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"AbstrakHeart failure has become a public health problem with increasing incidence and prevalence. Many patients first came to the primary care and managed by general practitioner. Accurate diagnosis is essential to provide good management of heart failure. However, symptoms and signs alone are often neither sufficient nor specific to confirm the diagnosis. Some studies show that heart failure patients are still incorrectly diagnosed and inadequately treated, despite the availability of current guidelines. Inadequacy of facilities is the main obstacle in diagnosing and managing heart failure, especially in developing countries like Indonesia. The medications recommended for treating heart failure are still under-prescribed. This review discuss about the challenges of diagnosis and management of heart failure in primary care."

"Herbal medicine has had a terrible 20th century. An evolving relationship between humans and plants ground to a shuddering halt in the industrial world somewhere around the end of the 19th century. This was astonishing: humans had for millennia been articulating and finessing a primal co-evolution with the plant world and all sentient beings. The insights and benefits for health that had emerged were rich and real. However, while suited to living close to the land, these had become increasingly inadequate to meet the needs of urban life, often involving squalor and pandemic diseases, and when the principles of science and engineering became applicable to medicine the old ways were rudely thrown aside."

"Antibiotik berasal dari gabungan dua kata, yaitu “anti” dan “biosis” yang dapat diartikanmenjadi melawan / menentang kehidupan. Antibiotik merupakan suatu zat kimia yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan mikroorganisme lainnya. Definisi antibiotik itu sendiri selalu berkembang dari masa ke masa. Seiring dengan berkembangnya ilmu dan teknologi, antibiotik kini tidak lagi sebatas berasal dari suatu zat yang dihasilkan oleh suatu organisme. Antibiotik kini dapat dihasilkan melalui serangkaian proses sintesis.Hingga saat ini, ada berbagai macam antibiotik yang dapat digunakan untuk infeksi ringan hingga berat. Pada laporan tugas khusus ini, pengamatan dilakukan dengan metode studi literatur. Penulis melakukan pengamatan produk apa saja yang ada di departemen antibiotik yang tersedia di Apotek Roxy Jatikramat (hanya dalam bentuk sediaan padatnya). Antibiotik-antibiotik tersebut kemudian dikelompokkan sesuai dengan golongannya dan dibahas mengenai kegunaannya untuk terapi farmakologi. Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan, terdapat lebih dari 100 produk antibiotik di apotek Roxy Jatikramat.Produk-produk antibiotik tersebut terdiri dari antibiotik golongan beta laktam, tetrasiklin, makrolida, klormfenikol, linkosamida, sulfonamida, dan kuinolon. Obat-obat antibiotik dapat digunakan untuk mengatasi berbagai macam jenis infeksi. Setiap antibiotik memiliki kegunaannya masing-masing. Meskipun demikian, penggunaan antibiotik harus harus dieperhatikan agar tidak menyebabkan resistensi dan efek samping dari antibiotik tersebut.

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Antibiotics come from a combination of two words, namely "anti" and "biosis" which can

be interpreted to be against life. Antibiotics are chemical substances that can inhibit the

growth of other microorganisms. The definition of antibiotics itself is always evolving

from time to time. Along with the development of science and technology, antibiotics are

now no longer limited to coming from a substance produced by an organism. Antibiotics

can now be produced through a series of synthetic processes. Until now, there are various

kinds of antibiotics that can be used for mild to severe infections. In this special

assignment report, observations were made using the literature study method. The author

observes what products are available in the antibiotic department at the Roxy Jatikramat

Pharmacy (only in solid dosage forms). The antibiotics are then grouped according to

their class and discussed about their use for pharmacological therapy. Based on

observations, there are more than 100 antibiotic products at the Roxy Jatikramat

pharmacy. These antibiotic products consist of beta-lactam antibiotics, tetracyclines,

macrolides, chlormphenicol, lincosamides, sulfonamides, and quinolones. Antibiotic

drugs can be used to treat various types of infections. Each antibiotic has its own use.

