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Rafi Aulia Yudistira
"Dengan pertumbuhan industrialisasi yang masif di era ini, fenomena pelepasaan zatzat polutan berbahaya ke lingkungan mengalami peningkatan yang cukup pesat. Salah satu zat polutan yang banyak digunakan di berbagai sektor industri adalah 4-nitrofenol. Pelepasan 4-nitrofenol dari berbagai aktivitas industri dapat dengan mudah mengontaminasi sumber air dan ekosistem, yang kemudian masuk ke dalam tubuh manusia dan menyebabkan berbagai isu kesehatan. Salah satu metode penanganan 4- nitrofenol yang efektif adalah melalui mekanisme reduksi dengan NaBH4, dan salah satu jenis katalis yang menarik perhatian untuk digunakan pada proses ini karena kemampuan transfer elektronnya yang baik adalah NiFe2O4. Pada percobaan ini, dilakukan sintesis NiFe2O4 mesopori terdekorasi logam Cu sebagai katalis untuk reaksi reduksi 4-nitrofenol. NiFe2O4 mesopori disintesis dengan menggunakan SBA-15 sebagai hard template dan melalui metode nanocasting. SBA-15 kemudian dihilangkan dari NiFe2O4 sebelum dilakukan tahap dekorasi. Dekorasi Cu dilakukan dengan penambahan prekursor Cu ke NiFe2O4 yang kemudian direduksi dengan menggunakan NaBH4. Hasil sintesis kemudian dikarakterisasi dengan FTIR, XRD, XRF, TEM, dan BET. Hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan keberhasilan sintesis material. Akitvitas katalitik diuji pada reaksi reduksi 4-nitrofenol. Cu terbukti memiliki pengaruh positif terhadap aktivitas NiFe2O4. Model kinetika orde pseudo-satu menunjukkan dalam 16 menit NiFe2O4 memiliki nilai konstanta laju 0,004 min-1 dengan %reduksi sebesar 6,35%. Sementara itu, Cu/NiFe2O4 (0,125) memperoleh nilai persentase reduksi sebesar 34,549% dalam 16 menit dengan konstanta laju k = 0,028 min-1 , dan Cu/NiFe2O4 (0,25) sebesar 98,68% dengan nilai k = 0,213 min-1 . Cu/NiFe2O4 (0,5) menunjukkan aktivitas yang jauh lebih baik, yaitu %reduksi 100% dalam interval waktu hanya 40 detik. Hal ini menunjukkan makin banyak jumlah Cu di dalam komposit, aktivitas katalitik terhadap reaksi reduksi 4-nitrofenol makin baik.

With the massive growth of industrialization in this era, the phenomenon of releasing harmful pollutants into the environment has increased rapidly. One of the pollutant substances that are widely used in various industrial sectors is 4-nitrophenol. The release of 4-nitrophenol from various industrial activities can easily contaminate water sources and ecosystems, which then enter the human body and cause various health issues. One of the effective methods of handling 4-nitrophenol is through the reduction mechanism with NaBH4, and one type of catalyst that attracts attention to be used in this process because of its good electron transfer ability is NiFe2O4. In this experiment, Cu metal-decorated mesoporous NiFe2O4 was synthesized as a catalyst for the reduction reaction of 4-nitrophenol. Mesoporous NiFe2O4 was synthesized by using an SBA-15 as hard template and through nanocasting method. SBA-15 was then removed from NiFe2O4 before the decoration stage. Cu decoration was carried out by the addition of Cu precursor to NiFe2O4 which was then reduced using NaBH4. The synthesis results were then characterized by FTIR, XRD, XRF, TEM, and BET. The characterization results showed the success of the material synthesis. The catalytic activity was tested on the reduction reaction of 4-nitrophenol. Cu was shown to have a positive influence on the activity of NiFe2O4. The pseudo-first-order kinetics model shows that in 16 min NiFe2O4 has a rate constant value of 0.004 min-1 with a %reduction of 6.35%. Meanwhile, Cu/NiFe2O4 (0.125) obtained a percentage reduction value of 34.549% in 16 min with a rate constant of k = 0.028 min-1, and Cu/NiFe2O4 (0.25) of 98.68% with a value of k = 0.213 min-1. Cu/NiFe2O4 (0.5) showed much better activity, i.e. 100% reduction % in a time interval of only 40 seconds. This shows that the greater the amount of Cu in the composite, the better the catalytic activity towards the reduction reaction of 4-nitrophenol."
Depok: Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Indonesia, 2024
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Farhan Delayori
"ABSTRACT
Perkembangan sains dan teknologi yang meningkat secara pesat mempengaruhi pertumbuhan ekonomi serta proses industrialisasi. Proses industrialisasi menghasilkan limbah industri yang mengandung logam berat seperti tembaga Cu. Limbah industri dapat menyebabkan pencemaran lingkungan disekitar daerah industri yang ditinggali 15 juta atau 6 dari penduduk Indonesia. Salah satu solusi untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut dengan menggunakan material mesopori silika Santa Barbara Amorphous SBA-15 sebagai adsorban. SBA-15 disintesis menggunakan proses sol gel menggunakan Tetraorthosilicate TEOS sebagai prekursor dan Surfaktan Pluronik 123 Triblok Kopolimer sebagai template serta 3-Chloropropyl trimethoxysilane CPTMS sebagai fungsionalisasi agen untuk memodifikasi permukaan SBA-15 agar dapat menjadi adsorban yang baik. Material tersebut dikarakterisasi oleh SAXRD dan TEM untuk mempelajari kristalinitas dan struktur pori material tersebut, FTIR untuk menunjukan kehadiran gugus organik, Brunauer Emmet Teller BET N2 uji adsorpsi isoterm pada 77 K untuk mengetahui luas permukaan pori, serta AAS untuk mengetahui konsentrasi ion setelah proses adsorpsi. Struktur kristal SBA-15 dan SBA-15 CPTMS diketahui adalah 2D heksagonal dengan struktur pori SBA-15 lebih teratur dibanding SBA-15 CPTMS. Luas permukaan SBA-15 CPTMS diketahui lebih rendah dibanding SBA-15, dengan perbandingan 711.061 m2/g dan 831.996 m2/g. Meskipun begitu, pada uji adsorpsi Tembaga, SBA-15 CPTMS memiliki kemampuan adsorpsi yang lebih tinggi.

