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"Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPeC) merupakan bakteri dengan presentase sekitar 17% - 37% dari total bakteri yang diisolasi dari pasien dengan Bloodstream Infection (BSI) secara global. Kemampuan bakteri ini dalam mengembangkan resistensi terhadap antibiotik menyebabkan masalah serius. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis keterkaitan antara profil fenotipik dan genotipik pada isolat Escherichia coli (E. coli) penyebab BSI. Isolasi bakteri E. coli penyebab BSI dan isolasi DNA dilakukan pada 11 isolat tersimpan asal LMK FKUI dan 2 isolat asal BB Binomika, Jakarta. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan Vitek 2 compact untuk analisis profil fenotipik dan juga menggunakan metode Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) untuk mengkarakterisasi seacra genotipik bakteri E. coli. Berdasarkan data fenotipik yang diperoleh menggunakan VITEK-2, resistensi tertinggi isolat dalam penelitian ini secara berturut-turut terdapat pada antibiotik ampisilin (53,8%), siprofloksasin (46,2%), dan seftriakson (38,5%). Identifikasi gen resistensi untuk ampisilin, seftriakson, dan siprofloksasin juga telah berhasil diidentifikasi melaui teknik WGS. Beberapa gen yang dikaitkan dengan resistensi terhadap ampisilin adalah blaTEM 1-B dan variannya seperti blaTEM-116, blaTEM-141, dan blaTEM-206. Gen blaTEM-1B merupakan gen yang mendominasi pada mekanisme resistensi betalaktam (30,76%), diikuti oleh gen blaCTX-M-55 (15,35%). Sedangkan mekanisme resistensi pada fluorokuinolon banyak dimediasi oleh adanya mutasi pada target antibiotik, seperti mutasi pada gyrA, parC, dan AcrAB-TolC. Isolat selanjutnya dikelompokkan menggunakan skema Achtman dalam 12 ST yang berbeda yaitu ST73, 117, 10, 410, 83, 169, 95, 1844, 101, 457, 744 dan ST 127. Terdapat kesesuaian antara resistensi fenotipik dan resistensi genotipik terhadap antibiotik betalaktam pada isolat E. coli yang diteliti, dimana gen resistensi terdeteksi pada seluruh isolat yang resisten betalaktam secara fenotipik.

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Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) accounts for approximately 17% - 37% of the total bacteria isolated from patients with bloodstream infections (BSI) globally. The ability of these bacteria to develop resistance to antibiotics poses serious problems. This study aims to analyze the relationship between phenotypic and genotypic profiles in Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolates causing BSI. Isolation of E. coli causing BSI and DNA isolation were carried out on 11 stored isolates from LMK FKUI and 2 isolates from BB Binomika, Jakarta. This study was conducted using the Vitek 2 compact system for phenotypic profile analysis and the Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) method to characterize the genotypic profiles of E. coli. Based on the phenotypic data obtained using VITEK-2, the highest resistance among isolates in this study was observed for ampicillin (53.8%), ciprofloxacin (46.2%), and ceftriaxone (38.5%). Resistance genes for ampicillin, ceftriaxone, and ciprofloxacin were successfully identified through the WGS technique. Some of the genes associated with resistance to ampicillin include blaTEM-1B and its variants such as blaTEM-116, blaTEM-141, and blaTEM-206. The blaTEM-1B gene is predominant in the betalactam resistance mechanism (30.76%), followed by the blaCTX-M-55 gene (15.35%). Resistance to fluoroquinolones is primarily mediated by mutations in antibiotic targets, such as mutations in gyrA, parC, and AcrAB-TolC. Isolates were further grouped using the Achtman scheme into 12 different STs, including ST73, 117, 10, 410, 83, 169, 95, 1844, 101, 457, 744, and ST127. There was concordance between phenotypic resistance and genotypic resistance to betalactam antibiotics in the E. coli isolates studied, where resistance genes were detected in all isolates that were phenotypically betalactam-resistant."

