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"Southeast Asia has benefited greatly from exports, which have become a vital engine of economic growth in both developed and developing countries. Significant reforms in infrastructure development and especially digital technology have greatly reduced transaction costs and enhanced economic efficiency, thereby boosting exports. However, ASEAN's adoption of basic digitization is still unevenly adopted, which also poses particular difficulties for MSMEs in underdeveloped nations hoping to grow internationally compared to the large enterprises. Therefore, understanding the interplay between technical measures and export outcomes in ASEAN is essential for fostering economic growth and enhancing global competitiveness. In ASEAN's dynamic economic landscape, this study examines how key technological metrics—like website ownership, foreign technology adoption, international certification, and R&D investment—impact firm performance in exports and innovation. These metrics are essential inputs that enhance firms' global competitiveness and adaptability to market demands. By analyzing these factors, the study sheds light on how technological advancements drive export success and innovation in the region. The analysis employs Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and pooled OLS methods over the period from 2009 to 2023, integrating year and country to assess their distinct impacts on the export dynamics. The findings emphasize how technology is used differently in each of the ASEAN countries and how this usage affects business outcomes in different ways, highlighting the need for equitable digital frameworks and customized policy approaches for every country.

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Asia Tenggara telah mendapatkan banyak manfaat dari ekspor, yang telah menjadi mesin pertumbuhan ekonomi yang penting baik di negara maju maupun negara berkembang. Reformasi yang signifikan dalam pembangunan infrastruktur dan terutama teknologi digital telah sangat mengurangi biaya transaksi dan meningkatkan efisiensi ekonomi, sehingga meningkatkan ekspor. Namun, adopsi digitalisasi dasar di ASEAN masih belum merata, yang juga menimbulkan kesulitan khusus bagi UMKM di negara-negara terbelakang yang berharap untuk tumbuh secara internasional dibandingkan dengan perusahaan besar. Dalam lanskap ekonomi ASEAN yang dinamis, studi ini mengkaji bagaimana metrik teknologi utama—seperti kepemilikan situs web, adopsi teknologi asing, sertifikasi internasional, dan investasi penelitian dan pengembangan—berdampak pada kinerja perusahaan dalam ekspor dan inovasi. Metrik ini merupakan masukan penting yang meningkatkan daya saing global perusahaan dan kemampuan beradaptasi terhadap permintaan pasar. Analisis ini menggunakan metode Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) dan metode pooled OLS selama periode 2009 hingga 2023, dengan mengintegrasikan tahun dan negara untuk menilai dampaknya yang berbeda terhadap dinamika ekspor. Temuan ini menekankan bagaimana teknologi digunakan secara berbeda di setiap negara ASEAN dan bagaimana penggunaan ini memengaruhi hasil bisnis dengan cara yang berbeda, menyoroti perlunya kerangka kerja digital yang adil dan pendekatan kebijakan yang disesuaikan untuk setiap negara."

"As known, the increase in exports can generate more foreign currency that facilitates importing countries to meet domestic production input and output expansion. For a country, The foreign currency is one pillar of the country's development. Moreover, exports are also a very efficient tool for the development needs of the foreign debt currency that is vulnerable to shocks and could push the debt currency that is vulnerable to shocks and could push the debt default (failure to pay). Several pmembers of the OIC in the ASEAN-in this case, Indonesia and Malaysia have export activities that allegedly helped boost economic growth as well as individual countries. "