ABSTRACT
The high development of science and technology affects the economic growth and industrialization process. The industrialization process produces industrial waste which contain heavy metal such as copper Cu. This industrial waste can harm the environment surronding industrial areas where 15 million or 6 of the Indonesian population live. In order to overcome this problem, mesoporous silica material Santa Barbara Amorphous 15 SBA 15 is used as an adsorbent. SBA 15 was synthesized through sol gel process using tetraorthosilicate as precursor, Pluronic 123 triblock copolymer as template, and 3 chloropropyl trimethoxysilane CPTMS as functionalized agent. CPTMS was used to modify the SBA 15 surface in order to improve the materials as adsorbent. The materials were characterized using SAXRD and TEM to study material rsquo s cristallinity and pore structure, the presence of organic group was examined using FTIR, the surface area of SBA 15 and SBA 15 CPTMS were characterized using Brunauer Emmett Teller BET N2 adsorption isotherm test at 77 K, and the ions concentration in solution after adsorption process was determined using AAS. The crystal structure of SBA 15 and SBA 15 CPTMS was found 2D heksagonal with a more regular SBA 15 pore structure than SBA 15 CPTMS. The surface area of SBA 15 CPTMS was found to be lower than SBA 15, 711.061 m2 g in comparison to 831.996 m2 g. However, in copper adsorption test, it was found that SBA 15 CPTMS has higher adsorption ability."
2018
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UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Afif Zulfikar Pamungkas
"ABSTRAK
Karbon mesopori telah berhasil disintesis dengan metode soft template menggunakan phloroglucinol dan formaldehida sebagai sumber karbon dan Pluronic F127 sebagai template. Material kemudian diimpregnasi dengan Ni II dilanjutkan dengan reduksi dengan H2 sehingga terbentuk nanopartikel Ni yang terimpregnasi dalam karbon mesopori. Analisis dengan XRD menunjukkan difraksi pada 25 dan 44o yang merupakan difraksi dari karbon grafitik. Selain itu difraksi pada 45 dan 52o menunjukkan keberadaan Ni 0 . Analisis EDX mengungkap kandungan Ni dalam beberapa karbon mesopori sebesar 0,1 hingga 24 . Analisis luas permukaan memberi informasi karbon mesopori memiliki luas permukaan sebesar 387,7 m2/g dan pori 7,4 nm. Impregnasi dengan Ni akan memperkecil luas permukaan maupun ukuran pori. Analisis dengan XPS mengonfimasi keberadaan Ni dengan bilangan oksidasi nol. Material digunakan sebagai katalis untuk reaksi hidrogenasi CO2. Reaksi hanya dapat berlangsung jika terdapat Ni 0 sebagai pusat aktif pada karbon mesopori. Semakin banyak Ni 0 semakin besar konversinya meskipun tidak berpengaruh terhadap persen hasil yield . Konversi terbesar didapat dari katalis Ni-MC 30 dengan konversi dan yield berturut-turut 94,6 dan 3,5 pada suhu 673 K.

ABSTRACT
Mesoporous Carbon has been successfully synthesized via soft template method using phlroglucinol and formaldehyde as carbon precursors and Pluronic F127 as template. The material was impregnated with Ni II and reduced with H2 to obtainNi metal. XRD analysis showed diffraction peaks on 25 and 44o which are characteristic of graphitic carbon. In addition, diffraction on 45 and 52o showed the existence of Ni 0 . EDX analysis showed the Ni content in mesoporous carbon, that was 0.1 to 24 . Surface area analysis gave information about surface area of 387.7 m2 g and pore diameter of 7.4 nm. Ni impregnation is presumed to reduce both surface area and pore diameter of mesoporous carbon. XPS analysis confirmed zero oxidation state of Ni. This material was used as catalyst for CO2 hydrogenation reaction. This reaction gave product only in the presence of Ni. The higher the Ni content the higher the conversion though the yield is unchanged. The highest conversion is shown by Ni MC 30 with conversion of 94.6 and yield of 3.5 at 673 K."