"Seven antibiotics including norfloxacin (NOR) were tested via disk susceptibility test on E. coliculture isolated from the MLSS of the two types of lab-scale sequencing batch reactors (SBR), acommon SBR and an SBR with rnicrofiltration membrane (SB-MBR) for treatment of syntheticmunicipal wastewater. The same experiment treating the NOR-added wastewater to examine thepossible induction of resistance to itself and the other antibiotics. The MLSS from Banglculture (TISTR780) were spiked daily into both reactors. The reactors were continuously operatedunder 2hr/2hr of aeration/non-aeration cycle and resistances to antibiotics of E. coli in MLSS weremonitored. When NOR was not added, the SB-MBR showed lower percentages of resistant E. colithan the SBR did to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, amikacin, nalidixic acid, tetracycline andchloramphenicol. Oppositely, the SB-MBR treating the NOR-added wastewater appeared topromote resistances of E. coli to nalidixic acid, sulfamethoxasole and tetracycline probably due to along SRT and low DO compared to that of SBR. Although its mechanism should be analyzed withmolecular techniques in further studies, this NOR-induced expression of resistance resulted in ahigher occurrence of multidrug resistant E. coli in the SB-MBR than that in the SBR."

"Porin OmpF merupakan Outer Membrane Protein (OMP) yang berperan dalam transport pasif berbagai senyawa dan sering diasosiasikan dengan sifat resistensi antibiotik. Gen ompF pengkode porin OmpF kerap dipelajari pada spesies Escherichia coli. Kejadian resistensi antibiotik bakteri seperti pada E. coli menjadi salah satu masalah utama dalam dunia kesehatan, sehingga studi mengenai gen ompF pada bakteri E. coli sangat penting dilakukan. Belum adanya laporan mengenai profil gen ompF pada E. coli resistensi di Indonesia menyebabkan perlunya dilakukan penelitian ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan data karakteristik gen ompF yang mengkode porin OmpF pada isolat klinis E. coli serta kepekaannya terhadap antibiotik. Sebanyak 21 sampel E. coli resisten yang diinokulasi di Jakarta, Indonesia dikelompokkan menjadi 3 variabel fenotip. DNA isolat diekstraksi menggunakan kit ekstraksi QIAamp® DNA Mini Kit (50), lalu gen ompF diamplifikasi menggunakan primer spesifik dengan metode PCR konvensional dan dilanjutkan dengan sekuensing. Gen ompF isolat dibandingkan dengan gen ompF strain E. coli ATCC 25922 secara bioinformatik, meliputi mutasi serta pohon filogenetiknya. Diketahui bahwa hampir seluruh sampel E. coli patogen mengalami mutasi pada deret asam nukleat dimana sebagian besar mutasi yang terjadi merupakan silent mutation. Mutasi gen ompF tingkat asam amino terjadi pada nomor 48, 51, 52, 60, 115, 224, 225, 226, 229, 306, dan 307. Namun mutasi-mutasi tersebut tidak mempengaruhi sifat fenotipik resistensi. Analisis pohon filogenetik juga menunjukkan bahwa sampel dengan sifat fenotip yang sama tidak mengelompok menjadi clade yang sama secara garis evolusi.

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Porin OmpF is an Outer Membrane Protein (OMP) that plays role in passive transport of various compounds and is often associated with antibiotic resistance. The ompF gene encoding the OmpF porin is frequently studied in Escherichia coli species. The incidence of bacterial antibiotic resistance like E. coli is one of the main problems in the world of health, so the study of the ompF gene in E. coli is very important. The absence of reports on the ompF gene profile in E. coli resistance in Indonesia has led to the need for this research. This study aims to obtain data on the characteristics of the ompF gene encoding the OmpF porin in clinical isolates of E. coli and its sensitivity to antibiotics. A total of 21 samples of E. coli inoculated in Jakarta, Indonesia were grouped into 3 phenotypic variables. The DNA then was extracted using the QIAamp® DNA Mini Kit (50) extraction kit, then the ompF gene was amplified using specific primers with conventional PCR method and proceeded to sequencing. The ompF gene of the isolates were compared with the ompF gene of the E. coli ATCC 25922 strain bioinformatically, including mutations and its phylogenetic tree. It is known that almost all samples of those E. coli have mutations in the nucleic acid sequences where most of theem are silent mutations. Amino acid level of ompF gene mutations occurred at numbers 48, 51, 52, 60, 115, 224, 225, 226, 229, 306, and 307. However, these mutations did not affect the phenotypic characteristics of resistance. The phylogenetic tree analysis also showed that samples with the same phenotypic traits did not clustered into a same clade evolutionarily"

"Bakteri Escherichia coli (E.coli) merupakan jenis organisme coliform yang digunakan sebagai indikator adanya pencemaran dan kondisi sanitasi tidak baik terhadap makanan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kontaminasi bakteri E.coli pada makanan di warung makan di wilayah Dramaga. Penelitian menggunakan desain cross sectional, sampel sebanyak 40 warung makan, penentuan adanya bakteri E.coli dengan metode TPC (Total Plate Count), variabel independen diukur melalui wawacara dan checklist kuesioner. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 65% warung makan terkontaminasi bakteri E.coli. perilaku pengolahan, perilaku higiene, fasilitas sanitasi, dan kondisi warung berhubungan dengan kontaminasi bakteri E.coli pada makanan di warung makan. Fasilitas saintasi dan kondisi warung merupakan faktor yang dominan berhubungan dengan kontaminasi bakteri E.coli pada makanan di warung makan.