"Data BPS Sulawesi Selatan 2012 menunjukkan bahwa ekspor perikanan, industri bambu, kayu dan rotan di Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan memberikan kontribusi yang cukup besar terhadap nilai ekspor di Sulsel, dan juga banyak menyerap tenaga kerja dengan upah yang relatif rendah dibandingkan rata-rata nasional. Penelitan ini bertujuan untuk menentukan dan menganalisis besarnya dampak ekspor perikanan, ekspor produk industri bambu, kayu dan rotan dalam menciptakan nilai tambah regional bruto, beserta komponen-komponennya dan menentukan dan menganalisis besarnya dampak ekspor sektor tersebut terhadap penyerapan tenaga kerja, dan ketahanan ekonomi daerah Sulsel. Penelitian ini didesain sebagai penelitian yang bersifat kuantitatif dan bersifat kausalitas yang didasarkan atas data sekunder, jurnal, artikel dan literatur yang berhubungan dengan permasalahan penelitian dan dianalisis dengan analisis dampak dari I-O (Input-Output) dari Wassily W. Leontief melalui pendekatan pada hubungan interdependensi antar sektor dalam suatu perekonomian yang dinyatakan dengan persamaan linear.Desain penelitian ini diturunkan dari data I-O Sulawesi Selatan Atas Dasar Harga Produsen 112 sektor yang dipublikasikan oleh Balitbangda dan BPS Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan tahun 2009 yang diagregasi menjadi 30 sektor, dimana memuat sektor-sektor yang menjadi obyek penelitian dan bersifat kuantitatif.Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa dari Nilai Tambah Regional Bruto yang dihasilkan oleh ekspor perikanan Sulsel, sebesar 76% diterima pengusaha/ eksportir dalam bentuk surplus usaha, kemudian 19% diterima oleh nelayan dalam bentuk upah/ gaji, dan sebanyak 4% sebagai penyusutan, sisanya sebesar 1% diterima pemerintah dalam bentuk pajak tak langsung. Dan ekspor sektor perikanan Sulsel mampu menciptakan kesempatan kerja rata-rata sebanyak 155.153 orang setiap tahun. Sedangkan untuk NTRB yang dihasilkan oleh ekspor sektor industri bambu, kayu dan rotan Sulsel dengan komposisi 55% diterima sebagai surplus usaha, kemudian 33% upah/ gaji, sebanyak 9% penyusutan, dan 3% pajak tak langsung. Sektor industri bambu, kayu dan rotan di Sulsel mampu menciptakan kesempatan kerja rata-rata sebanyak 6.853 orang setiap tahun. Selain peningkatan pendapatan, ekspor sektor perikanan dan sektor industri bambu, kayu dan rotan Sulsel mampu menciptakan kesempatan kerja, hal ini dapat mendorong dan memperlancar pergerakan roda perekonomian Sulsel, sehingga meningkatkan keamanan, artinya ekspor sektor tersebut mampu meningkatkan Ketahanan Ekonomi Daerah Sulsel melalui meningkatnya kesejahteraan dan keamanan Sulawesi Selatan.

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BPS Data South Sulawesi 2012 shows that fishery exports, bamboo industries, wood and rattan in South Sulawesi has been given a great contribution to the value of exports in South Sulawesi, and also has been absorbed labor in relatively low wage compared to the national average. This research aims to identify and analyze the impact of fishery exports, exports of bamboo industry product, wood and rattan in creating regional gross value added, and their components also to determine and analyze the impact of the export sector on labor absorption and regional economic security in South Sulawesi. This study is designed as a quantitative and causality research which is based on secondary data, journals, articles and literatures related to the research problem and analyzed with analysis of the impact of IO (Input-Output) by Wassily W. Leontief through the relationship of interdependence approach among economy sectors represented by a linear equation.The design of the research was derived from the IO data of South Sulawesi based on 112 manufacturer sectors published by Balitbangda and BPS South Sulawesi on 2009 that was aggregated into 30 sectors, which was included the sectors that become the object of studies and quantitative.The analysis result showed that Regional Gross Value Added generated by Sulawesi fishery exports, 76% received by entrepreneurs / exporters in the form of business surplus, and 19% received by fishermen in the form of wages / salary, and about 4% as depreciation, the rest 1 % received by the government in the form of indirect taxes. And South Sulawesi fishery exports are able to create job opportunities on average 155,153 people every year. Whereas for the NTRB generated by South Sulawesi bamboo industry export sector, wood and rattan with a composition of 55% received as surplus business, 33% as salary / wage, 9% of depreciation and 3% indirect tax. The industrial sector of bamboo, wood and rattan in South Sulawesi are able to create job opportunities with an average of 6853 people in every year. Besides increasing revenue, fishery export sector and the industrial sector of bamboo, wood and rattan of South Sulawesi are able to create job, it also able to encourage and facilitate the movement on the wheels of the economy in South Sulawesi, strengthen security, it means that the export sector is able to strengthen regional economic security in South Sulawesi through prosperity and security."