Depok: Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Indonesia, 2018
T49910
UI - Tesis Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Ahmad Ali Ibrahim
"Karbon mesopori berhasil disintesis menggunakan metode template lunak dengan Pluronic F-127 sebagai agen struktural; phloroglucinol dan formaldehida sebagai prekursor karbon. Karbon mesopori yang berhasil disintesis kemudian dimodifikasi menggunakan etilendiamin, yang kemudian diimpregnasi dengan nanopartikel Ni. Hasil modifikasi dan impregnasi tersebut dikarakterisasi dengan FTIR, SEM-EDX, BET, dan XRD. Pengujian kapasitas adsorpsi MC, Ni-MC, MC-EDA, dan Ni-EDA MC dilakukan dengan mengalirkan gas CO2 selama 5, 10, dan 15 menit untuk melihat kemampuan adsorpsi CO2. Bahan Ni-MC dan Ni-EDA MC kemudian digunakan sebagai katalis dalam reaksi Hidrogenasi, yaitu reaksi antara molekul hidrogen (H2) dengan unsur atau senyawa lain yang melibatkan suatu katalis. Reaksi hanya dapat berlangsung jika terdapat Ni(0) sebagai pusat aktif pada karbon mesopori. Berbagai parameter katalis yang digunakan meliputi; variasi suhu, variasi jumlah katalis, dan variasi waktu. Proses reaksi hidrogenasi menggunakan reaktor aliran dan dianalisis menggunakan instrumen GC-TCD. % rendemen yang diperoleh dari katalis Ni-MC dan Ni-EDA MC berturut-turut adalah 3,54% dan 3,86% pada suhu 873 K. Pada variasi jumlah katalis, % rendemen diperoleh bahan Ni-MC dengan massa katalis 0,02 g sebesar 4,37% sedangkan Ni-EDA MC diperoleh % rendemen sebesar 4,45% dengan massa katalis 0,03 gr. Untuk melihat hambatan katalis dilakukan dengan variasi waktu. Bahan Ni-MC optimum diuji selama 30 menit dengan rendemen 13,32%, sedangkan MC Ni-EDA optimum pada rentang waktu 40 menit dengan rendemen 13,26%.

Mesoporous carbon was successfully synthesized using the soft template method with Pluronic F-127 as a structural agent; phloroglucinol and formaldehyde as carbon precursors. The successfully synthesized mesoporous carbon was then modified using ethylenediamine, which was then impregnated with Ni nanoparticles. The results of these modifications and impregnations were characterized by FTIR, SEM-EDX, BET, and XRD. The adsorption capacity of MC, Ni-MC, MC-EDA, and Ni-EDA MC was tested by flowing CO2 gas for 5, 10, and 15 minutes to see the CO2 adsorption ability. Ni-MC and Ni-EDA MC materials are then used as catalysts in Hydrogenation reactions, namely reactions between hydrogen molecules (H2) with other elements or compounds involving a catalyst. The reaction can only take place if there is Ni(0) as the active center on the mesoporous carbon. Various parameters of the catalyst used include; variations in temperature, variations in the amount of catalyst, and variations in time. The hydrogenation reaction process uses a flow reactor and is analyzed using the GC-TCD instrument. The % yields obtained from Ni-MC and Ni-EDA MC catalysts were 3.54% and 3.86% at a temperature of 873 K, respectively. In the variation of the amount of catalyst, the % yield was obtained for Ni-MC material with a catalyst mass of 0.02 g of 4.37% while Ni-EDA MC obtained % yield of 4.45% with a catalyst mass of 0.03 g. To see the catalyst resistance is done with time variations. The optimum Ni-MC material was tested for 30 minutes with a yield of 13.32%, while the optimum Ni-EDA MC was tested for a period of 40 minutes with a yield of 13.26%."
Depok: Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Indonesia, 2019
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UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Aloysius Brahmarsi Mahagnyana
"ABSTRACT
Perkembangan dunia industri telah menimbulkan konsekuensi pencemaran limbah cair. Salah satu logam yang mempengaruhi kondisi perairan saat ini adalah logam berat seperti timbal Pb. Timbal Pb dapat memberikan dampak negatif terhadap keberlangsungan makhluk hidup terutama di dalam air. Salah satu langkah untuk mencegah pencemaran lebih lanjut adalah menggunakan material mesopori silika yang memiliki luas permukaan, diameter, serta volume pori yang besar serta struktur heksagonal yang teratur dan dapat diaplikasikan sebagai adsorban logam berat. Pada penelitian ini, material mesopori silika SBA-15 telah berhasil disintesis dan telah berhasil difungsionalisasikan dengan CPTMS. Sintesis dari SBA-15 dilakukan dengan metode sol-gel menggunakan Tetraorthosilicate TEOS sebagai prekursor dan Pluronic-123 P123 sebagai surfaktan. Kemudian SBA-15 difungsionalisasikan dengan CPTMS dengan toluene sebagai pelarutnya. Karakterisasi dilakukan menggunakan TEM untuk mendapatkan gambar, BET untuk luas permukaan dan ukuran pori, Quantachrome N2 untuk morfologi pori, SAXRD untuk kristalinitas, FTIR untuk identifikasi ikatan kimia, dan AAS untuk uji adsorbsi. SBA-15 dan SBA-15 CPTMS tidak menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan kecuali pada nilai luas permukaan dan ukuran pori SBA-15-CPTMS yang lebih kecil. Meskipun SBA-15-CPTMS memiliki luas permukaan yang lebih kecil dibandingkan SBA-15 murni, kapasitas adsorbsi dari SBA-15-CPTMS memiliki nilai yang lebih tinggi terutama pada konsentrasi adsorban yang rendah. Maka dapat disimpulkan fungsionalisasi SBA-15 dengan CPTMS dapat meningkatkan kapasitas adsorbsi logam berat timbal Pb.