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Escherichia coli (E.coli) is a type of coliform organism that is used as an indicator of contamination and unsanitary conditions for food. This study aims to determine the contamination of E.coli in food in food stalls in the Dramaga area. The study used a cross sectional, a sample of 40 food stalls, the determination of the presence of E.coli using the TPC (Total Plate Count) method, the independent variables were measured through interviews and a checklist of questionnaires. The results showed that 65% of food stalls were contaminated with E.coli bacteria. processing behavior, hygiene behavior, sanitation facilities, and condition of stalls are related to E.coli in food in food stalls. The scientific facilities and the condition of the stalls are the dominant factors related to E.coli in food in food stalls."

"Diare yang masih sering terjadi di masyarakat umumnya disebabkan oleh bakteri gram negatif Escherichia coli. Bakteri yang sering ditemukan di lingkungan ini telah diteliti mulai menunjukkan resistensi terhadap beberapa jenis antibiotik. Dalam penelitian ini, senyawa novel analog 3-13 dan aromatik sederhana 1-4 yang merupakan turunan dari senyawa Antimycin A3 telah diujikan terhadap Escherichia coli galur ATCC 25922. Penelitian ini didasari oleh penelitian sebelumnya oleh Arsiati et al yang menunjukkan bahwa modifikasi pada gugus dilakton cincin sembilan mampu meningkatkan aktivitas biologisnya terhadap kanker. Senyawa-senyawa tersebut diuji dalam konsentrasi 400 μg/mL, 200 μg/mL, 100 μg/mL, dan 50 μg/mL terhadap suspensi Escherichia coli dengan konsentrasi 1,5 x 107 bakteri/mL. Penelitian ini dijaga dengan dilakukan dua kali pengulangan. Setelah diujikan, hasil reaksi tersebut diinkubasi selama 24 jam. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya peningkatan aktivitas antibakteri terhadap senyawa novel aromatik 3 (senyawa 16) daripada Antimycin A3 terhadap bakteri Escherichia coli. Selain itu, ditemukan juga bahwa senyawa Antimycin A3 tidak menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Escherichia coli, berbeda dengan hasil penelitian oleh Arsianti et al yang menunjukkan adanya aktivitas antibakteri dalam metode difusi agar. Dari hasil penelitian tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa modifikasi pada gugus dilakton cincin sembilan Antimycin A3 dapat meningkatkan aktivitas antibakterinya terhadap Escherichia coli.

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Diarrhea which is still a common thing to find in society generally caused by gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli. This bacteria which often be found in the environments have been studied starting to show resistance to several types of antibiotics. In this study, novel analogue compounds 3-13 and aromatic 1-4 which are derivates from compounds Antimycin A3 has been tested against ATCC 25922 strain Escherichia coli.

This study is based on previous research by Arsiati et al who had demonstrated that modification on the cluster 9-ring-dilactone can increase its biological activity against cancer. The compounds are tested in a concentration of 400 μg/mL, 200 μg/mL, 100 μg/mL, and 50 μg/mL against Escherichia coli with concentration 1,5 x 107 bacteria/mL. This research was also being done in two repetitions. Once tested, the reaction products were incubated for 24 hours.

The results showed an increase in antibacterial activity of novel aromatic compound 3 (compound 16) than Antimycin A3 against the bacteria Escherichia coli. In addition, it was found that the compounds Antimycin A3 showed no antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, in contrast to the results of research by Arsianti et al who had showed antibacterial activity in the agar diffusion method.

