel 2A. Curah hujan dan kelembaban didapatkan melalui citra CHIRPS dan SMAP. Terdapat hubungan yang cukup signifikan antara nilai NDVI dengan tingkat gugur daun tanaman karet. Pada Agustus 2020 terjadi gugur daun karet secara alami dengan rendahnya tingkat curah hujan dan kelembaban pada wilayah kebun. Desember 2020, Maret, Mei dan November 2021 terjadi gugur daun akibat serangan Pestalotiopsis sp yang ditandai dengan tingginya nilai curah hujan dan kelembaban. Tingkat gugur daun karet akibat Pestalotiopsis sp memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan curah hujan secara spasial dan temporal. Kelembaban tidak memiliki korelasi yang cukup signifikan dengan kejadian gugur daun karet.

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In recent years there has been a disease in rubber plants caused by the fungus Pestalotiopsis sp which causes massive rubber leaf falls. Pestalotiopsis sp grows and develops in areas with high and humid rainfall and humidity. The Sembawa Rubber Research Center garden is a garden for conducting research and developing rubber plants. This study aims to examine the phenomenon of leaf fall of rubber plants due to Pestalotiopsis sp spatially and temporally as well as the influence of rainfall and humidity factors in the garden area. Rubber leaf fall was calculated using the vegetation index and %treecover from Sentinel 2A images and drone images. Rainfall and humidity were obtained through CHIRPS and SMAP images. The results showed a significant relationship between the NDVI value and the leaf fall rate of rubber plants. Rubber leaf fall rate due to Pestalotiopsis sp has a significant relationship with rainfall spatially and temporally. Meanwhile, the humidity did not have a significant correlation with the incidence of rubber leaf falls. Natural leaf fall occurred in August 2020 marked by low levels of rainfall and humidity. December 2020, March, May, and November 2021, leaves fall due to the attack of Pestalotiopsis sp which is characterized by high rainfall and humidity values."

"Berbagai masalah muncul dalam makanan dan produk pertanian yang tercemar dengan cetakan Aspergillus niger. Pertumbuhan A. niger dapat dikelola dengan metode biokontrol menggunakan senyawa antijamur yang dihasilkan melalui proses fermentasi. Komposisi nutrisi merupakan faktor penting dalam proses fermentasi. Penelitian telah dilakukan terhadap produksi senyawa antijamur dari Bacillus siamensis LDR melawan dua galur A. niger ABP dan ART. Modifikasi media Czapek-Dox dengan Sumber karbon pati beras, sukrosa dan ekstrak ragi digunakan sebagai sumber karbon media fermentasi. Fermentasi dilakukan selama 10, 12, dan 14 hari dengan metode diam budaya. Uji antibiotik dilakukan dengan menggunakan filtrat fermentasi sebagai pelarut internal PDB dan PDA sedang. Hasil pengujian diukur berdasarkan biomassa pada medium cair PDB, dan diameter pertumbuhan dalam media padat PDA dari A. niger ABP dan ART. Uji Filtrat pertumbuhan antibiosis B. siamensis LDR terhadap A. niger menunjukkan ABP efektivitas tertinggi pada hari ke-10 fermentasi dengan penurunan biomassa hingga 99,20% dan penghambatan pertumbuhan diameter mencapai 83,25%. Efektivitas tertinggi terhadap A. niger ART pada hari ke-12 fermentasi dengan penurunan biomassa hingga 89,62% dan diameter penghambatan pertumbuhan mencapai 87,95%. Tes antibiotik juga dilakukan dengan metode difusi ekstrak kasar senyawa antijamur dari media fermentasi pada hari ke 12. Media diekstraksi dengan metode ekstraksi cair-cair menggunakan etil asetat. Uji antibiotik dengan ekstrak kasar dilakukan pada konsentrasi 2.500, 5.000, 10.000, dan 20.000 ppm. Secara kualitatif, ekstrak kasar bersifat antijamur menunjukkan penghambatan pertumbuhan terhadap A. niger ABP dan HAART pada konsentrasi 2.500 ppm.