ABSTRACT
The advancement of industrial world has brought up contamination consequences throughout the water system. Lead Pb is one of the heavy metal that can inflict catastrophic cause especially for the water ecosystem. One of the countermeasure to prevent such thing is to use mesoporous silica nano material that has high surface area, diameters, and pore volume with ordered hexagonal structure to adsorb heavy metal contaminant such as Pb. In this research, mesoporous silica SBA 15 has been succesfully synthesized and its surface has been modified functionalized with CPTMS. The synthesis of pure SBA 15 was conducted by sol gel method using Tetraorthosilicate TEOS and Pluronic 123 P123 as precursor and template respectively. The functionalization process was conducted with the help of CPTMS and dissolved into toluene. The characterization methods used in this research are as follows TEM for imaging, BET for surface area and pore size calculation, Quanthacrome N2 adsorption for pore morphology, SAXRD for crystallinity, FTIR for chemical substance identification, and AAS for adsorption test. SBA 15 and SBA 15 CPTMS does not show significant differences except the lower value of surface area and pore size on SBA 15 CPTMS. Despite lower surface area and pore size of SBA 15 CPTMS in comparison with pure SBA 15, the effectivity of SBA 15 CPTMS in lead adsorption much higher than pure SBA 15 especially at lower concentration of adsorbents. It can be concluded that functionalization of SBA 15 using CPTMS has further increased the adsorption capacity of Lead Pb."
2018
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Patrik Chandra
"Salah satu isu terbesar di bidang lingkungan adalah perubahan iklim yang diakibatkan oleh emisi gas CO2 yang terus mengalami peningkatan setiap tahunnya. Upaya yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengurangi emisi gas CO2 adalah dengan menangkapnya lalu mengubahnya menjadi bahan kimia yang lebih bernilai melalui reaksi kimiawi, salah satunya adalah reaksi hidrogenasi. Namun, dikarenakan sifat CO2 yang stabil, dibutuhkan katalis untuk menjalankan reaksi hidrogenasi CO2. Pada penelitian ini, material NiAg/NH2pr-Ph- PMO disintesis sebagai katalis sebagai kayauntuk digunakan sebagai katalis heterogen pada konversi CO2 menjadi bahan kimia yang bernilai tambah melalui reaksi hidrogenasi. NiAg/NH2pr-Ph-PMO yang disintesis dikarakterisasi menggunakan FTIR, SEM-EDX Mapping, TEM, BET-BJH, SAXS, dan XRD untuk melihat sifat fisika dan kimia serta membuktikan keberhasilan sintesisnya. Reaksi hidrogenasi CO2 dilakukan dalam reaktor unggun tetap dengan temperatur, rasio bimetal, dan rasio campuran gas yang bervariasi. Analisis XRD menunjukkan keberhasilan impregnasi NiAg bimetalik pada NH2pr-Ph-PMO. Hasil SEM-EDX Mapping menunjukkan persebaran logam nikel dan perak yang merata pada permukaan NH2pr-Ph-PMO. Karakterisasi TEM menunjukkan NiAg/NH2pr-Ph-PMO memiliki saluran pori yang membuktikan keberhasilan sintesis material mesopori. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh, diketahui bahwa NiAg/NH2pr-Ph-PMO memiliki aktivitas katalitik yang lebih baik dibandingkan Ni/NH2pr-Ph- PMO, Ag/NH2pr-Ph-PMO, maupun katalis NiAg tanpa pendukung. Pada temperatur 225℃ dan rasio laju alir gas CO2:H2 sebesar 1:7, diperoleh persen konversi CO2 maksimum yaitu sebesar 39,12% dengan yield dan selektifitas terhadap formaldehid berturut-turut sebesar 28,1 mmol/g dan 70,59%. Uji reusabilitas menunjukkan bahwa setelah 4 siklus reaksi, katalis NiAg/NH2pr-Ph-PMO masih memiliki persen konversi CO2 di atas 35%. Nilai TOF yang diperoleh pada kondisi optimum adalah 62,98 h-1.
.....Climate change that is caused by the always increasing carbon dioxide emission in atmosphere is one of the biggest issue in the environmental study. One way to solve that problem is through CO2 capture and utilization. CO2 can be converted into more valuable chemical product through many chemical reactions, in which hydrogenation is one of them. However, CO2 is a stable and inert molecule thus, a catalyst is needed to achieve a high percentage of its conversion. In this work, NiAg/NH2pr-Ph-PMO is synthesized to be applied as heterogeneous catalyst for CO2 hydrogenation. The catalyst is characterized using SEM- EDX Mapping, TEM, BET-BJH, XRD, SAXS and FTIR to evaluate its physical and chemical properties. BET-BJH analysis shows type IV isotherm for the synthesized NH2pr-Ph-PMO, meaning it can be classified as a mesoporous material. From the SEM-EDX Mapping result, both nickel and silver are found to be distributed evenly in the NH2pr-Ph-PMO surface. TEM images show that NiAg/NH2pr-Ph-PMO has mesoporous channel. Furthermore, the average particle size of NiAg/NH2pr-Ph-PMO is analyzed through small angle X-ray scattering and is found to be 44 nm. Catalytic CO2 hydrogenation is conducted in a fixed-bed reactor with variations of temperature and flow rate ratio between CO2 and H2 It is found that NiAg/NH2pr- Ph-PMO has a higher CO2 conversion percentage compared to Ni/NH2pr-Ph-PMO, Ag/NH2pr- Ph-PMO, and NiA without support. On the optimum condition, which is 225℃ and 1:7 flow rate ratio of CO2:H2 flow, the percentage of CO2 conversion using NiAg/NH2pr-Ph-PMO is 39.12% with formaldehyde yield and selectivity of 28.1 mmol/g and 70.59% respectively. The reusability test shows that after 4 cycles, NiAg/NH2pr-Ph-PMO is still able to convert more than 35% of CO2 which makes it a reusable catalyst for CO2 hydrogenation. The TOF value obtained at optimum condition is 62.98 h-1."