From these results, it can be concluded that modifications of 9-ring-dilactone of Antimycin A3 can enhance its antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli"

"This research studies the issuance of Dana Investasi Real Estat (DIRE) in Indonesia. DIRE in the form of collective investment scheme is a Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) implementation form in Indonesia. REIT only invests in real estate or asset related to real estate. REIT is designed as a passive and longterm investment vehicle. A company that qualifies as a REIT is permitted to deduct dividends paid to its shareholders from its corporate taxable income. As a passive and long-term investment vehicle, REIT has restrictions on its operations and investments to differentiate it from other real estate corporations. The regulation of DIRE has same characteristic with REIT rules in other countries such as one time income taxation and restriction on its assets, activities, income distribution, and leverage. The prospect of DIRE issuance viewed from potential supply of real estate, potential demand of DIRE, and return projection is very strong while the risk of invest in DIRE mostly come from its restriction on its operations such as investment restriction on real estate which is lack of liquidity and restriction on leverage that could reduce growth potential. The issuance of DIRE has potential to become an alternative new investment vehicle for investors with its return and its risk.

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Tesis ini membahas mengenai penerbitan Dana Investasi Real Estat (DIRE) di Indonesia. DIRE berbentuk kontrak investasi kolektif merupakan bentuk penerapan Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) di Indonesia. REIT hanya berinvestasi pada aset real estat atau aset yang terkait dengan real estat dan didisain sebagai wahana investasi pasif dan jangka panjang. Perusahaan yang memenuhi ketentuan sebagai REIT dapat mengurangkan dividen yang dibagikan kepada investor sebagai pengurang pajak. Sebagai wahana investasi pasif dan jangka panjang, REIT memiliki batasan-batasan dalam kegiatan operasi dan investasi untuk membedakan dari perusahaan real estat lainnya. Pengaturan DIRE memiliki karakteristik yang sama dengan dengan pengaturan REIT di negara lain diantaranya pengenaan pajak yang hanya satu kali dan adanya ketentuan pembatasan seperti pembatasan aset, pembatasan kegiatan pengelolaan, pembatasan distribusi pendapatan, dan pembatasan hutang. Prospek penerbitan DIRE dilihat dari potensi pasokan real estat, potensi permintaan DIRE, dan perkiraan imbal hasil cukup besar sedangkan risiko berinvestasi pada DIRE umumnya disebabkan oleh adanya ketentuan pembatasan dalam operasi DIRE seperti pembatasan investasi pada aset real estat yang tidak likuid serta pembatasan hutang yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan DIRE. Penerbitan DIRE dapat menjadi alternatif wahana investasi baru bagi investor dengan imbal hasil dan risikonya."

"Resistensi antibiotik masih menjadi masalah sampai saat ini di dunia. Beberapa data kepekaan antibiotik di rumah sakit di Indonesia menunjukkan tingginya resistensi pada bakteri yang ditemukan. Namun sayangnya, data dari Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia tidak diperbaharui setiap tahunnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan data kepekaan beberapa antibiotik pada bakteri Escherichia coli di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik FKUI-RSCM serta evaluasinya untuk penggunaan sehari-hari di dunia klinis. Penelitian deskriptif ini menggunakan desain Cross-sectional. Total sampel berjumlah 486 isolat dari berbagai pasien periode Agustus 2013 hingga Juli 2019. Secara umum, golongan antibiotik yang sebagian besar memiliki angka kepekaan yang tinggi antara lain Golongan Beta-Laktam Cephalosporine, Golongan Beta-Laktam Carbapenem, Golongan Aminoglikosida, dan Golongan lainnya seperti Polymyxin B, Colistin, Fosfomycin, dan Nitrofurantoin. Beberapa antibiotik dari golongan Beta-Laktam Penicillin menunjukkan angka kepekaan yang tinggi jika ditambahkan Beta-Laktamase Inhibitor seperti Clavulanic acid atau Tazobactam. Golongan antibiotik dengan angka kepekaan yang tinggi dapat lebih digunakan untuk penggunaan klinis.

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Antibiotic resistance is still being a problem until now in the world. Several data on antibiotic sensitivity in hospitals in Indonesia show resistance in the bacteria found. However, the figures, data from the Ministry of Health Republic Indonesia do not update every year. This study aims to provide data on the sensitivity of several antibiotics towards Escherichia coli in the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory of FKUI-RSCM and its evaluation for daily clinical use. This descriptive study using cross-sectional design. The total sample is 486 isolates taken from various patients from August 2013 to July 2019. In general, antibiotic groups having high sensitivity are Beta-Lactam Cephalosporine, Beta-Lactam Carbapenem, Aminoglycosides, and other group such as Polymyxin B, Colistin, Fosfomycin, and Nitrofurantoin. Some antibiotics from Beta-Lactam Penicillin show high sensitivity if added with Beta-Lactamase Inhibitor such as Clavulanic acid or Tazobactam. Antibiotics groups having high sensitivity could be used for clinical using.