"Hubungan antara sektor finansial dan pertumbuhan ekonomi penting untuk ditinjau di wilayah dengan sejarah terjadinya krisis ekonomi, salah satunya Asia Tenggara. Wilayah ini juga sedang mengalami deindustrialisasi, yang berpotensi menghambat pola pembangunan ekonominya. Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan panel dinamis untuk mengestimasi dampak intermediasi finansial terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi dan industrialisasi, serta bagaimana hubungan ini dimediasi oleh krisis finansial dan digitalisasi. Dengan sampel berupa 9 negara ASEAN+ dari dari 1996 hingga 2022, hasil studi secara konsisten menunjukkan bahwa efisiensi sektor perbankan berpengaruh positif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi dan industrialisasi. Untuk negara-negara ASEAN+ berpendapatan tinggi, terdapat indikasi dari pembiayaan berlebih sebagaimana ditunjukkan oleh dampak negatif dari kedalaman sektor perbankan. Berikutnya, pasar saham hanya berdampak signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi dan industrialisasi di negara berpendapatan tinggi, sementara industrialisasi di negara bukan berpendapatan tinggi lebih terkorelasi dengan sektor perbankan. Terakhir, krisis finansial cenderung membalik hubungan antara intermediasi finansial, pertumbuhan ekonomi, dan industrialisasi, sementara digitalisasi cenderung mengamplifikasinya.

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The relationship between the financial sector and economic growth is important to reassess in regions with a history of financial crises, such as Southeast Asia. Deindustrialization is also concurrently happening in the region, potentially hampering its pattern of economic development. This study uses a dynamic panel approach to estimate the impact of financial intermediation on economic growth and industrialization, as well as how this relationship is mediated by financial crises and digitalization. Using a sample of 9 ASEAN+ countries from 1996 to 2022, results consistently show that banking sector efficiency positively impacts economic growth and industrialization. For high-income ASEAN+ economies, there is an indication of overfinancing as shown by the negative impact of banking sector depth. Furthermore, the stock market is only significantly impactful towards growth and industrialization in high-income countries, while industrialization in non-high-income countries is more correlated with the banking sector. Lastly, financial crises tend to invert the nexus between financial intermediation, growth, and industrialization, while digitalization tends to amplify it."

"Tesis ini membahas pengaruh krisis ekonomi Amerika Serikat terhadap nilai ekspor non migas Indonesia ke Amerika Serikat pada tiga sektor yaitu sektor pertanian, industri, dan pertambangan. Penelitian ini menggunakan regresi sebagai alat utama dalam estimasi model ekspor non migas Indonesia. Pendekatan yang digunakan untuk mengestimasi parameter model adalah pendekatan data panel. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa PDB Amerika Serikat, nilai tukar riil Rupiah terhadap USD dan krisis ekonomi di Amerika Serikat berpengaruh signifikan terhadap ekspor non migas. Terdapat komoditas pada sektor pertanian, industri, dan pertambangan tidak terpengaruh secara signifikan oleh krisis.

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This thesis discusses the effect of the U.S. economic crisis on Indonesian non oil exports to the United States in three sectors, namely agriculture, industry, and mining. The study uses regression as a major tool in the estimation model of Indonesian non oil exports. The approach used to estimate the parameters of the model is a panel data approach.

The research concludes that the real Gross Domestic Product, real exchange rate of Rupiah against U.S. dollar and the U.S. economic crisis are significant to the Indonesian non oil exports to the United States. US economic crisis seems not significant to some commodities in every sectors being analyzed."

