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Pertambangan menjadi sektor penting yang berperan dalam mendukung pembangunan dan perekonomian Indonesia. Salah satu perusahaan tambang terbesar di dunia adalah PT Freeport Indonesia yang terletak di Kabupaten Mimika, Papua. Dalam operasi pertambangannya, PT Freeport Indonesia menghadapi sejumlah masalah lingkungan, salah satunya adalah perubahan lahan bervegetasi menjadi lahan tandus yang minim vegetasi. Kerusakan lingkungan hidup yang terjadi akibat aktivitas pertambangan dapat dipulihkan melalui kegiatan reklamasi. Reklamasi lahan di wilayah pertambangan memerlukan waktu dalam jangka panjang untuk mencapai struktur dan fungsi ekosistem yang berkembang, stabil, dan matang sehingga diperlukan monitoring perubahan kondisi tutupan vegetasi di lahan bekas tambang menggunakan teknologi yang efektif dan efisien, yaitu penginderaan jauh. Dalam penelitian ini, citra penginderaan jauh yang digunakan adalah citra Sentinel-2 yang dikumpulkan dari tahun 2016 hingga 2023 untuk mendapatkan distribusi nilai indeks tutupan vegetasi (NDVI) dan tingkat kehijauan vegetasi di Area Reklamasi Grasberg. Variabel yang digunakan untuk menganalisis perubahan tutupan vegetasi selama proses revegetasi di Area Reklamasi Grasberg adalah indeks vegetasi (NDVI), jenis vegetasi, tahun reklamasi, ketinggian, kemiringan lereng, dan arah lereng. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa semakin bertambah waktu reklamasi, maka semakin bertambah luas area yang tertutupi vegetasi dengan tingkat kehijauan sedang dan tinggi yang ditunjukkan dari hasil regresi linier yang bernilai posistif. Perubahan tutupan vegetasi di Area Reklamasi Grasberg menunjukkan tren peningkatan tutupan vegetasi seluas 379,66 hektar atau 98,71% dari total luas area reklamasi dan sisanya mengalami tren penurunan berdasarkan hasil analisis tren Sen’s Slope+Mann Kendall. Perubahan tutupan vegetasi di Area Reklamasi Grasberg tidak dipengaruhi oleh jenis vegetasi karena karakteristik vegetasi di area tersebut cenderung sama. Sedangkan perubahan tutupan vegetasi di Area Reklamasi Grasberg berdasarkan hasil uji korelasi dipengaruhi oleh faktor kondisi topografi. Ketinggian wilayah tidak menunjukkan pengaruh yang kuat terhadap tutupan vegetasi tetapi kemiringan lereng yang curam akan memicu terjadinya tingkat kehijauan tutupan vegetasi yang rendah dan sebaliknya. Sedangkan vegetasi yang berada di lereng yang menghadap ke arah timur memiliki tingkat kehijauan yang tinggi karena mendapatkan penyinaran matahari yang cukup. Pemantauan perubahan tutupan vegetasi di area reklamasi bekas tambang sangat bermanfaat untuk kebijakan pengelolaan lahan di area pertambangan dan perencanaan reklamasi.

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Mining is an important sector that plays a role in supporting Indonesia's development and economy. One of the largest mining companies in the world is PT Freeport Indonesia, located in Mimika Regency, Papua. In its mining operations, PT Freeport Indonesia faces a number of environmental problems, one of which is the change of vegetated land into barren land with minimal vegetation. Environmental damage caused by mining activities can be restored through reclamation activities. Land reclamation in mining areas takes a long time to achieve a developed, stable and mature ecosystem structure and function so that it is necessary to monitor changes in vegetation cover conditions in post-mining land using effective and efficient technology, namely remote sensing. In this research, the remote sensing images used were Sentinel-2 images collected from 2016 to 2023 to obtain the distribution of vegetation cover index (NDVI) and vegetation greenness in the Grasberg Reclamation Area. The variables used to analyze changes in vegetation cover during the revegetation process in the Grasberg Reclamation Area are vegetation cover index (NDVI), vegetation type, reclamation year, elevation, slope, and slope direction. This study shows that as the reclamation time increases, the area covered by vegetation with medium and high greenness levels increases, as shown by the positive linear regression results. Changes in vegetation cover in the Grasberg Reclamation Area show an increasing trend covering 379.66 hectares or 98.71% of the total reclamation area and the others show a decreasing trend based on the results of Sen's Slope+Mann Kendall trend analysis. Changes in vegetation cover in the Grasberg Reclamation Area are not influenced by vegetation type because the characteristics of vegetation in the area tend to be the same. Meanwhile, changes in vegetation cover in the Grasberg Reclamation Area based on the results of the correlation test are influenced by topographic conditions. The elevation of the area does not show a strong influence on vegetation cover but steep slopes will trigger a low level of vegetation cover greenness and vice versa. The vegetation on the east-facing slope has a high level of greenery because it gets enough sunlight. Monitoring changes in vegetation cover in ex-mining reclamation areas is very useful for land management policies in mining areas and reclamation planning."