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"Latar Belakang: Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) merupakan ancaman serius bidang kesehatan diseluruh dunia yang menjadi salah satu penyebab kematian. Patogen E. coli dan K. pneumoniae penyebab Infeksi Intra Abdominal (IAI) terbanyak dikhawatirkan memiliki resistan terhadap antibiotik aminoglikosida. Penggunaan antibiotik aminoglikosida (gentamisin dan amikasin) rutin dipakai sebagai terapi pasien IAI di RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM). Pentingnya diketahuai data karakteristik resistan aminoglikosida pada E. coli dan K.pneumonia penyebab IAI di Indonesia sebagai panduan untuk mencegah penyebaran gen resistan antibiotik melalui penggunaan antibiotik yang bijak di komunitas dan lingkungan rumah sakit. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang observasional analitik untuk mengetahui karakteristik fenotip dan genotip resistan aminoglikosida pada bakteri Escherichia coli dan Klebsiella pneumoniae sebagai patogen penyebab terbanyak IAI, dan pengaruhnya terhadap luaran klinis pembedahan digestif di RSCM. Sampel yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi yaitu semua isolat tersimpan di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik (LMK) FKUI dari pasien IAI yang dilakukan pembedahan di RSCM pada Januari tahun 2019 hingga Desember 2020 yang mendapat peretujuan penelitian dan memiliki berkas rekam medik. Penelitian ini akan dilakukan di LMK dan RSCM Jakarta pada tahun 2022-2023. Hasil Penelitian: Hasil studi dari 63 subjek penelitian didapatkan 79 isolat yang dianalisis. Teridentifikasi 57 isolat E. coli dan 22 isolat K. pneumoniae. Penelitian tersebut didapatkan E. coli resistan gentamisin 45,6% dan resistan amikasin 1,7% sedangkan K. pneumoniae resistan gentamisin 45,4% , resistan amikasin 27,3%. Prevalensi gen armA ditemukan lebih banyak pada isolat E. coli (3,9%) maupun K. pneumoniae (20%) peka amikasin . Luaran klinis pasien terinfeksi E. coli resistan aminoglikosida yang meninggal 14,81% sedangkan pasien terinfeksi K. pneumoniae resistan aminoglikosida yang meninggal 12,5%. Faktor risiko yang bermakna terhadap luaran klinis adalah usia (p = 0,003), dan tidak ada hubungan bermakna E. coli dan K. pneumoniae resistan aminoglikosida penyebab IAI terhadap luaran klinis pasien.

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Background: Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) is a serious threat to health worldwide and one of the leading causes of death. The pathogens E. coli and K. pneumoniae that cause most Intra Abdominal Infections (IAI) are feared to be resistant to aminoglycoside antibiotics. The use of aminoglycoside antibiotics (gentamicin and amikacin) is routinely used as therapy for IAI patients at Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM). It is important to know data on the characteristics of aminoglycoside-resistant E. coli and K. pneumoniae causing IAI in Indonesia as a guide to preventing the spread of antibiotic-resistant genes through the wise use of antibiotics in the community and hospital environment. Methods: This study used an analytic observational cross-sectional design to determine the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of aminoglycoside resistance in E. coli and K. pneumoniae bacteria as the most causative pathogens of IAI, and its effect on clinical outcomes of digestive surgery in RSCM. Samples are those that meet the inclusion criteria, namely all isolates stored in the FKUI Clinical Microbiology Laboratory (LMK) from IAI patients who underwent surgery at RSCM from January 2019 to December 2020, who received research approval and had medical record files. This study will be conducted at LMK and RSCM Jakarta in 2022-2023. Research Results: The study results from 63 research subjects obtained 79 isolates analyzed identified 57 isolates of E. coli and 22 isolates of K. pneumoniae. The study obtained gentamicin-resistant E. coli at 45.6% and amikacin-resistant at 1.7% while K. pneumoniae at 45,4% gentamicin resistant amikacin-resistant at 27,3%. The prevalence of the armA gene was found to be higher in amikacin sensitive E. coli (3.9%) and K. pneumoniae (20%) isolates. Clinical outcomes of patients infected with aminoglycoside resistant E. coli caused 14.81% of patients to die while those infected with aminoglycoside resistant K. pneumonia caused 12.5% of patients to die. The significant risk factor for clinical outcomes was age (p = 0.003), and there was no significant association between aminoglycoside resistant E. coli and K. pneumoniae causing IAI with the clinical outcomes of patients."