"Penetapan Piagam OKI yang baru dalam KTT OKI ke sebelas di Dakkar, 2008, menjadi momentum bagi negara-negara OKI untuk memperkuat demokrasi dan kelembagaan dalam rangka mendorong kerjasama ekonomi dan perdagangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengeskplorasi peran demokrasi dan kepemerintahan dalam meningkatkan ekspor Indonesia ke negara-negara OKI selama periode 1998-2012 dengan menggunakan augmented gravity model. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa demokrasi dan kepemerintahan Indonesia, serta kepemerintahan negara-negara OKI sebagai tujuan ekspor Indonesia berpengaruh positif dan signifikan dalam meningkatkan ekspor Indonesia ke negara-negara OKI. Sebaliknya, demokrasi di negara-negara OKI berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan. Negara-negara OKI berpendapatan rendah cenderung mengimplementasikan kebijakan perdagangan yang lebih tertutup.

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The enforcement of new OIC Charter at the 11th OIC Summit in Dakar, 2008, has become a momentum for OIC member states to reassert the importance of democracy and institutional reform in promoting economic and trade cooperation among its members. This study aims to explore the role of democracy and governance on the enhancement of Indonesian export to OIC countries during the period 1998-2012 by using augmented gravity model. The results showed that both democracy and governance in Indonesia have positive and significant effect in enhancing Indonesian export to OIC countries. The similar result is also found in the governance of OIC countries. On the other hand, democracy in OIC countries are having negative and significant effect on the same matter. Low-income OIC countries have a tendency to implement a more closed trade policy."

"Penelitian tesis ini dilakukan di 5 negara Asean, yaitu Indonesia, Malaysia, Philipina, Singapura dan Thailand mengenai pertumbuhan ekonomi dalam periode waktu 1990-2007. Tujuannya adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan ekonomi. Variabel-variabel penelitian yang dianalisis adalah variabel trade openness, investasi, populasi dan inflasi dengan menggunakan metode regresi analisis data panel. Hasil penelitian antara lain berupa nilai-nilai koefisien untuk setiap variabel, kemudian nilai koefisien tersebut dianalisis untuk mendapatkan jawaban dari permasalahan penelitian. Adapun hasil pengolahan data serta analisis data akan diuraikan bahwa trade openness dan investasi signifikan mempengaruhi pertumbuhan ekonomi di negara-negara Asean 5 secara positif. Sementara variable inflasi signifikan secara negatif mempengaruhi pertumbuhan economi Asean 5.

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The research for this thesis took place in 5 countries of Asean, there are Indonesia, Malaysia, Philipines, Singapore and Thailand. It is about economic growth in time period 1990-2007. In objective is to review the result of development that has been achieved in that time period. The research variables that analyzed are trade openness, investment, population and inflation which use regression method with pool data analysis. From the result of the research the coefficient value for each variable was gained, than the cooefficient value was analyzed to obsain the answer for set of problem of this research. The result of data processing and data analyzing will be explained that trade openness and investment are significantly influencing economic growth and positive relationship. Inflation significantly influencing the economic growth and it has negative relationship in Asean 5 countries."

"Among the various types of non-tariff barriers to trade, standards andtechnical regulations measure imposed by trading partners is one ofthe determinants to Indonesia's export activities that often have beenneglected. Probiem in meeting the standards (the terms “standards”and technical regulations” are used interchangeabiy throughout thisstudy) has always been on the top three of developed countries’complaints to the agriculture-based imports from Indonesia. On theother hand, stricter imposition of standards has now also being appliedby several importing countries, including the European Union (EU),which have been the main importers of Indonesian agriculturalproducts.This study covers Indonesia's export activities to four partner countriesin EU, on four selected agricultural commodity groups during theperiods of 1990-2005. Export activities were analyzed with a singie-country Gravity Modei approach (Chevassus-Lozza, et ai., 2005) whichuses the constant elasticity of substitution (CES) utility function inderiving an operationai gravity model. Standards are included as thevariabies of trade restrictiveness, parameterized by stocks ofstandards developed both by the Indonesia as exporter, and EUcountries as importers. Estimation for the model was done through theSeemingiy Unreiated Regression (SUR) for disaggregated pooied data.The results of analysis shows that a single-country gravity model usedin this study is able to assess the impacts of standards measures onIndonesias export activities in the selected commodity groups. Anincrease of foreign specific standards imposition reduces Indonesiasexports by 0.07 per cent, thus, act as trade deterrence and lead tocompetition disadvantage for Indonesia. On the other hand, anincrease of Nationai Standards of Indonesia imposition gives roie tocompetitive advantage and increases Indonesias exports by 0.03 percent."