Depok: Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Indonesia, 2022
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Alyaa Saira Shiddiqah
"Alkuna merupakan hidrokarbon tak jenuh yang memiliki setidaknya satu ikatan rangkap tiga C C yang berperan penting sebagai bahan baku untuk menghasilkan berbagai senyawa organik yang bermanfaat dengan membentuk ikatan baru C-C, C-H atau C-X. Proses hidrogenasi alkuna menjadi senyawa alkena sangat penting dalam sintesis senyawa organik khususnya di bidang industri polimer. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan hidrogenasi pada senyawa difenilasetilena sebagai model senyawa alkuna dengan menggunakan NaBH4 sebagai sumber hidrogen serta katalis bimetalik NiCo yang diembankan pada karbon mesopori sebagai penyangga katalis. Karbon mesopori disintesis dengan metode cetakan lunak menggunakan surfaktan pluronik F-127 sebagai template organik, phloroglucinol dan formaldehida sebagai prekursor karbon, serta HCl sebagai katalis asam. Karbon mesopori kemudian dimodifikasi dengan penambahan bimetalik NiCo dengan metode impregnasi basah menggunakan Ni(NO3)2.6H2O dan Co(NO3)2.6H2O sebagai prekursor. Hasil sintesis karbon mesopori, Ni/MC dan NiCo/MC kemudian dikarakterisasi menggunakan FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, TEM dan SAA. Berdasakan analisis SAA didapatkan diameter pori MC, Ni/MC dan NiCo/MC berturut-turut sebesar 12,8 nm, 13,4 nm dan 12,7 nm yang menunjukan katalis berukuran mesopori. Reaksi hidrogenasi difenilasetilena dilakukan dengan variasi waktu (2 jam, 4 jam dan 6 jam) dan variasi suhu (30oC dan 50oC). Sisa katalis yang digunakan dikarakterisasi menggunakan FTIR, sedangkan produk hasil reaksi kemudian dikarakterisasi menggunakan GCMS. Hasil analisis menunjukan kondisi optimum diperoleh pada suhu 50oC selama 4 jam dengan persen konversi sebesar 37,6% dan persen yield sebesar 62,3% untuk cis-stilbene dan 9,2% untuk trans-stilbene dengan selektivitas terhadap pembentukan cis-stilbene sebesar 87,1%.

Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that have at least one C≡C triple bond which plays an important role as raw material for producing various useful organic compounds by forming new C-C, C-H or C-X bonds. The hydrogenation process of alkenes to become alkenes is very important in the synthesis of organic compounds, especially in the polymer industry. In this study, hydrogenation was carried out on diphenylacetylene compounds as a model for alkyne compounds using NaBH4 as a source of hydrogen as well. NiCo bimetallic catalyst which is carried on mesoporous carbon as catalyst support. Mesoporous carbon was synthesized by the soft mold method using pluronic F-127 surfactant as an organic template, phloroglucinol and formaldehyde as carbon precursors, and HCl as an acid catalyst. Mesoporous carbon was then modified by adding bimetallic NiCo by wet impregnation method using Ni(NO3)2.6H2O and Co (NO3) 2.6H2O as precursors. The results of the synthesis of mesoporous carbon, Ni / MC and NiCo / MC were then characterized using FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, TEM and SAA. Based on the SAA analysis, it was found that the pore diameters of MC, Ni / MC and NiCo / MC were 12.8 nm, 13.4 nm and 12.7 nm respectively, which indicated the mesoporous size of the catalyst. The hydrogenation reaction of diphenylacethylene was carried out with variations in time (2 hours, 4 hours and 6 hours) and temperature variations (30oC and 50oC). The remaining catalyst used was characterized using FTIR, while the reaction product was characterized using GCMS. The results of the analysis showed that the optimum conditions were obtained at 50oC for 4 hours with a percent conversion of 37.6% and yield of 62.3% for cis-stilbene and 9.2% for trans-stilbene with a selectivity to the formation of cis-stilbene of 87,1%."