"Diare dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai penyebab langsung maupun faktor risiko, salah satunya infeksi bakteri E. coli. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui hubungan E. coli pada peralatan makan balita dengan diare pada balita. Penelitian juga melihat faktor terkait dengan kontaminasi E. coli, meliputi sarana air bersih, serta pengetahuan dan praktik higiene sanitasi pengasuh balita. Studi kasus kontrol dilakukan di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Tugu pada minggu terakhir bulan April sampai minggu kedua bulan Mei 2014. Sebanyak 30 sampel kasus didapatkan dari kunjungan pasien balita penderita diare ke Puskesmas Tugu dan 30 sampel kontrol merupakan balita yang tinggal dekat dengan sampel kasus (tetangga). Pengumpulan data meliputi wawancara, observasi, dan sampel usap alat. Pemeriksaan E. coli menggunakan Sanitakun dan dianalisis di laboratorium. Penelitian menunjukkan keberadaan E. coli pada peralatan makan balita tidak berhubungan signifikan dengan diare (p value = 0,108; OR = 7,250; CI = 0,815-64,457). Terdapat dua variabel yang berhubungan signifikan dengan diare, yaitu jarak sumber air ke sumber pencemar (p value = 0,009; OR = 4,929; CI = 1,612-15,071) dan pengetahuan pengasuh balita (p value = 0,019; OR = 4,125; CI = 1,387-12,270). Jenis sarana air bersih, praktik pencucian peralatan makan balita, dan praktik CTPS pengasuh balita tidak berhubungan signifikan dengan diare pada balita di Kelurahan Tugu.

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Diarrhea can caused by direct causes as well as risk factors, one of them is E. coli bacteria infection. This study aims to know the correlation between E. coli on children under five's eating utensils with diarrhea in children under five. This study also observed another risk factors related to E. coli contamination, including good water supply, and caregiver's knowledge and hygiene sanitation practices. A case control study was conducted in coverage area of Tugu Community Health Center on the last week of April until the second week of May, 2014. As many as 30 case samples obtained from children under five's diarrhea patient's visit to Tugu Community Health Center and 30 control samples are children under five who live next to case samples (neighbour). Data collecting including interview, observation, and swab sample. E. coli was checked using Sanitakun and analyzed in laboratory.

Study shows that existence of E. coli on children under five's eating utensils is not significantly associated with diarrhea (p value = 0,108; OR = 7,250; CI = 0,815-64,457). There are two variables which significantly associated with diarrhea, they are the distance of good water source from contaminant source (p value = 0,009; OR = 4,929; CI = 1,612-15,071) and caregiver's knowlegde (p value = 0,019; OR = 4,125; CI = 1,387-12,270). Good water supply, washing eating utensils practice, and caregiver's washing hands using soap practice are not associated with diarrhea in children under five in Tugu Village. "