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Problems arose in food and agricultural products tainted with Aspergillus niger molds. A. niger growth can be managed by biocontrol methods using antifungal compounds produced through the fermentation process. The nutritional composition is an important factor in the fermentation process. Research has been conducted on the production of an antifungal compound from Bacillus siamensis LDR against two A. niger ABP strains and ART. Modification of Czapek-Dox media with carbon sources of rice starch, sucrose and yeast extract were used as carbon sources in the fermentation medium. Fermentation was carried out for 10, 12, and 14 days with culture still method. Antibiotic test was carried out using fermentation filtrate as internal solvent of medium PDB and PDA. The test results were measured based on biomass in PDB liquid medium, and growth diameter in PDA solid media from A. niger ABP and ART. Test The antibiosis growth filtrate of B. siamensis LDR against A. niger showed the highest ABP effectiveness on the 10th day of fermentation with a decrease in biomass up to 99.20% and inhibition of diameter growth reaching 83.25%. Highest effectiveness against A. niger ART on the 12th day of fermentation with a decrease in biomass up to 89.62% and the diameter of growth inhibition reaching 87.95%. Antibiotic tests were also carried out by diffusion method of crude extract of antifungal compounds from the fermentation medium on day 12. The media was extracted by the liquid-liquid extraction method using ethyl acetate. Antibiotic assays with crude extracts were carried out at concentrations of 2,500, 5,000, 10,000, and 20,000 ppm. Qualitatively, the crude extract was antifungal and showed growth inhibition against A. niger ABP and HAART at a concentration of 2,500 ppm."

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Bacillus spp. berpotensi sebagai agen biokontrol untuk meminimalisir kontaminasi mikroorganisme. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui aktivitas antagonistis sel dan filtrat Bacillus siamensis LDR terhadap beberapa spesies kapang. Purifikasi dan karakterisasi morfologi dilakukan pada medium PDA. Uji aktivitas antagonistis dilakukan dengan metode dual kultur dan uji antibiosis dilakukan dengan menggunakan filtrat fermentasi B. siamensis LDR yang diperoleh dari panen hari ke-12 dan ke-14. Persentase inhibisi ditentukan berdasarkan perhitungan pertumbuhan radial dan biomassa kapang yang diberi perlakuan, dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Hasil uji antagonistis menunjukkan bahwa Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus AHM, dan Aspergillus clavatus ABH berhasil dihambat sebesar 35,92%, 42.75%, 27.18% pada teknik dual disc dan sebesar 92.94%, 87.15%, 85.45% pada teknik pour plate disc. Hasil uji antibiosis menunjukkan inhibisi F. oxysporum, A. flavus AHM, dan A. clavatus ABH lebih tinggi pada filtrat 14 hari, yaitu 41.84—41,94%, 34,83—36,04%, 63.27—63,81% pada medium PDA dan 53,15—76,37%, -151— -11.01, 88.87—90.36% pada medium PDB. Sel dan filtrat B. siamensis LDR memiliki aktivitas antagonistis terhadap Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus AHM, dan Aspergillus clavatus ABH dengan ketidakstabilan aktivitas antibiosis terhadap A. flavus AHM, secara in vitro.

 

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Bacillus spp. are potential biocontrol agent to reduce crop contamination by microorganism. Aim of this research is to screen antagonistic activity of B. siamensis LDR cells and filtrate against few species of filamentous fungi. Purification and morphological characterization were done on PDA. Screening of antagonistic activity was done by antagonistic assay using dual culture method and antibiosis assay using 12 and 14 days fermentation filtrate of B. siamensis LDR. Percentage of inhibition were determined by comparing radial growth and biomass of treated fungi to untreated fungi as control. Result of antagonistic assay showed Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus AHM, and Aspergillus clavatus ABH were inhibited for 35,92%, 42.75%, 27.18% by using dual disc technique and 92.94%, 87.15%, 85.45% by using pour plate disc technique, respectively. Result of antibiosis assay showed the highest inhibition activity against F. oxysporum, A. flavus AHM, A. clavatus ABH was found in 14 days fermentation filtrate, which were 41.84—41,94%, 34,83—36,04%, 63.27—63,81% on PDA and 53,15—76,37%, -151— -11.01, 88.87—90.36% on PDB, respectively. Therefore, B. siamensis LDR cell and filtrate has antagonistic activity against Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus AHM and Aspergillus clavatus ABH, despite of unstable antibiosis activity against A. flavus AHM, in vitro.

 

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