Depok: Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Indonesia, 2020
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UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Alif Muhammad Basyir
"Pada pemerosesan industri tekstil banyak menggunakan air, zat pewarna juga bahan kimia campuran yang berdampak pada timbulnya limbah cair tekstil [1]. Salah satu komponen limbah berbahaya yang terkandung dalam limbah cair tekstil adalah logam-logam berat seperti kadmium (Cd), timbal (Pb), tembaga (Cu), dan seng (Zn) [1]. Contoh langkah untuk mencegah pencemaran logam berat cair adalah menggunakan material mesopori silika seperti SBA-15 karena memiliki luas permukaan, diameter, serta volume pori yang besar serta struktur heksagonal teratur sehingga dapat diaplikasikan sebagai adsorben logam berat. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan analisis studi kepustakaan sintesis mesopori SBA-15 dengan metode sol-gel serta fungsionalisasi CPTMS yang telah berhasil dilakukan dan dilanjutkan menganalisis kemampuan serapannya pada logam berat kadmium (Cd), tembaga (Cu), seng (Zn), dan timbal (Pb). Tipikalnya, menyintesis SBA-15 dilakukan menggunakan Tetraethyl Orthosilicate (TEOS) sebagai prekursor dan Triblock Copolymer Pluronic 123 (P-123) sebagai surfaktan. Kemudian, hasil produk SBA-15 dilakukan fungsionalisasi CPTMS dengan metode post grafting. Hasil karakterisasi memperlihatkan, pada perhitungan BET dibanding sampel SBA-15 murni, sampel SBA-15 CPTMS mengalami penurunan parameter diameter pori dari 29,203 menjadi 28,521 Å, volume pori dari 265,161 menjadi 199,694 cm3/gr dan luas permukaan spesifik dari 831,996 menjadi 711,061 m2/gr, pada pengujian SAXS, sampel SBA-15 CPTMS tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan dengan SBA-15 dengan tetap memperlihatkan puncak bidang (100), bidang (110) dan bidang 200, pada pengamatan TEM, sampel SBA-15 CPTMS tetap mempertahankan bentuk heksagonalnya, dan pada pengujian FTIR, terlihat adanya gugus klorida (-Cl) pada gelombang 500 cm 1 yang menunjukkan proses fungsionalisasi CPTMS berhasil dilakukan. Sementara, hasil pengujian serapan logam berat dengan AAS memperlihatkan fungsionalisasi CPTMS tidak memiliki selektivitas yang baik pada logam berat kadmium (Cd) dan seng (Zn) karena penurunan nilai persentase penyerapan. Namun, perhitungan kapasitas adsorpsi memperlihatkan bahwa diseluruh sampel pengujian logam berat terjadi peningkatan kapasitas adsoprsi sampel SBA-15 CPTMS bila dibandingkan dengan SBA-15 murni.

In the textile industry, production process is widely used water, dyes and chemicals that have an impact on the emergence of textile liquid waste [1]. Examples of hazardous waste components contained in textile liquid waste are heavy metals mainly derived from colouring agents such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) [1]. Efforts that can be made to prevent the water pollution containing liquid heavy metals is to use silica mesoporous materials such as SBA-15 because it has a large surface area, pore diameter, pore volume and ordered hexagonal structure so that it can be applied as heavy metals adsorbents. In this research, an analysis of the literature review of SBA-15 mesoporous materials synthesis using sol-gel method and CPTMS functionalization has been successfully carried out and continued by analysing its adsorption ability in heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb). Typically, synthesizing SBA-15 is carried out using Tetraethyl Orthosilicate (TEOS) as a precursor and Triblock Copolymer Pluronic 123 (P-123) as a surfactant. Then, the results of the SBA-15 product were carried out CPTMS functionalization with the post grafting method. The characterization results show, in the BET calculation compared to pure SBA-15 samples, SBA-15 CPTMS samples decreased pore diameter parameters from 29,203 to 28,521 Å, pore volume from 265,161 to 199,694 cm3/gr and specific surface area from 831,996 to 711,061 m2/gr, in the SAXS test, the SBA-15 CPTMS sample was not significantly different from the SBA-15 while still showing peak plane (100), plane (110) and plane (200), on TEM observations, SBA-15 CPTMS samples remained maintaining its hexagon shape, and in the FTIR test, a chloride group (-Cl) in the 500 cm-1 wave showed a successful CPTMS functionalization. Meanwhile, the results of heavy metal adsorption testing with AAS showed that CPTMS functionalization did not have good selectivity on cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) heavy metals due to a decrease in the percentage of adsorption. However, the adsorption capacity calculation shows that throughout the heavy metal test sample there is an increase in the adsorption capacity of the SBA-15 CPTMS sample when compared to the pure SBA-15."
Depok: Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia, 2020
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Aulia Dyah Hutami Kawigraha
"Karbon mesopori telah disintesis dengan menggunakan metode soft-templating dengan menggunakan phloroglucinol sebagai prekursor karbon dan pluronic F127 sebagai template untuk membentuk pori dengan ukuran meso pada struktur karbon. Karbon mesopori kemudian diimpregnasi dengan logam nikel, dengan menggunakan Ni NO3 2. Setelah diimpregnasi, material selanjutnya diuji kemampuan katalisisnya untuk reaksi asetilen dengan CO2. Reaktor yang digunakan adalah lsquo;batch reactor rsquo; dari gelas kaca. Hasil BET membuktikan adanya hysteresis loop dan isotherm adsorpsi tipe IV dengan diameter pori sebesar 7,46 nm. Dengan instrumen EDX dibuktikan bahwa impregnasi nikel berhasil dengan masing-masing persen nikel untuk reduksi dengan etilen glikol pelarut air 34,48, etilen glikol pelarut air:etanol 0,02, NaBH4 0,9 dan gas H2 1,73. Pola XRD dari karbon mesopori yang direduksi dengan NaBH4 dan H2 menunjukan tidak ada perubahan pada struktur karbon mesopori, puncak 2 = 24,44 dan 43,18 hal ini membuktikan bahwa impregnasi logam tidak merubah struktur karbon mesopori. Pada uji aplikasinya, hasil analisa HPLC menunjukan puncak untuk baru pada waktu retensi 3,625 menit. Kondisi optimum didapatkan pada suhu 25 dan waktu 3 jam.