However, the use of antibiotics must be considered so as not to cause resistance and side

effects of these antibiotics"

"Beberapa jenis penyakit membutuhkan penatalaksanaan secara cepat dan tepat guna menurunkan risiko fatal penderita, salah satu diantaranya adalah difteri. Waktu sangat berharga untuk bisa menolong penderita karena keterlambatan penatalaksanaan bisa meningkatkan kematian kasus hingga 20 kali lipat. Di sisi lain, metode diagnostik konvensional sebagai gold standard membutuhkan waktu 3?5 hari sehingga diperlukan metode diagnostik alternatif untuk membantu menegakkan diagnosis difteri. Direct polymerase chain reaction (PCR) dapat menjawab tantangan atas besarnya biaya dan lamanya waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk pemeriksaan laboratorium. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengembangkan metode direct PCR sebagi metode alternatif diagnostik difteri secara cepat, mudah dan hemat. Sebanyak 15 sampel yang terdiri dari 10 isolat Corynebacterium diphtheriae toksigenik dan 3 Corynebacterium non-diphtheriae nontoksigenik ditambah dengan 2 spesimen klinis (usap tenggorok) digunakan untuk optimasi metode direct PCR dibandingkan dengan PCR standard sebagai kontrol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa direct PCR dapat digunakan untuk deteksi dan amplifikasi gen target dengan benar seperti halnya PCR standard sehingga pada seluruh sampel C. diphtheriae tampak pita pada 168 bp (penanda gen dtxR) dan 551 bp (penanda gen tox). Sebaliknya pada sampel lain tidak tampak pita pada kedua tempat tersebut. Direct PCR dapat mendeteksi sel bakteri sampai dengan 71 CFU/uL. Oleh karena itu, disimpulkan bahwa direct PCR dapat digunakan sebagai metode diagnostik alternatif untuk membantu menegakkan diagnosis difteri secara cepat, mudah dan hemat.

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Direct PCR: Alternative Diagnostic Method for Diagnosis of Diphtheria Rapidly, Easily and Cost Effective. Some diseases require immediate and appropriate treatment to decrease the fatality risk patients incident, for example diphtheria. Time to help patients is very crucial since delay of therapy may increase the mortality cases up to 20 times. In other hands, conventional diagnostic methods (the gold standard) for diagnosis of diphtheria is time consuming and laborious. Therefore, an alternative diagnostic method which is rapid, easy and inexpensive is needed. In this case, direct PCR has been proved to reduce time and cost in laboratory examination. This study aimed to develop direct PCR as alternative diagnostic method for diagnosis of diphtheria rapidly, easily, and inexpensive. Fifteen samples include 10 isolates of Corynebacterium diphtheriae (toxigenic) and 3 isolates of Corynebacterium non- diphtheriae (nontoxigenic) and 2 clinical specimens (throat swab) was examined by performing direct PCR method and a standard PCR method was used for optimizing the protocols. Result showed that direct PCR can be used to amplify target genes correctly as well as standard PCR. All of C. diphtheriae samples showed bands at 168 bp (dtxR gene marker) and 551 bp (tox gene marker) while no band appeared in others. Direct PCR detected at least 71 CFU/uL of bacterial cells in samples. We concluded that direct PCR can be used for alternative diagnostic method for diagnosis of diphtheria which is rapid, easy and cost effective."

"Pengemasan merupakan salah satu bagian dari proses produksi obat-obatan yang penting untuk diperhatikan. Pengemasan akan berpengaruh terhadap kualitas produk jadi yang akan dipasarkan kepada konsumen. Pengemasan yang berkualitas baik tentu saja akan memberikan keuntungan diantaranya memiliki ketahanan yang bagus sehingga cukup kuat untuk menahan isinya dan tidak mudah bocor yang akan mempengaruhi kualitas produk, melindungi produk dari cahaya matahari, kelembaban, oksigen kontaminasi biologis, kerusakan mekanis dan pemalsuan produk. Salah satu mesin yang digunakan untuk proses pengemasan blister pada departemen solid production adalah mesin Wonder. Pada mesin ini, terdapat pengaturan tingkat kecepatan yang dapat dirubah sewaktu-waktu oleh operator sesuai dengan kebutuhan. Perubahan tingkat kecepatan pada mesin Wonder akan berpengaruh terhadap jumlah output dari suatu produk.

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Pacakaging is one part of drug production that is important to note. Packaging will affect the quality of finished product that will be marketed to consumers. Good quality packaging will of course provide advantages including having good resistance so that is is strong enough to hold its content and does not leak easily which will affect product quality, protect products from sunlight, humidity, oxygen biological contamination, mechanical damage and product counterfeiting. One of the machine used for the blister packaging process in the solid production department is the Wonder machine. There is a speed level setting can be changed at any time by the operator according to the needs. Changes in the speed level of Wonder machine will affect the amount of output of a product."