"Tourism has become an important sector in the economy over recent decades, but the impact of tourism on economic growth is still debated. The purpose of this paper is to investigates the long-run relationship between tourism and economic growth in ASEAN countries as well as the causal linkages between them. This study uses panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (panel ARDL) and data from the World Tourism Organization and the World Development Indicator. The results suggest that tourism has significant and positive impact on economic growth in the long run, supporting the tourism-led growth hypothesis. Furthermore, the results also indicate that there is bidirectional causality between inbound tourism and economic growth.

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Pariwisata telah menjadi sektor penting dalam perekonomian selama beberapa dekade terakhir, namun dampak pariwisata terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi masih diperdebatkan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk meneliti hubungan jangka panjang antara pariwisata dan pertumbuhan ekonomi di negara-negara ASEAN serta hubungan sebab akibat di antara keduanya. Penelitian ini menggunakan panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (panel ARDL) dan data dari World Tourism Organization dan World Development Indicator. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pariwisata memiliki dampak yang signifikan dan positif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi dalam jangka panjang. Selain itu, hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa terdapat kausalitas dua arah antara pariwisata inbound dan pertumbuhan ekonomi."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui daya saing dan pertumbuhan eksporhasil hutan kayu Indonesia sebelum dan setelah penerapan kebijakan ACFTA.Sebagai sebuah negara yang memiliki luas hutan yang mencapai 52 % persen luasdaratannya Indonesia memiliki keunggulan komparatif pada sektor kehutanan.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Dynamic Revealed Comparative Advantagedan regresi dengan data panel menggunakan 16 produk hasil hutan kayu Indonesiadengan HS 44. Pada periode penelitian, tahun 2001-2011. Produk hasil hutankayu Indonesia mengalami perubahan daya saing. Hasil penelitian menunjukkanbahwa ada kecenderungan ekspor produk hasil hutan kayu yang relatif lebihmentah, meningkat sementara yang mengalami hasil pengolahan lebih lanjutcenderung menurun. Dari hasil uji statistik ACFTA berdampak negatif bagipertumbuhan ekspor hasil hutan kayu Indonesia secara rata-rata. Pada penelitianini terdapat beberapa faktor yang tak dikontrol dan mungkin mempengaruhi hasilpenelitian seperti guncangan ekonomi, berbagai larangan/pengetatan ekspor padakayu primer, serta shifting ekspor Indonesia dari China ke negara ASEAN yangmasuk dalam skema ACFTA yang terjadi pada periode penelitian.

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ABSTRACTThis study was aimed to examine the competitive potential and the export growthof Indonesian timber product before and after the ACFTA policy adoption. As acountry with forest area covering 52% of its total land, Indonesia has comparativeexcellence in forestry sector. This study was performed using Dynamic RevealedComparative Advantage method and regresion with panel data of 16 Indonesiantimber products with HS 44 from 2001-2011. The results showed that export oftimber forest products that is relatively crude rose while export of furtherprocessing decreased. From the results of statistical tests, ACFTA has a negativeimpact on the growth of Indonesian timber forest products on average during theperiod 2001-2011. In this study, there are several factors that are not controlledmay affect the results of the research such as various economic shocks,ban/tightening of the primary timber exports, and shifting of the Indonesian exportfrom China to othe ASEAN countries in the ACFTA scheme that occurred in thestudy period."