Mesoporous carbon has been synthesized using the soft templating method using phloroglucinol as carbon precursor and pluronic F127 as a template to form meso size pores on carbon structure. The mesoporous carbon is then impregnated with nickel metal, using Ni NO3 2. After impregnation, the material was further tested for its catalysis capacity for acetylene reactions with CO2. The reactor used is a 39 batch reactor 39 made of glass. The BET results prove the existence of hysteresis loop and IV type adsorption isotherm with a pore diameter of 7.46 nm. With EDX instrument it is proved that nickel impregnation succeeds with each percent of nickel, reduction using ethylene glycol with water as the solvent 34,48, ethylene glycol with water ethanol as the solvent 0,02, NaBH4 0,9 and H2 gas 1,73. XRD patterns of mesoporous carbon reduced with NaBH4 and H2 showed no change in mesoporous carbon structure, peak 2 24.44 and 43.18 This proves that metal impregnation does not alter the mesoporous carbon structure. In the application test, HPLC analysis shows a new peak at retention time of 3,625 minutes. The optimum condition was obtained at 25 and 3 hours.
"
Depok: Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Indonesia, 2018
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Latifa Hanum Lalasari
"[ABSTRAK
Indonesia memiliki banyak sumber daya alam ilmenit yang dapat
dimanfaatkan lebih lanjut menjadi material mesopori Fe2O3 TiO2. Material
mesopori dengan dinding (wall) yang tersusun atas nano-kristalin TiO2 adalah
kandidat yang sangat menjanjikan dalam memberikan sumbangan yang sangat
signifikan untuk mengatasi permasalahan lingkungan dan krisis energi yang
melanda dunia. Namun demikian, hingga sekarang ini masih sulit untuk
memperoleh kombinasi sinergis dua hal utama yaitu susunan pori yang teratur
(highly-oriented) dan tingkat kristalinitas yang tinggi.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mensintesis mesopori Fe2O3 TiO2 dari
mineral ilmenit (FeTiO3) untuk aplikasi pemurnian air limbah dan pembuatan
prototipe DSSC. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah kombinasi
teknik hidrotermal dan sol−gel. Tahapan proses adalah mineral ilmenit yang telah
dihaluskan dilakukan proses dekomposisi dengan larutan basa dalam autoklaf
kemudian dilanjutkan dengan proses pelindian menggunakan asam sulfat. Larutan
TiOSO4 yang dihasilkan digunakan sebagai prekursor dalam mempersiapkan
nanopartikel TiO2 atau material mesopori Fe2O3 TiO2. Pengontrolan dalam
proses sol−gel dilakukan dengan penambahan Fe, dextrin dan triblock copolimer.
Hasil penelitian dikarakterisasi menggunakan XRF, AAS, TEM/SEM, BET,
XRD, DRS, UV Vis.
Hasil penelitian memberikan gambaran tentang potensi yang besar
terhadap ilmenit Bangka untuk dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku dalam
pembuatan material mesopori Fe2O3 TiO2. Ilmenit terdekomposisi dengan pelarut
basa (KOH dan NaOH) membentuk fase intermediet yaitu kalium titanat dan
natrium titanat dengan morfologi yang berbentuk benang-benang halus.
Penambahan bubuk Fe dan dextrin mampu mengontrol pembentukan nanopartikel
dan meningkatkan kemurnian TiO2. Penelitian ini juga berhasil mempersiapkan
mesopori Fe2O3 TiO2 yang digolongkan sebagai bidang kristal anatase maupun
rutil dengan ukuran kristal rata-rata berkisar 5 -7 nm, energi band gab berkisar
3,00 ? 3,16 eV dan luas permukaan, SBET berkisar.100 ? 151 m2/g.;

ABSTRACT
Indonesia has many natural resources including ilmenite which could be
exploited further into mesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 materials. Mesoporous materials
with walls composed of nano-crystalline TiO2 are very promising candidate in a
very significant contribution for solving environmental problems and energy crisis
that hit in the world. However, until now it is still difficult to obtain a synergistic
combination of two major things that the regular arrangement of pores (highlyoriented)
and a high degree of crystallinity.
This study aims to synthesize mesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 of the ilmenite
(FeTiO3) mineral for waste water purification applications and prototyping DSSC.
The method used in the study is a combination of hydrothermal and sol-gel
techniques. Stage of the process was ilmenite mineral which has been smoothed
carried out the decomposition process using alkaline solution in the autoclave and
then followed by a leaching process using sulfuric acid. The TiOSO4 solution
obtained was used as a precursor in the preparation of TiO2 nanoparticles or
mesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 material. Controlling the sol-gel process was done with
the addition of Fe, dextrin and triblock copolimer. The results of the study were
characterized using XRF, AAS, TEM/SEM, BET, XRD, DRS, UV-Vis apparatus.
The results of the study provided an overview of the enormous potential of
the Bangka-Indonesia ilmenite to be used as raw material in the manufacture of
mesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 materials. Ilmenite decomposed by alkaline solvent
(KOH and NaOH) formed the intermediate phase of potassium titanate and
sodium titanate with morphology shaped by fine threads. The addition of Fe
powder and dextrin were able to control the formation nanoparticles and increase
the purity of TiO2. This study also succeeded in preparing mesoporous
TiO2 Fe2O3 classified as anatase and rutile crystal planes with an average crystal
size ranges from 5 to 7 nm, the band gap energy ranges from 3.00 to 3.16 eV and
the surface area (SBET) ranges from 100 to 151 m2/g.;Indonesia has many natural resources including ilmenite which could be
exploited further into mesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 materials. Mesoporous materials
with walls composed of nano-crystalline TiO2 are very promising candidate in a
very significant contribution for solving environmental problems and energy crisis
that hit in the world. However, until now it is still difficult to obtain a synergistic
combination of two major things that the regular arrangement of pores (highlyoriented)
and a high degree of crystallinity.