"Latar Belakang: E.coli O157:H7 merupakan salah satu bakteri foodborne disease yang menyebabkan tingkat morbiditas dan mortalitas yang sangat tinggi pada manusia. Reservoar utama bakteri adalah ternak sapi. Beberapa metode telah digunakan untuk mendeteksi keberadaan E.coli O157:H7 di Indonesia namun belum ada metode identifikasi spesifik yang sekaligus dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan alami dalam pengendalian E.coli O157:H7. Bakteriofaga faga adalah virus yang menginfeksi secara spesifik dan mampu melisiskan bakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari faga isolat Indonesia yang akan dimanfaatkan untuk identifikasi yang spesifik terhadap E.coli O157:H7.Metode: Sebanyak 60 isolat lokal E.coli O157:H7 yang telah dikarakterisasi secara biokemik, serologik antiserum hiperimun dan komersial dan molekuler Multiplex-PCR digunakan pada penelitian ini. Sampel untuk isolasi faga diambil dari air sungai, air sumur, limbah Rumah Potong Ayam, feses sapi, limbah dan air di peternakan sapi di wilayah Yogyakarta, Bogor, Cianjur dan Bandung. Isolat faga diuji spesifisitasnya terhadap E.coli O157:H7 dan dikarakterisasi secara molekuler PCR dan sekuensing dan pengamatan morfologi dengan Transsmission Electron Microscope. Faga yang spesifik terhadap E.coli O157:H7 digunakan untuk phagetyping terhadap 60 isolat lokal E.coli O157:H7.Hasil: Penelitian tampak bahwa isolat lokal E.coli O157:H7 mempunyai sifat biokemik yang bervariasi yaitu 3,33 2/60 bersifat tipikal SOR-,GUD- dan 96,67 mempunyai variasi fenotipik SOR-,GUD dan SOR ,GUD . Hasil serotyping dengan antiserum hiperimun tampak 100 bereaksi positif aglutinasi sedang dengan antiserum komersial latex O157 hanya isolat yang bersifat SOR- yang menunjukkan reaksi positif 31,67 . Semua isolat lokal E.coli O157:H7 tampak mempunyai gen spesifik penyandi faktor virulensi yaitu rfbE LPS O157 , fliCh7 flagella H7 , eaeA intimin , hlyA haemolysin , stx 1 Shiga toxin 1 dan stx 2 Shiga toxin 2 . Sebanyak 22 faga telah diisolasi dari 187 sampel dan diperoleh 10 isolat yang bersifat spesifik terhadap E.coli O157:H7. Selanjutnya dibedakan ke dalam 3 tipe yaitu T4, HK dan Lambda. FagaT4 adalah famili Myoviridae, faga HK dan Lambda adalah famili Siphoviridae. Faga T4 isolat Indonesia paling banyak mengidentifikasi isolat lokal E.coli O157:H7 yaitu 56,67 34/60 , faga HK mengidentifikasi 8.33 5/60 isolat lokal E.coli O157:H7 dan faga lambda hanya mengidentifikasi 3.33 2/60 isolat lokal E.coli O157:H7.Kesimpulan: Faga isolat lokal Indonesia T4, HK dan Lambda dapat digunakan untuk mengindentifikasi isolat E.coli O157:H7 asal Indonesia.

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Background E. coli O157 H7 is one of foodborne disease bacteria which causes the high morbidity and mortality in humans. The main reservoir of this bacterial strain is cattle. Several methods have been used to detect the existence of E. coli O157 H7 in Indonesia but there is no specific identification method that can also be used as a natural agent to control E. coli O157 H7. Bacteriophage phage is a virus which infects specifically and is able to lyse bacteria. This study aimed to explore the Indonesian phage isolates which would be used for the specific identification of E. coli O157 H7.Method Sixty local isolates of E. coli O157 H7 characterized through biochemical, serological hyper immune antiserum and commercial and molecular Multiplex PCR method were used in this study. Samples for the phage isolation were retrieved from water in the river, water in the well, chicken slaughter house waste, cow feces, waste and water at cattle farms in Yogyakarta, Bogor, Cianjur and Bandung. Phage isolates were tested their specificity to E. coli O157 H7 and characterized by molecular method PCR and sequencing and morphological observation with Transmission Electron Microscope. Specific phages to E. coli O157 H7 were used for phage typing on 60 local isolates of E. coli O157 H7.Results This study showed that local isolates of E. coli O157 H7 had varied biochemical characteristics 3.33 2 60 were typical SOR , GUD and 96.67 had phenotypic variations SOR , GUD and SOR , GUD.Results of serotyping with hyper immune antiserum 100 reacted as positive agglutination, while with O157 commercial latex antiserum, only isolates having SOR characteristic showed positive reaction 31.67 . All local isolates of E. coli O157 H7 had specific virulence factor encoding genes namely rfbE LPS O157 , fliCh7 flagella H7 , eaeA intimin , hlyA haemolysin , stx 1 Shiga toxin 1 and stx 2 Shiga toxin 2 . Twenty two phages were isolated from 187 samples and obtained 10 isolates that specifically characterize to E. coli O157 H7. Further distinguished into three types T4, HK and Lambda. The T4 phage was family Myoviridae, HK and Lambda phage were family Siphoviridae. Indonesian isolates of T4 phage identified local isolates of E. coli O157 H7 at the highest percentage that was 56.67 34 60 , HK phage identified 8.33 5 60 local isolates of E. coli O157 H7 and lambda phage only identified 3.33 2 60 local isolates of E. coli O157 H7.Conclusion Phages of Indonesian local isolates T4, HK and Lambda could be used to identify E. coli O157 H7 isolates from Indonesia."