"The interaction of the solar and heat radiation with the atmosphere and surface is the subject of the book. The book contains the description of 17 computer studying programs supporting different topics of courses."

"The book focuses on the different aspects of sensing technology, i.e. high reliability, adaptability, recalibration, information processing, data fusion, validation and integration of novel and high performance sensors specifically aims to monitor agricultural and environmental parameters. "

"This book about modeling of environment in terms of physical environment related parameters and measuring similar parameters by means of multispectral remote sensing, primarily by means of passive microwave remote sensing technology. Another new step is in the development and utilization of a multilevel approach which includes remote sensing of the land and water parameters like soil moisture, depth to water table, biomass of vegetation, temperature and salinity of water, in situ measurements of similar parameters and incorporation of GIS and data sets into the models of typical environments. "

"This book introduces the scope and method of remote sensing within the context of environmental analysis and assessment. It presents the cutting-edge techniques and innovative applications in a manner that is accessible to the non-technical professional."

"Indonesia merupakan negara yang memiliki potensi sangat besar dalam bidang panas bumi. Salah satu daerah yang berpotensi panas bumi yaitu berada di Kabupaten Brebes, Jawa Tengah. Penelitian ini berfokus dalam memperkirakan persebaran daerah prospek panas bumi di daerah Brebes dengan melakukan analisis dan integrasi beberapa metode penginderaan jauh yang meliputi LST, NDVI, dan FFD. Metode ini diolah pada data citra Landsat-8 dan DEM serta didukung oleh data lapangan berupa data geologi dan manifestasi permukaan. Selain itu, dilakukan juga evaluasi daerah prospek panas bumi untuk mengetahui kondisi sistem panas bumi dan kondisi permukaannya yang ditentukan berdasarkan analisis aspek 3G (Geologi, Geofisika, dan Geokimia) dari penelitian terdahulu, sehingga dapat ditentukan tingkat kelayakan daerah tersebut untuk di eksplorasi. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa terdapat dua daerah prospek panas bumi di daerah Brebes, yaitu prospek A yang terletak pada koordinat UTM 269690 – 271040 mE, dan 9197903-9199163 mN serta luas 165 Hektar, dan prospek B yang terletak pada koordinat UTM 280224-281083 mE, dan 9188823-9190237 mN serta luas 115 Hektar. Evaluasi daerah prospek panas bumi menunjukkan kondisi sistem panas bumi sudah lengkap dan terletak dekat dengan daerah prospek serta kondisi permukaan dengan akses yang mudah dan tidak mengganggu daerah hutan. Secara keseluruhan, daerah prospek ini sudah cukup layak untuk eksplorasi panas bumi lebih lanjut.

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Indonesia is a country that has enormous potential in the geothermal sector. One area that has geothermal potential is located in Brebes Regency, Central Java. This research focuses on estimating the distribution of geothermal prospect areas in the Brebes area by analyzing and integrating several remote sensing methods which include LST, NDVI, and FFD. This method is processed on Landsat-8 and DEM image data and is supported by field data in the form of geological data and surface manifestations. In addition, an evaluation of the geothermal prospect area was also carried out to determine the condition of the geothermal system and surface conditions which were determined based on an analysis of the 3G aspects (Geology, Geophysics and Geochemistry) from previous studies, so that the level of feasibility of the area for exploration could be determined. The results of this study indicate that there are two geothermal prospect areas in the Brebes area, namely prospect A which is located at UTM coordinates 269690 – 271040 mE, and 9197903 – 9199163 mN and an area of 165 hectares, and prospect B which is located at UTM coordinates 280224-281083 mE, and 9188823-9190237 mN and an area of 115 hectares. Evaluation of the geothermal prospect area shows that the condition of the geothermal system is complete and is located close to the prospect area as well as surface conditions with easy access to the area and does not disturb forest areas. Overall, this prospect area is quite feasible for further geothermal exploration.

 

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"Penelitian bertujuan mengevaluasi pelaksanaan pemeriksaan jarak jauh BPK berdasarkan panduan pemeriksaan jarak jauh yang dikeluarkan oleh BPK pada awal pandemi COVID 19 tahun 2020 dan 2021. Analisis dilakukan dengan mengevaluasi dokumen pemeriksaan, pengamatan atas pelaksanaan pemeriksaan dan wawancara. Hasil penelitian pemeriksaan jarak jauh telah direncanakan dan dilaksanakan sesuai dengan panduan, sehingga hasil pemeriksaan tetap berkualitas. Pemeriksaan dengan metode jarak jauh tidak mengurangi ketepatan waktu penyusunan laporan hasil pemeriksaan sehingga prosedur pemeriksaan jarak jauh tetap dapat dipertahankan pada pasca Covid.

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This study aims to evaluate the implementation of the BPK remote audit based on the remote audit guide issued by the BPK at the beginning of the COVID 19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021. The analysis was conducted by evaluating the audit document, observing the audit implementation, and interviewing. The results show that the remote audit had been planned and carried out by the guidelines so that the audit results remain of high quality. Auditing with the remote method does not affect the timeliness of preparing audit reports so that remote audit procedures can still be maintained post-Covid."