This study aims to synthesize mesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 of the ilmenite
(FeTiO3) mineral for waste water purification applications and prototyping DSSC.
The method used in the study is a combination of hydrothermal and sol-gel
techniques. Stage of the process was ilmenite mineral which has been smoothed
carried out the decomposition process using alkaline solution in the autoclave and
then followed by a leaching process using sulfuric acid. The TiOSO4 solution
obtained was used as a precursor in the preparation of TiO2 nanoparticles or
mesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 material. Controlling the sol-gel process was done with
the addition of Fe, dextrin and triblock copolimer. The results of the study were
characterized using XRF, AAS, TEM/SEM, BET, XRD, DRS, UV-Vis apparatus.
The results of the study provided an overview of the enormous potential of
the Bangka-Indonesia ilmenite to be used as raw material in the manufacture of
mesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 materials. Ilmenite decomposed by alkaline solvent
(KOH and NaOH) formed the intermediate phase of potassium titanate and
sodium titanate with morphology shaped by fine threads. The addition of Fe
powder and dextrin were able to control the formation nanoparticles and increase
the purity of TiO2. This study also succeeded in preparing mesoporous
TiO2 Fe2O3 classified as anatase and rutile crystal planes with an average crystal
size ranges from 5 to 7 nm, the band gap energy ranges from 3.00 to 3.16 eV and
the surface area (SBET) ranges from 100 to 151 m2/g.;Indonesia has many natural resources including ilmenite which could be
exploited further into mesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 materials. Mesoporous materials
with walls composed of nano-crystalline TiO2 are very promising candidate in a
very significant contribution for solving environmental problems and energy crisis
that hit in the world. However, until now it is still difficult to obtain a synergistic
combination of two major things that the regular arrangement of pores (highlyoriented)
and a high degree of crystallinity.
This study aims to synthesize mesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 of the ilmenite
(FeTiO3) mineral for waste water purification applications and prototyping DSSC.
The method used in the study is a combination of hydrothermal and sol-gel
techniques. Stage of the process was ilmenite mineral which has been smoothed
carried out the decomposition process using alkaline solution in the autoclave and
then followed by a leaching process using sulfuric acid. The TiOSO4 solution
obtained was used as a precursor in the preparation of TiO2 nanoparticles or
mesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 material. Controlling the sol-gel process was done with
the addition of Fe, dextrin and triblock copolimer. The results of the study were
characterized using XRF, AAS, TEM/SEM, BET, XRD, DRS, UV-Vis apparatus.
The results of the study provided an overview of the enormous potential of
the Bangka-Indonesia ilmenite to be used as raw material in the manufacture of
mesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 materials. Ilmenite decomposed by alkaline solvent
(KOH and NaOH) formed the intermediate phase of potassium titanate and
sodium titanate with morphology shaped by fine threads. The addition of Fe
powder and dextrin were able to control the formation nanoparticles and increase
the purity of TiO2. This study also succeeded in preparing mesoporous
TiO2 Fe2O3 classified as anatase and rutile crystal planes with an average crystal
size ranges from 5 to 7 nm, the band gap energy ranges from 3.00 to 3.16 eV and
the surface area (SBET) ranges from 100 to 151 m2/g., Indonesia has many natural resources including ilmenite which could be
exploited further into mesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 materials. Mesoporous materials
with walls composed of nano-crystalline TiO2 are very promising candidate in a
very significant contribution for solving environmental problems and energy crisis
that hit in the world. However, until now it is still difficult to obtain a synergistic
combination of two major things that the regular arrangement of pores (highlyoriented)
and a high degree of crystallinity.
This study aims to synthesize mesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 of the ilmenite
(FeTiO3) mineral for waste water purification applications and prototyping DSSC.
The method used in the study is a combination of hydrothermal and sol-gel
techniques. Stage of the process was ilmenite mineral which has been smoothed
carried out the decomposition process using alkaline solution in the autoclave and
then followed by a leaching process using sulfuric acid. The TiOSO4 solution
obtained was used as a precursor in the preparation of TiO2 nanoparticles or
mesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 material. Controlling the sol-gel process was done with
the addition of Fe, dextrin and triblock copolimer. The results of the study were
characterized using XRF, AAS, TEM/SEM, BET, XRD, DRS, UV-Vis apparatus.
The results of the study provided an overview of the enormous potential of
the Bangka-Indonesia ilmenite to be used as raw material in the manufacture of
mesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 materials. Ilmenite decomposed by alkaline solvent
(KOH and NaOH) formed the intermediate phase of potassium titanate and
sodium titanate with morphology shaped by fine threads. The addition of Fe
powder and dextrin were able to control the formation nanoparticles and increase
the purity of TiO2. This study also succeeded in preparing mesoporous
TiO2 Fe2O3 classified as anatase and rutile crystal planes with an average crystal
size ranges from 5 to 7 nm, the band gap energy ranges from 3.00 to 3.16 eV and
the surface area (SBET) ranges from 100 to 151 m2/g.]"
2014
D1966
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